Alcock Convention, 44 Alcock, Rutherford, 21, 40, 42, 44, 47
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Index Alcock Convention, 44 brokers: freight 77, 80, 100, 138; recruiting Alcock, Rutherford, 21, 40, 42, 44, 47 crews, 143–44, 148, 262 Asiatic Petroleum Com pany, 193 Brothers and Elders Society (Gelaohui), Augustine Heard & Com pany, 66 103 Austrian Lloyd Com pany, 131 Bruce, Frederick, 29, 30, 31–32 bureaucratic capital/ist, 204–5, 243 Bank of China, 291–92 Burmese Bengal Steamship Com pany, Barlow, Tani, 4 131 Beibei, 208, 209, 283, 340n89, 350n117 Butterfield & Swire: 74; comparison with Beijing- Hankou Railway, 118 trading firms in India, 91–92; Beiyang regime/government: authority comprador’s letter, 161; Niuzhuang- over shipping, 187, 223, 257, 342n14; Shantou route, 82; personnel, 137; treated by powers as central govern- relationship to China Navigation ment, 180–81, 228, 336n1; Yu Xiaqing’s Com pany, 75–76, 106, 107, 325n36 relations with, 192, 201, 211, 223, 338n32 Bergère, Marie Claire, 188, 204, 209, 292 Cai Pei, 221 Bickers, Robert, 19, 157, 161, 335n99 Cai Zengji, 246, 277 Bird, Isabella, 155, 170 Canton: Cantonese in China Merchants Blakiston, Thomas, 46–47 Com pany, 80, 84, 185; Navigation Bombay Steam Navigation Com pany, 130 Administrative Bureau, 258; opposi- Boxer Rebellion, 52, 53, 126, 336n1 tion to Jiang Jieshi, 224; recruitment of British India Steam Navigation Com- steamship crews, 331n23; rice trade, 59, pany: comparison with British firms in 73; role in shipping network, 32, 37, 45, China, 92; expansion overseas, 91; 54, 65, 99, 101, 162, 190; trade, 24, 26, government mail contract and 46. See also Seamen’s Union, Canton dominance on Indian coast, 60–61, 82, branch 90–92, 130–31, 214, 298, 326n89; letter Canton system, 24, 65 from Gandhi, 176 chartered junks, 50 372 Index Chefoo Convention (1876): 48–50, 59, 119; World War II and postwar, 301, 112; additional article to, 50 303–5 Chen Chao, 104 China Navigation Com pany: affiliated Chen Qimei, 206 businesses, 106–7; boycotts, 197, 233, Chen Yüchang, 66, 68 327n31, 338n47; expansion after World Cheong Wan (and Cheong Wan case), War I, 189, 192–93; founding and 162–64; 166–67 development, 64, 74, 75–77, 81, 84–87; China Association, 52 management, 136–37, 140; participa- China Coast Steam Navigation Com- tion in shipping conference, 12–13, 87, pany, 68, 71, 81, 85, 86 92, 95, 98, 99–101, 105, 123, 184, China Hands: 39–40; 1869 revision of 199–202, 248, 346n95; overseas lines, Treaty of Tianjin, 42–45; expansionist 107, 123; passenger accommodation, agenda, 39, 62, 296–97; inland 154, 156–58, 162–65, 168, 175, 279–81; navigation, 46, 48, 51, 54 steamship crews, 144; teaboy crisis, China Merchants Steam Navigation 266–69, 278; under new competition Com pany, 9; affiliated businesses, after 1895, 118–19, 122; World War II 108–9, 125, 127; changed conditions and postwar, 301, 305 during Republic, 196; dependence on Chongqing: boycotts, 197, 230–31, 233; as British- built ships, 109; expansion Liu Xiang’s garrison area, 211, 218, after World War I, 190, 192; founding 226–34; and Minsheng Com pany, 18, and development, 45, 64–65, 74, 77–85, 194, 208, 212, 237–39, 241–42, 270–71, 87, 90; management and restructuring, 274, 281, 305; opening of treaty port, 105–6, 109, 110–11, 136–40, 245–47, 48–51, 112; prospects for trade and 268–69, 277; mono poly, 54–55, 82–83, navigation, 46–47, 51; relations with 127; nationalization, 22, 218, 224–25, Nanjing regime, 235–37, 242, 250; role 235, 242, 245–46; overseas lines, 107–8, in shipping network, 114, 161, 177, 186, 190; participation in the shipping 192, 193, 211, 212, 228, 285; as war time conference, 12–13, 15, 65, 87, 95–96, capital, 244, 300–303 98–101, 104–13, 123, 124–26, 128–29, Chuanjiang Steamship Com pany, 185–86, 147–48, 167, 178, 199–203, 249, 286, 193 296; passenger accommodation, 157, Civil War (Chinese), 299, 305 165, 167–68, 172, 279; as private firm, Clyde River shipbuilding, 92, 109 128, 186; purchase of Shanghai Steam coasting trade, 22; interwar origins, Navigation Com pany, 81, 84, 85, 105; 25–26, 30; recognition of, 27, 28–29, as Qing merchant fleet, 34, 61, 77, 89, 32, 58, 63, 295 90, 92–93, 113, 129–30, 132, 187, 296; Cochran, Sherman, 135–36, 348n67 Reform Era, 306; relationship to collaboration: investment in foreign Nationalist government, 234, 243, firms as, 12, 64, 69–71, 90; Ronald 245–48, 249, 259; relationship to Qing Robinson’s view, 10, 316n27; semi- state, 82–83, 85, 96, 110–13, 126–28, colonial, 9–10, 14; shipping conference 147, 180, 182, 214, 243; and shipping as, 12–13, 15, 65, 89–90, 94–96, 104–13, rights recovery, 183, 186, 246; steam- 124, 129, 147, 195, 199, 203; and social ship crews, 4, 141–47, 257–59, 263; and space of the steamship, 147, 254, 286; teaboy crisis, 266–69, 276–78; and in treaty system, 11–12, 23, 32, 51, Upper Yangzi route, 49, 102, 112, 55–56, 58, 62, 113, 179–80, 213, 296.