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The Boston Harbor Barrier Study Welcome from the Committee Chair EBC Climate Change Program Protecting Boston – The Boston Harbor Barrier Study Welcome from the Committee Chair Ruth Silman Chair, EBC Climate Change & Air Committee Member, EBC Board of Directors Partner, Nixon Peabody, LLP Environmental Business Council of New England Energy Environment Economy Program Introduction & Overview Joseph Famely Program Co-Chair and Moderator Senior Environmental Scientist Woods Hole Group Environmental Business Council of New England Energy Environment Economy Preliminary Analysis for Boston Harbor Paul Kirshen, Ph.D. Professor, School for the Environment Academic Director, Sustainable Solutions Lab University of Massachusetts Boston Environmental Business Council of New England Energy Environment Economy Feasibility of Harborwide Barrier Systems: Preliminary Analysis for Boston Harbor Paul Kirshen, Ph.D. Sustainable Solutions Lab | University of Massachusetts Boston June 22, 2018 Funded by: Sponsored by: Acknowledgments | Project Team Principle Investigator: Project Manager: Paul Kirshen Rebecca Herst Professor, School for the Environment; Director, Sustainable Solutions Lab Academic Director, Sustainable Solutions Lab Project Support: Project Team: Emily Moothart Arcadis: Climate Resilience Research Assistant, Kelli Thurston, Brett McMann, Carly Foster, Heather Sprague, Sustainable Solutions Lab Hugh Roberts Courtney Humphries UMass Boston School for the Environment: PhD Student, IGERT Coasts and Communities Fellow Mark Borrelli, Jarrett Byrnes, Robert Chen, Lucy Lockwood, Chris Watson Robert L. Turner Senior Fellow, McCormack Graduate School Urban Harbors Institute: Kimberly Starbuck, Jack Wiggin, Allison Novelly, Kristin Uiterwyk Woods Hole Group: Kirk Bosma, Eric Holmes, Zach Stromer, Joe Famely, Alex Shaw, Brittany Hoffnagle Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute: Di Jin Acknowledgments | Reviewers & Steering Committee Reviewers: Steering Committee: Boston Green Ribbon Commission – Bud Ris Boston Harbor Now Boston Harbor Now – Jill Valdes Horwood Boston Green Ribbon Commission City of Boston, Environment Department – Mia Mansfield, Carl Boston Planning and Development Agency Spector City of Boston, Environment Department Deltares – Martijn de Jong Massachusetts Area Planning Council GZA GeoEnvironmental, Inc. – Chad Cox, Stephen Lecco, Daniel Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection Stapleton, Bin Wang, Wayne Cobleigh Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act Office Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management – Lisa Engler Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs MassBays National Estuary Program – Carole McCauley Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management MassPort – Michael Meyran MassBays National Estuary Program New England Aquarium – John Mandelman Massport Stevens Institute of Technology – Philip Orton North Cambridge Consulting Stony Brook University School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences National Parks Service – Malcolm Bowman New England Aquarium Tetratech – Bob Daylor, Jason Hellendrung, Mark Williams United States Army Corps of Engineers UMass Boston – Ellen Douglas Barrier Study Guiding Principles • Protect people and the places where they live, work, and play • Minimize interference with Boston’s maritime economy and the thousands of jobs it supports • Protect the environmental gains made over past decades through the Boston Harbor cleanup Introduction—Engineering & Cost Three Proposed Alignments • Inner-Harbor • Outer-Harbor • Metro Boston Dike (Very) Approximate Location of Outer Harbor Barrier Typical Feature Assumptions—Gates Navigation Environmental Flow • Floating sector gate • Vertical lift gate • 1,500 or 650-foot Cost Summary (in 2018 Dollars) Values reported in 50 Years of Operations Construction billions of dollars and Maintenance Inner-Harbor $6B – 9B $1B – 1.3B Mid-Harbor $8B – 12B $1.5B – 2B Metro Boston Dike $35B – 85B Not analyzed Hydrodynamic and Closure Analyses Kirk Bosma, P.E., M.C.E. Senior Coastal Engineer / Innovation Director Woods Hole Group Environmental Business Council of New England Energy Environment Economy June 22, 2018 Feasibility of Harbor-wide Barrier Systems: Preliminary Analysis for Boston Harbor Hydrodynamics and Closure Analysis Kirk F. Bosma, P.E. Woods Hole Group Barrier Alignments Alignment Metro Dike Outer Harbor Inner Harbor In water length 18 miles 3.8 miles 0.5 miles Navigational Opening Multiple Locks Two Sector Gates Single Sector Gate Harbor Condition Freshwater Salt water Salt water Lagoon estuarine estuarine Flooding Control Tides and Storm Storm Storm Estimated Cost >$80 billion $8-11 billion $6-9 billion 16 Inner Barrier • 1 sector gate: 1,500 ft. wide • ~95,000 feet of land based