Talking about racism At last there is a real understanding of race, seen as a negative term, and it is not used so and the ancient and disreputable idea that the frequently now. peoples of the world are divided into biologically distinct units has gone forever. Other terms are racially offensive at all times and have always been such by the recipient. Many white people find it difficult to find the Terms such as ‘Nigger’, ‘Wop’, ‘Coon’, words for discussing racial issues. Sometimes ‘Gyppo’, ‘Wog’, ‘Yid’, ‘Dago’, ‘Paki’, ‘Kike’ and they are afraid of using particular words for ‘Paddy’ were and are racist in intent and fear of offending someone and saying hurtful to the recipient. They are something that is apparently, but not unacceptable. intentionally, rude. Faced with the issue of a person’s racial group or ethnicity, some white The terms ‘Caucasian’, ‘Negroid’ and people may deal with it by trying to avoid using ‘Mongoloid’ derive from attempts to categorise any specific words at all. This may be people according to their skin colour and because they do not know many black people physical characteristics. There is no scientific personally or do not feel comfortable enough basis for these divisions and they have no to discuss such things with them. place in Britain today. Different people, whether black or white, make a variety of choices as to which terms they like to use to describe themselves and others. Words used for talking about racism Clearly some are unacceptable and are largely recognised as such. Others are the topic of The terminology used in this book applies to differing opinions and, because of this, such Britain. It may or may not be applicable differences cannot easily be resolved. It is elsewhere. Care should always be taken important to understand that the use of any when using terminology in non-British racial term involves strongly held beliefs and contexts. Terms that are obvious to us may feelings. There is consequently a need to be have a completely different meaning for sensitive and adaptable. people in other communities. It is easier to raise issues and ask questions if Describing people an atmosphere of trust and respect between people has been built up. In this situation it Words are constantly changing in their use becomes more comfortable to ‘correct’ or and acceptability. Here are some words and discuss particular terminology without giving how they are commonly used: offence or being offended. Constant, open discussion generally makes it easier to ask African-Caribbean: People whose origins people what they prefer to use when talking are from Africa and/or the Caribbean. about ‘race’. Asian and South Asian: People from, or originating from, India, Bangladesh, Meanings can change Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Black: People who are discriminated Terminology changes with time. What might against because of their skin colour. be acceptable to some people one day may, in These words are usually used as ‘political’ a very short time, be less acceptable or terms, to unite the people who are unacceptable. For example, the term discriminated against. Some people use ‘coloured’ has been used by white (and the term ‘Black’ to refer specifically to sometimes black) people in the past to people of African-Caribbean origin. describe others and themselves. It is still used Ethnic minority, ethnic majority: People by some older people now, often because they whose ethnic group is in a minority or feel it is rude to describe someone as ‘black’. majority in a country. It includes people of The fact that the word ‘coloured’ is considered all skin colours. more ‘polite’ by many of the people who use it Minority ethnic, majority ethnic: These shows that it was not always seen as a terms are often preferred to the two above negative term by everyone. However, it has a as they recognise that everyone has an significant association with colonialism, slavery ethnicity, whether it is in the majority or the and apartheid that has made it come to be minority. Talking about racism Mixed parentage, mixed ‘race’, mixed Other terms heritage: People whose parents are from different ethnic or racial groups. As with the previous group of words, some of Sometimes there is a conflict between the following may change their interpretations what people feel themselves to be and over time. how others may perceive them, which may lead to particularly strong views about Anti-racist, anti-racism refers to terminology. It is important to listen to and resources, policies, practices and respect what is being said and felt. (The procedures that recognise the existence of term ‘half-caste’ has fallen out of use in racism in its many forms and take much the same way as the term appropriate action to remove it. Anti- ‘coloured’, but for different reasons. It is a racism recognises racism as being the negative term suggesting that a person major obstacle to racial equality. doesn’t really fit in anywhere.) Anti-Semitism