DOCSLIB.ORG

Bare Base Concept As Alternative Strategies Dealing with Threats in the Air Territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bare Base Concept As Alternative Strategies Dealing with Threats in the Air Territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Administrasi Publik: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Administrasi Publik Volume 8 Nomor 1 Januari Juni 2018. Hal 1-10 p-ISSN: 2086-6364, e-ISSN: 2549-7499 Homepage: http://ojs.unm.ac.id/iap Bare Base Concept as Alternative Strategies Dealing with Threats in the Air Territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia Umar Sugeng Hariyono, Haedar Akib, Rifdan Public Administration Science Department, Universitas Negeri Makassar Email: [email protected] (Diterima: 3-April-2018; di revisi: 5-Mei-2018; dipublikasikan: 30-Juni-2018) ABSTRACT The strength of the main weaponry system tools (Alutsista) or defense equipment owned by the Indonesian National Army (TNI), Air Force (AU) is still minimal and has not met the Minimum Strength (Minimum Essence of Force/MEF). TNI AU Alutsista in the form of aircraft, radar, missiles and cannons is used to carry out its duties in upholding the law and maintaining security in airspace national jurisdictions in accordance with the provisions of national law and international law which have been ratified from potential threats, especially threats from other countries through the air media. This study aims to provide an overview of the application of Bare Base Concept (BBC) as an alternative strategy of the Indonesian Air Force in dealing with threats in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) airspace, using normative research methods, which is done by researching library materials or based on secondary data. The results showed that the BBC was one of the alternative strategies of the Indonesian Air Force that was effectively applied in dealing with threats in the Republic of Indonesia airspace. BBC is a concept of airbase preparation with the support of facilities and minimum guarding, which can be intensified at any time so that it can support optimal air operations. Keywords: Bare Base, Strategies Dealing, Air Territory INTRODUCTION In the regional perspective, the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia abbreviated as NKRI is a country that has an area from Sabang to Merauke, covering land, sea, and air. Indonesia is referred to as the Archipelago State by characterizing the archipelago as having territory and boundaries as well as its rights stipulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia, 1945). Indonesia as an archipelagic country has land borders with three neighboring countries (Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and Timor Leste) and 11 sea borders with neighboring countries (India, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines, Palau, Federal State of Micronesia, Papua New Guini, East Timor and Australia). Indonesia with its natural wealth is known by the world as a promising country and determines the survival of citizens of the world. Therefore, Indonesia is in great demand or contested by countries with an abundance of natural resources in Indonesia (Nainggolan, 2004). Airspace is air space over the land and waters of the Republic of Indonesia or air sovereignty over the land and waters of Indonesia (Article 1 Number 2 of Act Number 1 of 2009 concerning Aviation, in Weber, 2012). According to the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, signed in Chicago on December 7, 1944) Copyright © 2018 Universitas Negeri Makassar. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Acreditation Number: (RISTEKDIKTI) 21/E/KPT/2018 2 Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Administrasi Publik: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Administrasi Publik Volume 8 Nomor 1 Januari Juni 2018. Hal 1-10 airspace is one of the main pillars of international law that regulates airspace. It is stipulated in Article 1 that, each state party recognizes that each member country has complete sovereignty over the air space above its territory. The territory referred to in Article 2 is the land area and territorial waters bordering it which are under the sovereignty of power, protection or mandate from that country. The airspace is very important for a country's sovereignty. Indonesia as a sovereign country has approximately three-thirds of its territory as air. Thus, attention to the airspace as an area of state sovereignty should naturally be given priority in proportion to the land and sea regions. On the other hand, the airspace of a country's sovereignty, in the review of "national security" and also at the same time in the economic context or "national prosperity" is seen in the course of world history. The fatal attack by the Japanese air fleet on the position of the United States (US) military base at Pearl Harbor was the result of the neglect by the US military in maintaining the country's security in its sovereign airspace that was easily penetrated by the Japanese. In the book "The Future of War," the attack is said to be "The origin of American Military Failure." The past September 11, 2011, was also one illustration of the negligence of a country as powerful as the United States in maintaining the security of its sovereign airspace. Although not coming from outside his own country, the air strike of the World Trade Center (WTC) twin towers in New York City and Arlington Country (The Pentagon) in Virginia which took thousands of lives has become a "milestone" of a the thought of how important the sovereign airspace of a country must always be maintained. It is true what was revealed by the first President of the Republic of Indonesia, Mr. Ir. Sukarno, in the postulate that was made during the commemoration of the anniversary of the Indonesian National Army, Air Force (TNI-AU) in April 1955 by stating "Rise the air to carry out the national will because national power in the air is a decisive factor in modern war." Likewise, the postulate was delivered by the first Air Force Chief of Staff, Mr. Marshal TNI, S. Surya Darma, "Continue to develop your wings for the glory of this beloved homeland.