adaptations • Pump stations required • 83% of cost is sector gate and pump requirements 17 Nature based expansions as material becomes available Outer Barrier 1,500 ft. wide Lovell Is. Gallops Is. Georges Is. 650 ft. wide Vertical lift gates to enhance circulation 18 Design Elevations Outer Barrier • MHHW tides • 1% surge elevation (present day) • 2100 SLR (Kopp and DeConto, 2018) using RCP8.5 likely range (7.1 feet) • Attenuated wave amplitude (30 ft offshore wave height) • 2 feet of freeboard • Overtopping allowed Location Design Level (ft, NAVD88) Design Level (ft, MLW) Outer Barrier 27 32 Inner Barrier 22 27 Outer Shoreline (Revere) and Hull shoreline 24 29 Inner North Shoreline 20 25 Inner South Shoreline 19 24 19 Tidal Impacts 20 Tidal Impacts 21 Tidal Impacts 22 Hydrodynamic Impacts Existing Conditions 23 Hydrodynamic Impacts Outer Barrier 24 Hydrodynamic Impacts Existing peak = 1.3 knots Barrier peak = 3.3 knots 25 Hydrodynamic Impacts Existing peak = 1.3 knots Barrier peak = 5.1 knots 26 Hydrodynamic Impacts Existing peak = 0.5 knots Barrier peak = 0.1 knots 27 Hydrodynamic Impacts Existing peak = 0.3 knots Barrier peak = 0.9 knots 28 Wave Impacts Long Wharf - March 2, 2018 Closure Frequency Boston NOAA tide gauge >97 year record – one of longest water level records in country 8 6 4 2 0 Elevation -2 -4 -6 -8 01/1920 01/1940 01/1960 01/1980 01/2000 Examined barrier closure based upon the historical record 30 Event Identification one closure Blizzard of 1978 Actual 8 Predicted Residual 6 4 2 0 Elevation -2 -4 -6 -8 02/05/78 02/07/78 02/09/78 31 Sea Level Rise Projections vs. Closure Level 32 33 34 Environmental Impacts Bob Chen, Ph.D. Professor, School for the Environment University of Massachusetts Boston Environmental Business Council of New England Energy Environment Economy Environmental Impacts Bob Chen, Mark Borrelli, Jarrett Byrnes, Lucy Lockwood UMassBoston Wicked Problem Complex Boston Harbor Cleanup $30 B at risk Boston Harbor Islands National Park Area Diverse stakeholders Uncertain Climate change Economy Demographics Unknowns (seagrass, fish migration) Challenging Social vulnerability Historical & cultural values Development demands Building A Wall to Protect Boston Boston is the 8th most vulnerable city in the world to financial damage due to sea-level rise (World Bank, 2013), AND we can build a large barrier to protect the city, BUT we don’t know the environmental impacts THEREFORE we have conducted this initial assessment Environmental Impacts Water Quality Habitats Ecosystems Services With and without an outer harbor barrier (present and with 5’ of SLR) Lines in the Sand Unknowns Other Considerations Change 1630 2070 Change has already happened, change is happening, and change will continue to happen We predict that the installation of a barrier has less overall environmental impact than 5’ of SLR or 3.7 oC water temperature The scale, purposefulness, and control of the human impacts on Boston Harbor ecosystem is the issue There is a philosophical question of “Do we want to do this?” The better we understand potential impacts (science), the more informed decisions we can make Conservation of Energy Tidal heights (ranges) will not be affected by the presence of a barrier. SLR will add volume to the Harbor so residence times will increase somewhat (with the same tidal prism). Restrictions that result from a barrier will increase current velocities in close proximity to the barrier (increase kinetic energy), so necessarily, current velocities (kinetic energy) in other areas will be lower than without a barrier. These areas are behind the barrier and in shallow backwaters. This means increased residence times (decreased flushing) in these areas far from the barrier. Water Quality Average flushing times of the Harbor is 10 days (Signell, 1992). Water parcel or particle residence times vary greatly from 6 hours to several weeks. SLR will increase water residence times slightly (~25%). Barrier w/SLR will increase some water parcel residence times significantly. Slightly reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations may result from increased residence times. Increase in water temperature could have greater adverse affect on water quality than barrier. Water Quality Habitats Sandy Beach SLR has greatest negative impact. Lower velocities convert some areas to mudflats. Less erosion from waves. Subtidal Lower energy environment will increase silt/clay bottom habitat at expense of sandy and cobble habitat. Island-Coastal Bluff SLR the greatest danger, barrier will reduce erosion for islands inside of the barrier. Habitats Salt marsh Drowning with SLR with or without barrier. Might be able to add sediment? Barrier reduces storm damage. Seagrass beds Barrier may reduce or enhance water clarity, not much seagrass currently in Boston Harbor. Rocky Intertidal
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