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TAIWAN in COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Ejournal of the Taiwan Research Programme London School of Economics

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TAIWAN in COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Ejournal of the Taiwan Research Programme London School of Economics TAIWAN IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE eJournal of the Taiwan Research Programme London School of Economics Taiwan in Comparative Perspective is a new and unique eJournal that contextualizes the processes of globalisation through interdisciplinary studies that use Taiwan as a point of comparison. The primary aim of the eJournal is to promote grounded, critical and contextualized analysis of cultural, political, economic and societal change by using modern Taiwan as a point of comparison. In addition, the eJournal seeks to use the study of Taiwan as a fulcrum for discussing theoretical and methodological questions pertinent not only to study in/of Taiwan but to the study of cultures and societies more generally. Thereby the rationale of Taiwan in Comparative Perspective is to act as a forum and catalyst for the development of new theoretical and methodological positions and perspectives generated via critical scrutiny of the particular experience of Taiwan in an increasingly unstable and fragmented world. Editor-in-chief Stephan Feuchtwang (London School of Economics, UK) Editors Fang-long Shih (London School of Economics, UK) Stuart Thompson (School of Oriental and African Studies, UK) Paul-François Tremlett (School of Oriental and African Studies, UK) Reviews Editors Fang-long Shih (London School of Economics, UK) Edward Vickers (Institute of Education, UK) Managing Editor Richard Bartholomew (School of Oriental and African Studies, UK) Editorial Board Chris Berry (Film and Television Studies, Goldsmiths College, UK) Mau-Kuei Chang (Political Sociology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan) Sung-sheng Yvonne Chang (Comparative Literature, University of Texas, USA) Kent Deng (Economic History, London School of Economics, UK) Douglas Fix (Colonial and Ethnic History, Reed University, USA) Bernhard Fuehrer (Sinology and Philosophy, School of Oriental and African Studies, UK) Mark Harrison (Media and Cultural Studies, University of Westminster, UK) A-chin Hsiau (Cultural Sociology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan) Paul R. Katz (Local History and Religion, Academia Sinica, Taiwan) Henning Klöter (Linguistics and Society, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan) Richard Madsen (Sociology and Religion, University of California San Diego, USA) Tak-Wing Ngo (Political Economy, University of Leiden, the Netherlands) Murray A. Rubinstein (Modern History and Religion, City University of New York, USA) Felix Schoeber (Art and Museum Studies, University of Westminster, UK) Scott Simon (Anthropology and Development, Ottawa University, Canada) Charles Stafford (Anthropology and Economic Psychology, London School of Economics, UK) Cover Design Thomas Shih (City University, UK) Correspondence, including submissions, should be sent to the address on the inside back-cover. Taiwan in Comparative Perspective is published twice-yearly by the Taiwan Research Programme at the London School of Economics. Submissions are subject to a peer-review process. Except where indicated otherwise, all materials are © Taiwan Research Programme. All rights reserved. Taiwan in Comparative Perspective The eJournal of the Taiwan Research Programme at the London School of Economics Volume 2 November 2008 Articles Hou Shan in Maps: Orientalism in Taiwan’s Geographic Imagination 1 Hsia Li Ming and Ethan Yorgason Constructions of National Identity: A Tale of Twin Capital Building in 21 Early Post-war Taiwan Yi-Wen Wang and Tim Heath Women’s Organizations and the Changing State/Society Relationship: 47 Resistance, Co-option by the State, or Partnership? Fang-Mei Lin Original Sin on the Island Paradise? Qing Taiwan’s Colonial History in 65 Comparative Perspective Edward Vickers Book Reviews Margaret Hillenbrand (2007) Literature, Modernity, and the Practice 87 of Resistance: Japanese and Taiwanese Fiction, 1960-1990 Christopher Lupke David Wang and Carlos Rojas (eds) (2006) Writing Taiwan: A New 92 Literary History Tommy McClellan Michael Rudolph (2003) Taiwans multi-ethnische Gesellschaft und die 93 Bewegung der Ureinwohner: Assimilation oder kulturelle Revitalisierung? and Peter Kulchyski (2007) The Red Indians: an Episodic, Informal Collection of Tales from theHistory of Aboriginal People’s Struggles in Canada Scott Simon Taiwan Journal of Democracy 96 Paul-François Tremlett Taiwan in Comparative Perspective, Vol. 2, December 2008 , pp. 1-20 ISSN 1752-7732 © Taiwan Research Programme, London School of Economics Hou Shan in Maps: Orientalism in Taiwan’s Geographic Imagination Hsia Li Ming Institute of Regional Policy and Development, National Taitung University, Taiwan