“ Become a true officer and defender of the Fatherland ". Statement of Ir. Sukarno and Surya Dharma, suggest that in fact, Indonesia is aware that air control must be a priority in the motto of the Air Force known as "Abhibuti Antarikshe" (excellence in the air is our goal). This motto is the inspiration for the Air Force to improve and develop its defense equipment (Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia, 2015b; Rahman, Anwar, & Sumari, 2018). However, there are still problems with the determination of the country's borders that are intensively being negotiated, and there are still those that have not been negotiated. Such conditions become a form of threats, challenges, obstacles that can interfere with the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia. Border issues that arise from outside (external) are: the existence of various violations of land, sea and air territories of the Republic of Indonesia sovereignty, so that here is prone to illegal activities, such as 1) illegal logging, 2) illegal fishing (exploitation of resources wild sea power), 3) illegal trading (illegal trade / black market), 4) illegal trafficking (human trafficking), and trans-national crime (drug trafficking) transboundary organized crime (transborder organized criminal activity) and financial crime. This is a form of factual threat around the border which can change into a potential threat if the government is not wise in dealing with the problem. While the border problems that arise Umar Sugeng Hariyono, Haedar Akib, Rifdan; Bare Base Concept as Alternative Strategies Dealing with Threats in the Air Territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia |3 from within (internal) are: the level of welfare and the level of education of human resources (HR) that are still low, the lack of infrastructure facilities and others so that it can cause vulnerability and influence from neighboring countries. Potential threats that are supported by the development of high technology methods and tools are expected to increase in the future. These potentials and threats can be in the form of terrorism, communal conflict, transnational crime, crimes against state assets, especially in the territorial jurisdiction of the Indonesian sea and border areas, as well as the development of a variety of conventional criminal acts. Threats and disruptions to state sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national safety are closely related to the strategic geographical position, natural resources, and HR related to the incomplete development of national character. Associated with Indonesia's strategic position, triggering a struggle for influence by other countries that have various interests. Meanwhile, the abundant source of natural wealth is a very basic need for countries that have an interest in supporting the survival of their country. For this reason, a sovereign country like Indonesia ideally needs the main weapon system that is strong or minimally adequate to defend its nation and nation from various threats. The problem is that if it is not yet possible due to Indonesia's not yet strong economic conditions, a strategy is needed for the Air Force to carry out their duties in guarding the aerospace against potential threats. One alternative strategy for the Air Force is to implement the Bare Base Concept abbreviated as BBC (Indonesia, 1945; Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia, n.d., 2015a, 2015b). Based on this, this article aims to analyze and explain the BBC as an Alternative Strategy for the Air Force in dealing with potential threats in the Republic of Indonesia airspace. LITERATURE REVIEW The current global political and security constellation is still influenced by the dynamics of competition in the major powers in the world in securing their respective interests. This is understandable because the governance of international relations is increasingly open and complex so that each country requires temporary and cross-ideological alliances in the face of its strategic rivals. The alliance between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Russia which are communist socialists are so strong as to confront the forces of the United States (US) and its allies.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2009 Indonesian Air Force L-100 Crash
    2009 Indonesian Air Force L-100 crash The 2009 Indonesian Air Force L-100-30(P) crash was an aircraft accident in Indonesia on 20 May 2009. The Indonesian Air Force Lockheed L-100-30(P) Hercules was carrying 112 people (98 passengers and 14 crew) and crashed at about 6:30 local time (23:30 UTC), while flying from Jakarta to eastern Java. The crash resulted in 99 deaths, 2 of which occurred on impact when the aircraft struck at least four houses before skidding into a rice paddy, in the village of Geplak. and at least 70 others were taken The Indonesian Air Force (Indonesian language: Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Udara, TNIâ“AU) is the air force branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The Indonesian Air Force has 34,930 personnel, equipped with 110 combat aircraft including Su-27 and Su-30. After World War II ended, Indonesia became the second country (after Thailand) in South East Asia to acquire an air force. Indonesian pilots fought against the colonial forces of the Netherlands during 1945â“1949 with former Japanese Category:Indonesian Air Force. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indonesian Air Force. Indonesia portal. Aviation portal. For more information, see Indonesian Air Force. Subcategories. This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total. A. â–º Indonesian Air Force air marshals⎠(1 C, 10 P). B. â–º Indonesian Air Force bases⎠(4 P). C. â–º Chiefs of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force⎠(10 P). I. â–º Indonesian military aircraft⎠(3 C, 1 P).
