Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Adams, D. L. “The : An Interview with Mrs. Suzanne Zeller-Hirzel.”, New English ​ Review, Oct. 2009, ​ https://www.newenglishreview.org/DL_Adams/The_White_Rose%3A_An_Interview_wi

th_Mrs_Susanne_Zeller-_Hirzel/. Accessed 17 May 2020.

This website contains excerpts from the leaflets that were personally written by members

of the White Rose as well as an interview conducted with one of the two survivors of the

White Rose organization, Suzanne Zeller. She explained her experience in the White

Rose and how religion impacted the thinkings of the German people.

Feder, Gottfried. “Program of the National Socialist Workers’ Party and it’s General

Conceptions.” Internet Archive, 1932, ​ ​ https://archive.org/details/GottfriedFeder_TheProgramOfTheNSDAP. Accessed 17

January 2020.

This is a translated version of The Program of the NSDAP, explaining Hitler’s rise to

power, as well as, transferring his ideology into a plan of action to improve Germany in a

short period of time, including his plans of unifying German citizens. This source allowed me to understand the rise of anti-semitism within Germany, which eventually led

to the Holocaust.

Huber, Wolfgang. E-mail message to son of White Rose member Professor . May 21,

2020.

This is a personal interview I was able to conduct with the child of one of the main

members of the White Rose, Professor Kurt Huber. He explained the professor’s role in

the group and how he worked with his students to protest against the wrongdoings of the

government.

Kittan, Tomas, director. “I Am the Last White Rose: BILD Visited Traute LaFrenz (99) in the

USA.” YouTube, BILD, 28 Aug. 2018, https://youtu.be/QMk6kumX0yM ​ ​

This is a video that is a primary interview with the last survivor of the White Rose, Traute

Lafrenz-Page. During the video, she talks about her experience being a member of the

group and what she remembers about the execution of Hans and as well as

when she was arrested. Her interview gave me a better understanding of what life was

like for the White Rose members.

Kronawitter, Hildegard. E-mail message to president of the White Rose Foundation. April 13

2020.

This is a personal interview I conducted with the president of the White Rose Foundation

in Germany via E-mail. This is a very significant part of my project because Dr.

Kronawitter was able to provide detailed answers to my interview questions, especially

about the impact the White Rose had on the German population and the legacy that the

White Rose was able to leave on youths in the modern world.

Lang, Silvere, director. “The White Rose Hans and Sophie Scholl.” YouTube, Chem in Neuf Net ​ ​ for God, 20 June 2017, https://youtu.be/5kuzC8sLYTs.

This is a video that includes interviews with multiple people, including the Scholls’

family friend, the president of the White Rose Foundation in Munich, authors, and

professors. These interviews explain the Scholls’ family background, which helps to

explain why they were later able to break the barriers of anti-semetism.

Schmorell, Markus. E-mail message to nephew of White Rose member .

May 21, 2020.

This is a personal interview I conducted with a descendent of a White Rose member. He

informed me about the importance of Alexander Schmorell in the group and why the

White Rose is still a significant influence to modern society because of the special ideas

that they kept throughout their protests.

Scholl, Han. “First Graffiti Campaign.” White Rose History, Feb. 3, 1943, ​ ​ https://whiterosehistory.com/1943/02/03/first-graffiti-campaign/. Accessed 13 January

2020.

This is ’s translated interrogation from February 20, 1943. As one of the

leading figures in the White Rose, Hans explained the night he created his first graffiti

campaign with Alexander Schmorell. Creating graffiti campaigns was one of the White

Rose’s tactics in protesting against the Nazi Regime.

The White Rose. “The Six Pamphlets of the White Rose.” This is Common Sense, ​ ​ http://thisiscommonsense.com/pdf/SixPamphlets-WhiteRose.pdf. Accessed 29 December

2019.

This is a translated document of the six pamphlets written and distributed by members of

the White Rose. This source allows me to understand the purpose of their campaign and

the message they want to send to the ignorant German citizens who continued to hold

anti-semetic beliefs due to Hitler’s manipulations.

“Wannsee Protocol” University of Michigan, 1942, ​ ​ http://holocaust.umd.umich.edu/news/uploads/WanseeProtocols.pdf. Accessed 29

December 2019.

This is a translated document of the Wannsee Protocol, which is the evidence prepared

for the Trials, including documentation on the wrongdoings of the German

government and the tragedy of the Jewish population. This evidence allows me to further

understand the results of the anti-semetic beliefs.