Ethan Yorgason Department of Geography, Kyungpook National University, South Korea Abstract This paper analyses the vernacular place name Hou Shan as an orientalist production. The term refers to the area now also known as Eastern Taiwan, a region relatively marginalized in the development of Taiwan as a modern space. The paper focuses particularly on how maps both produced and reinforced the image of Eastern Taiwan as a dangerous, uncivilized, and peripheral space. Maps from Qing Chinese and Japanese colonizing periods receive particular attention. The article argues for the suitability of the concepts of orientalism and especially internal orientalism in illuminating the political and cultural issues at stake. Introduction 台灣物產饒沃，久為彼族垂涎…中亙叢山，山之西…統呼為山前，早歸漢地，由官 主之，山之東…統呼為山後，原屬番地，由番主之…名曰開山，不過鳥道一線，防 不勝防…名曰撫番，不過招番領賞，濫賞何益…兼以山後陰凝成瘴，防墾兵民，類 多中傷，以致開撫踵事虛糜…前有請罷山後之議，未免因噎廢食，我棄人取，勢所 必至。 劉璈《巡台退思錄》光緒七年至十年 (1881-1884) ‘Taiwan is rich in natural resources and has long been the envy of its neighbors’, reported Qing official Liu Ao upon a visit to the island in 1881. ‘In central Taiwan lie massive mountains. The area to the west of the mountain is called Mountain Front, which has long been a Han colony, controlled by government officials. The area to the east is Mountain Back, which is a barbaric land controlled by barbarians’. Liu went on to discuss the backwardness of the region behind the mountains and the difficulty of dealing with the peoples native to that area. In doing so, he participated in the construction of a durable expression of social power, one that persists even today. 2 HSIA LI MING AND ETHAN YORGASON Research Focus, Sources, and Methods Social power comes in many forms. Critical scholarship insists that power is not confined to expressions of formal politics but can be enacted even in the most mundane acts of daily life. The topic of power thereby crosses the boundaries of and intertwines with most academic disciplines. This paper highlights an expression of geographical power that is embodied in a relatively common place name and represented through a seemingly mundane representational technology. It describes, illustrates, and analyses the notion of Hou Shan ( 後山) on maps of Taiwan. Hou Shan , a phrase that still resonates in contemporary Taiwanese society as a social-spatial stereotype of Eastern Taiwan’s area and peoples, has a long history in Chinese thought and cartography. It also finds expression in Japanese and European sources. We argue that this persistent geographical imagination constitutes a discourse of orientalism, a fixing of geographical and social meaning within and about Taiwan. This paper first briefly describes the object, methods, and sources of our analysis. It next draws on the literature of critical human geography to lay out a case for maps and place names as expressions of power. The article then takes up the main task of describing, illustrating, and analyzing the origins of Hou Shan in the Taiwanese context, showing the continuity between historical cartographic expressions and more recent imaginings, and making a case for orientalism as an appropriate label for the discourse. Within Taiwan, many kinds of place names exist. Some studies about Taiwan’s place names have been published, particularly those utilizing historical perspectives. In addition to official names, some colloquial place names in Taiwan also carry special meanings. This study analyzes one such colloquial name: Hou Shan , which literally means ‘behind the mountains’. It usually refers to Eastern Taiwan, located on the other side of the Central Mountain Range from the island’s main population centers on the western plains. It especially connotes Eastern Taiwan’s major cities of Taitung and Hualien. At the same time, the term makes reference to more than objective geographical space. Within Taiwan Hou Shan conjures an image of remote geographical space, far away from the center of the action in Taiwan. Identification of these meanings stems from analysis of various types of historical and contemporary sources. It draws on and goes beyond research in earlier work (Hsia 1996). Sources include official archival documents, gazetteers, and travel writings. We have used historical, content, and textual analysis to examine these data. While we focus on maps in this article, we of course do not mean to imply that the creation of meaning and usage for the term Hou Shan is rooted only in maps. The term also appears in travel writings, official documents, oral usage in everyday life, paintings and pictures, historical stories, legends, and so on. The space offered by an article does not, of course, allow for comprehensive discussion of each source consulted. In order to move the discussion forward, and as an initial effort to analyze the term, this article focuses on maps that have helped to produce and demonstrate the meanings of Hou Shan . The maps we analyze here are from early-modern (about 1600-1895), Japanese-colonial (1895-1945),
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