    [Show full text]
  • The Professionalisation of the Indonesian Military
    The Professionalisation of the Indonesian Military Robertus Anugerah Purwoko Putro A thesis submitted to the University of New South Wales In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences July 2012 STATEMENTS Originality Statement I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. Copyright Statement I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Authenticity Statement I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • World Air Forces Flight 2011/2012 International
    SPECIAL REPORT WORLD AIR FORCES FLIGHT 2011/2012 INTERNATIONAL IN ASSOCIATION WITH Secure your availability. Rely on our performance. Aircraft availability on the flight line is more than ever essential for the Air Force mission fulfilment. Cooperating with the right industrial partner is of strategic importance and key to improving Air Force logistics and supply chain management. RUAG provides you with new options to resource your mission. More than 40 years of flight line management make us the experienced and capable partner we are – a partner you can rely on. RUAG Aviation Military Aviation · Seetalstrasse 175 · P.O. Box 301 · 6032 Emmen · Switzerland Legal domicile: RUAG Switzerland Ltd · Seetalstrasse 175 · P.O. Box 301 · 6032 Emmen Tel. +41 41 268 41 11 · Fax +41 41 260 25 88 · [email protected] · www.ruag.com WORLD AIR FORCES 2011/2012 CONTENT ANALYSIS 4 Worldwide active fleet per region 5 Worldwide active fleet share per country 6 Worldwide top 10 active aircraft types 8 WORLD AIR FORCES World Air Forces directory 9 TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT FLIGHTGLOBAL INSIGHT AND REPORT SPONSORSHIP OPPORTUNITIES, CONTACT: Flightglobal Insight Quadrant House, The Quadrant Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5AS, UK Tel: + 44 208 652 8724 Email:LQVLJKW#ÁLJKWJOREDOFRP Website: ZZZÁLJKWJOREDOFRPLQVLJKt World Air Forces 2011/2012 | Flightglobal Insight | 3 WORLD AIR FORCES 2011/2012 The French and Qatari air forces deployed Mirage 2000-5s for the fight over Libya JOINT RESPONSE Air arms around the world reacted to multiple challenges during 2011, despite fleet and budget cuts. We list the current inventories and procurement plans of 160 nations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Indonesian Air Force in the Prevention of Drug Smuggling in Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport
    The Role of the Indonesian Air Force in the Prevention of Drug Smuggling in Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport A Case Study Fajar Rosyadi, Rizki Ananda Ramadhan Abstract The research is aimed to elaborate and to analyze the role of the Indo- nesian Air Force in preventing drug smuggling in Halim Perdanakusu- ma International Airport. Drug Smuggling which is classified as one of the trans-national crimes becomes a huge non-traditional threat for national security. This research employs a qualitative method. Two types of data were used in this study. Data and documents related to drug smuggling in Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport were used as secondary data, while an in-depth interview with related stake- holders and observation were used as primary data. The result of the analysis showed that the Indonesian Air Force specifically stationed at Halim Perdana Kusuma International Airport plays an important role in securing the airport from such various threats as drug smuggling. The efforts for this purpose include placing the Indonesian Air Force personnel in the airport entry points, holding joint forces with the airport security, providing dog sniffers as well as training to improve the skills associated with the airport security and intelligence. Even though the Air Force has resources, personnel, and infrastructures for preventing drug smuggling threat that has now been transforming Fajar Rosyadi, Rizki Ananda Ramadhan. The Role of the Indonesian Air Force in the Prevention of Drug Smuggling in Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport: A Case Study. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 12, no. 4: 325–337. © 2018 CEJISS.