is racism against Jewish Travellers: People who are traditionally people. nomadic, whether they are still so or not. Culture Everyone has a ‘culture’ as a If they are nomadic they move around, but result of their lives and experiences. It the majority now lice in houses or on includes all those factors that have permanent sites, while still being contributed to these experiences. It is not Travellers. Even when Travellers live in just the ‘high days’ and festivals but also houses, they may travel in the summer. the minutiae of everyday life. Elements of They still experience racism. culture may include factors such as Nomadic Travellers travel from place language, social class, religious beliefs to place seeking work but, because most and practices, ‘traditions’, dress and food. of their original work is no longer in No culture is superior or inferior to demand, they have adapted to other another. trades. They include English and Welsh Ethnic data (for example, information Gypsies (some of whom may be Romany about the ethnic composition of the local Gypsies), fairground and circus people, community) is collected in various ways, Irish and Scottish Travellers (who according to the reason for collecting it. sometimes call themselves Gypsies), There should always be a clear reason for Bargees and New Travellers (who are collecting ethnic data, including an generally seeking an alternative way of explanation for why it is needed and what life) and, more recently, European Roma will be done with it, plus a clear statement who have obtained refugee or immigrant of confidentiality (that the identity of status. individuals surveyed will not be available). The term ‘Traveller’ has a capital ‘T’ Ethnicity refers to an individual’s (‘travellers’ would include tourists and identification with a group sharing some or commercial travellers). The term ‘Gypsy’ all of the same culture, lifestyle, language, has a capital ‘G’. religion, nationality, geographical region White: This is again a political term. It and history. Every person has an refers to people who are not ‘black’ and ethnicity. Concepts of ‘ethnic food’, ethnic who are usually of European origin, whose dress’ and ‘ethnic books’ are therefore skin colour or tone is pale. nonsense. People from countries such as China, Ethnocentrism is the process of viewing Vietnam, Nagaland, Italy, Cyprus, Egypt or interpreting the world from the and those in eastern Europe do not fit into perspective of a particular ethnic group. any of the above categories. They may ‘Eurocentrism’ is, for example, viewing the simply be described as coming from that non-European world from a European country. Note that countries such as perspective. South Africa, Ghana and Egypt all belong Multiculturalism is an acceptance and to the continent Africa. positive attitude towards the cultural variety in society. However, Everyone can make mistakes. What is multiculturalism may simply provide needed is the confidence to become familiar ammunition to reinforce racism unless with these words and to use them as part of a there is recognition of the way that commitment to remove racism, by talking different cultures are ranked in a racial about them in an atmosphere of trust and by hierarchy. not being afraid to make a mistake and learn from it. Talking about racism Non-racist refers to resources, policies, transferred to a particular person. It often practices and procedures that take a becomes part of the cultural legacy. It is neutral approach to racism, neither still stereotyping even if the stereotype is acknowledging it, denying it nor opposing positive – for example, being ‘good at it. sport’, ‘having a sense of rhythm’ or ‘Race’ is in everyday use, but the word ‘having the gift of the gab’ are all racial ‘race’ is in quotation marks here because it stereotypes when applied to groups of is a controversial term. The word comes people. from historical attempts to categorise Racism is all practices and procedures people according to their skin colour and that discriminate against people because physical characteristics. There is no of their colour, culture and/or ‘race’ or scientific basis for divisions into ethnicity. It includes the whole package of biologically determined groups. racial prejudice, discrimination, Individuals, not nations or ‘races’, are the stereotyping, making racist assumptions, main sources of human variation. harassment, institutional and structural Racial discrimination is the treatment of racism and ethnocentrism. In Britain there people of some ‘races’ less favourably is racism against Jewish people, Asian than others would be treated in the same people, Chinese people, Irish people, circumstances. Under the 1976 Race Travellers, black people, Gypsies, people Relations Act racial discrimination is from many other ethnic groups, people defined specifically, in several ways, to from particular nationalities and often cover particular situations and refugees and asylum seekers.