    [Show full text]
  • Vayu Issue V Sep Oct 2012
    V/2012 ARerospace &Defence eview The IAF at 80 Ongoing Strategic Transformation Face of the Future “The Right Stuff” Riveting the Relationship The IAF at 100 : a wish list HAWK - THE BEST TRAINING SOLUTION FOR THE BEST PILOTS. *CFM, LEAP and the CFM logo are all trademarks of CFM International, a 50/50 joint company of Snecma (Safran Group) and GE. of CFM International, a 50/50 joint company Snecma (Safran *CFM, LEAP and the CFM logo are all trademarks REAL TECHNOLOGY.REAL ADVANTAGE. Produced in partnership with Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd, the Hawk Advanced Jet Trainer complimented by a suite of ground based synthetic training aids has made a step change in Indian Air Force 1003 innovations. fast jet training. With high levels of reliability and serviceability the Hawk 30 years of experience. Training System is proving to be both a cost effective and highly productive 3 aircraft applications. solution; one which provides India with high quality front line pilots as well as 1 huge leap forward for engine design. high technology employment for the Indian aerospace workforce. Another proven breakthrough for LEAP technology. The numbers tell the story. Hundreds of patented LEAP technological innovations and nearly 600 million hours of CFM* flight experience all add up to a very special engine you can count on for the future. Visit cfmaeroengines.com www.baesystems.com EX4128 India Ad_Hawk.indd 1 27/09/2012 12:28 VAYU_Engine_280x215.indd 1 12/09/2012 12:52 V/2012 V/2012 Aerospace &Defence Review ‘Ongoing strategic Face of the Future New Generation
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 CTO Korea.Pdf
    Sep. 26, 2016 KOREA AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES, LTD. Korea Aerospace Industries, Ltd. Proprietary Information 1 Company - General . Site Seoul Office KDB Domestic Marketing, PR, IR 19% KEB Daejeon R&D Center Public 7.7% UAV/Space 50.9% ‘16. JUNE Hanhwa Techwin 6% Sancheong plant Hyundai Motors 5% A320 WBP plant NPS 9.5% Employees Sacheon, HQ 1.9% . KAI as Primary Source for National Programs Fixed-Wing KF-X, T-50, TA-50, FA-50, Aircraft KT-1, UAV, KT-100 Rotary-Wing KUH, Derivatives Delivery Aircraft LAH/LCH MRO P-3C/C-130 Maintenance KAI RoKG Upgrade & MOD. Indigenous & Modification *RoKG (Republic of Korea Government) Space KOMPSAT, CAS, KSLV-2 Emerging Aviation Power in Aerospace Industry Korea Aerospace Industries, Ltd. Proprietary Information 2 Revenue and Outlook BAE Systems L-3 Com Powerful Growth to be Global Top 15 by 2020 Korea Aerospace Industries, Ltd. Proprietary Information 3 Human Resources Approximately 3,620 Employees Administration & Marketing “ 1,448 Engineers in House ” (22%) Manufacturing (38%) MS/PHD (35%) 10+ Years Engineering (62%) (40%) BS (57%) 5~10 Years (19%) Less than 5 yrs Others (8%) (19%) By Function Education Experience Technology-Oriented Aircraft System Integrator Korea Aerospace Industries, Ltd. Proprietary Information 4 Major Programs Military Fighter Military Trainer Tactical Aircraft Military Helicopter UAV Commercial Helicopter Commercial Aircraft Rotary Wing Fixed Wing Upgrade & Modification International MRO Co-development Airframe Modification & Maintenance Aerostructures Satellite & Satellite Imagery MRO Maintenance Repair and Overhaul Space Total Solution Provider in Aerospace Korea Aerospace Industries, Ltd. Proprietary Information 5 Fixed Wing – KF-X Program KF-X (Korean Indigenous Fighter) Development - Developing the 4.5 Generation plus Fighter - Replace Retired F-4, F-5 and F-16s - Full Scale Development : 2016∼2026 - KFX EMD Program has been started officially upon EMD Contract between ROKG and KAI on Dec.
    [Show full text]
  • A Force Buildup on Guam Anchors a Broad US Military Strategy to Keep China in Check
    A force buildup on Guam anchors a broad US military strategy to keep China in check. Pacific Push By Richard Halloran n its strategy to deter China from driving the US out of Asia and the Western Pacific, US Pacific Command has quietly shifted its focus from North- Ieast to Southeast Asia, especially the South China Sea and nations along its littoral areas. USAF photo by A1C Jeffrey Schultze To dissuade China, the US has begun positioning forces which could threaten China’s supply lines through the South China Sea. The oil and raw materials transported through those shipping lanes are crucial to a surging Chinese economy—an economy paying for Bei- jing’s swiftly expanding military power. The pivot point of this emerging strategy is Guam, the US territory in the At top: Near Guam, an F-22 from the 90th Fighter Squadron, JB Elmendorf, Alaska, central Pacific within striking distance lines up on a tanker. Above: At Andersen AFB, Guam, an F-16 in an aggressor paint of the South China Sea. The island scheme lands during joint exercise Valiant Shield 2010. 46 AIR FORCE Magazine / January 2011 USAF photo by SSgt. Andy KinM. USN photo by Mass Comm. Spec. 2nd Class MatthewWhite Vietnamese military officials greet US Navy Cmdr. H. B. Le (right) during his ship’s port call to Vietnam. PACOM is shifting focus to Southeast Asia nations such as Vietnam. That attitude was reflected in a startled senior US officers with harsh somewhat testy exchange between rhetoric in private. Officers who analyze Secretary of Defense Robert M.
    [Show full text]
  • C-130J Super Hercules Program Status and Fast Facts Super
    June 2021 C-130J Super Hercules Program Status and Fast Facts Program Status Super Hercules Advantages The C-130J Super Hercules provides significant performance improvements and added operational capabilities that translate directly into increased ground and air combat effectiveness. Some of these attributes include the ability to: • Operate out of 2,000 ft. long dirt strips in high mountain ranges. • Carry tons of supplies more than 3,000 miles and deliver “the last mile” to remote operating bases, keeping trucks off dangerous highways. • Perform in-flight refueling, ground fueling, weather reconnaissance, electronic warfare, medical evacuation, search and rescue, paradrop, maritime mission, special operations and many other missions. • Generate much greater operational efficiencies. The C-130J outperforms older C-130s in combat operations by at least a 2:1 margin. • Operate with only two pilots and one loadmaster for most missions, exposing fewer flight crew members to potential combat threats. • Demonstrate reliability that far exceeds most other military aircraft with average mission capable rates routinely in the 80-to-90% range. One Aircraft, Many Capabilities Electronic Air Drop Intelligence, Humanitarian Combat Aeromedical Aerial Search Commercial Surveillance Surveillance & Delivery Refueling & Rescue Freighter Reconnaissance Communication Aerial Personnel Recovery Weather Gunship Maritime Special Passenger Special Ops Personnel Ground Firefighting Reconnaissance Surveillance Accommodations Transport Refueling Super Hercules
    [Show full text]
  • Military Weather Stations Military Weather Stations
    Mission MILITARY Reliability in Harsh WEATHER Environments and Critical STATIONS Operations Fixed Aviation Campbell has successfully installed Remote maintenance support is over 1,200 Automated Weather standard. Communications options Observing Systems (AWOS) at include cable, fiber optic, Ethernet, military and commercial airports radio, and satellite. The systems worldwide. are AC and/or solar-powered. Campbell’s AWOS solutions Prior customers include: US Air are rugged and built to meet Force (115+ installations), NAV our customers’ specifications. CANADA, Peruvian Air Force, Installations range from small airfields Mexican Air Force, Colombian Army, and heliports to CAT I-IV airports. NATO, Taiwan Air Force, French Military mission uptime is near 100%. Armed Forces, US Navy, US Army, Indonesian Air Force, Iraqi With Campbell’s web-based Aviation Military, Special Forces in Egypt, INTERCEPT® software, no client Afghanistan Air Force, Falklands licenses are required for multiple users. Defense, and US AFRICOM. Data reporting is available in METAR, SPECI, and other formats. Portable/Tactical Aviation Campbell’s portable/ temporary power and are tactical weather stations are ICAO/WMO/FMH-1 compliant. designed specifically to meet the demands of tactical or Prior customers include: rapid deployment use, and US Air Force, US Army, US are particularly suited for Navy, US Marines, Taiwan remote locations with harsh Navy, Swedish Military environmental conditions. Forces, Colombian Army, Indonesian Air These systems are built with Campbell’s Force, US Africa Command, Israeli Ministry rugged WEATHERPAK® technology and of Defense, NATO, Polish Air Force, Army professional grade meteorological sensors. of Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan Army, Spanish Campbell’s web-based Aviation INTERCEPT® Army, Kazakhstan Air Force, Singapore Civil software is simple and easy to use on a laptop.
    [Show full text]
  • SOURCING AIR SUPREMACY: DETERMINANTS of CHANGE in the INTERNATIONAL FIGHTER JET NETWORK a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty
    SOURCING AIR SUPREMACY: DETERMINANTS OF CHANGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL FIGHTER JET NETWORK A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Government By Raymond K. Rounds III, M.P.P. Washington, D.C. April 3, 2019 Copyright 2019 by Raymond K. Rounds III All Rights Reserved ii SOURCING AIR SUPREMACY: DETERMINANTS OF CHANGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL FIGHTER JET NETWORK Raymond K. Rounds III, M.P.P. Thesis Advisor: Andrew Bennett, Ph.D. ABSTRACT International arms transfers stand at the intersection of security studies and international political economy. They are not simply economic exchanges or transfers in goods, but a crucial part of larger state-to-state relationships. This project investigates fighter aircraft, the single largest segment of the international arms network, to better understand what drives change in these transfer relationships. Most states are unable to indigenously produce fighter jets and are dependent upon one of a very few producers for sourcing their fighter fleets. Because of the large creation costs and path dependent characteristics of these sourcing relationships, changing them comes only at great economic and operational military expense for the importers. Despite these high costs, change does occur; this project explains why. Using a newly coded dataset of international fighter aircraft transfers and descriptive network analysis, I demonstrate, counter to much of the arms trade literature, the fighter jet transfer network has become more centralized following the Cold War, not less. I use this analysis as a foundational platform for the primary research question: under what conditions are states willing to accept the high economic and military costs associated with sourcing change? I propose a typological theory incorporating six independent variables and generating five hypotheses.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Balance of Power in the Asia-Pacific Region and Optimum Us Defense Strategy and Us Air Force Strategic Posture
    THE CHANGING BALANCE OF POWER IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION AND OPTIMUM US DEFENSE STRATEGY AND US AIR FORCE STRATEGIC POSTURE By Dr. Stephen F. Burgess, US Air War College 2016 2016 INSS RESEARCH PAPER 1 THE CHANGING BALANCE OF POWER IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION AND OPTIMUM US DEFENSE STRATEGY AND US AIR FORCE STRATEGIC POSTURE By Dr. Stephen F. Burgess, US Air War College* Assisted by Janet C. Beilstein, International Education Program Specialist, International Officer School, Air University 2016 This paper provides: an assessment of where US interests conflict with China’s, particularly in the East and South China Seas and Taiwan; an evaluation of China’s maritime expansion and anti-access and area denial (A2/AD) strategy; an assessment of pressures that are stressing US alliances and partnerships, particularly with Japan and Taiwan; an evaluation of the US rebalance and the prospects for multilateralism and interoperability; an examination of the prospects for conflict and convergence from 2020-2040; an analysis of US access, force presence, and basing issues in the Asia-Pacific region; and an assessment of optimum US defense strategy and US Air Force strategic posture for projecting power despite various challenges. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The evidence for analysis and assessment comes from interviews with US officials and local experts in government, think tanks, universities, and media. This research report reflects a range of views of more than 30 experts interviewed in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau.1 The researcher synthesizes views and assesses trends in the region and China’s intentions and motivations as well as the impact and potential effects of the US rebalance.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesian Air Force Places Order for Eight Additional H225ms
    Indonesian Air Force places order for eight additional H225Ms Indonesia, 10 January 2019 – The Indonesian Air Force has ordered eight additional twin-engine multirole H225M helicopters as part of the country’s fleet-strengthening initiative for a combat search and rescue-capable fleet. Under the agreement between the Indonesian Ministry of Defence and PT Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero) (PTDI), the 11-ton combat-proven helicopters will be delivered to the air force upon reassembly and completion of the mission equipment outfitting and customisation by PTDI at its facility in Bandung, Indonesia. These additional helicopters will join the air force’s existing fleet of six H225Ms to perform similar combat search and rescue missions. “We welcome Indonesia’s selection of our H225M helicopters for their expanding fleet. The H225M is a combat-proven helicopter that is well regarded by military customers worldwide, and Indonesia’s additional order speaks strongly of their confidence in Airbus’ helicopters,” said Ben Bridge, Executive Vice President, Global Business of Airbus Helicopters. “Indonesia continues to play a vital role in Airbus Helicopters’ global industrial footprint. With a trusted partner in PTDI, we stand ready to support the availability of Indonesia’s fleet.” Airbus Helicopters and Indonesia have an enduring relationship of over 40 years dating back to 1976 when PTDI first obtained a licence to produce the NBO-105 helicopter. Specifically on the H225, PTDI became a key supplier of the helicopter’s rear fuselage and main airframe in 2008, with full production in place in Indonesia by 2011. The two companies expanded the industrial co- operation in 2017, to include support and services dedicated for the Indonesian military fleet of helicopters.
    [Show full text]