Wilson, Kip. E-mail message to author. January 21 2020.

This is a personal interview conducted with the author of the award-winning book White ​ Rose in which explains the significance of the organization and emphasizes the members’ ​ bravery and willingness to break the barriers of the anti-semetic beliefs. Through this

e-mail interview, I was able to understand the purpose of the group’s movements and the

actions they took in order to protest the unjust in their country.

“25 Points of the Nazi Party.” Virginia Holocaust Museum, n.d., ​ ​ https://www.vaholocaust.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/25Points.pdf. Accessed 11

May 2020.

This is a translated copy of the Program of Nazi Party, which outlined the ideas that

Adolf Hitler had prepared for . This document shows the preexisting

anti-semetic ideas that Hitler had before taking power in Germany.

Images

“ Greets President .” United States Holocaust Memorial ​ Museum, 21 Mar. 1933, ​ https://www.ushmm.org/propaganda/archive/hitler-hindenburg/

This image shows Adolf Hitler shaking hands and bowing to President Paul von

Hindenburg on March 21, 1933, after he was appointed as the German chancellor in

Potsdam, Germany.

“Ein Deutsches Flugblatt.” Dirk Deklein, n.d., ​ ​ https://dirkdeklein.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/productmediapic7191_757.jpg?w=750

This is another image of the third leaflet that was written and distributed by members of

the White Rose. Through writing the leaflets, the group wanted to spread the non-violent

protest to other ignorant German citizens.

“Einsatz.” Jewish Virtual Library, n.d., ​ ​ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/images/Holocaust/einsatz1.jpg

This image shows a Nazi soldier who is holding a gun to a Jewish man’s head and is

about to shoot him into a hole dug to bury the dead bodies. There is a row of Nazi soldiers watching behind them. This shows the brutality of the Nazi beliefs, which is the

idea that the White Rose is fighting against.

“End of World War II 0902.” CNN, 2 Sept. 1945, ​ ​ https://cdn.cnn.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/130902154011-01-end-of-world-war-ii-0902-sto

ry-top.jpg

This image shows the Japanese surrendering to the Allies on September 2, 1945, which

officially ended World War II.

“Et Deutsches Flugblatt.” GDW , n.d., ​ ​ https://www.gdw-berlin.de/fileadmin/bilder/themen/Relaunch_2016/22442x.jpg

This image shows the third leaflet that was written by the White Rose. In this leaflet, the

group clearly defines what passive resistance means and what the people should do to

protest against the evils of the Nazi Regime.

Florian Peljak. “Kurt Huber.” Süddeutsche Zeitung, n.d., ​ ​ https://www.sueddeutsche.de/image/sz.1.4051592/640x360?v=1531394117. Accessed 21

May 2020.

This is a picture of Kurt Huber’s son, Wolfgang Huber, next to the picture of Professor

Huber at the White Rose Foundation in Munich, Germany. I used this image when

presenting an interview I conducted with Mr. Wolfgang Huber.

“Franz Schneider Verlag”, Cloudinary, n.d., ​ ​ https://res.cloudinary.com/jerrick/image/upload/q_auto,w_720/dposgy9zfewe8j96ntzl.jpg

This image shows Hitler smiling and taking care of German children with the words

“Children, what do you know about the leader?” underneath. I used this image in the

historical context part of my website to show how the Nazis used propaganda to gain

support.

“Freisler Trial.” Holocaust Research Project, 1944, ​ ​ http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/images/Freisler.jpg

This image shows the German jurist Roland Freisler holding up the Nazi salute. Freisler

was the judge who enforced the execution of many members of the White Rose,

including Sophie Scholl and Hans Scholl.

“German Invasion of Poland.” History Conflicts, n.d., ​ ​ http://historyconflicts.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/invaded-poland-by-germans-sovi

et-union.png

This image shows the invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939. It shows the beginning

of World War II as the German soldiers march towards Poland while holding up the Nazi

flag.

“German Troops Parade through Warsaw, Poland.” National Archives Catalog, Sept. 1939, ​ ​ https://www.archives.gov/files/research/military/ww2/photos/images/ww2-77.jpg

This image shows an organized group of German Nazi soldiers marching during World

War II. In the middle of the soldier group, there is a Nazi flag.

“Germany Surrenders to Allies.” Huffington Post, 7 May 1945, ​ ​ https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/5cc113e82400005500e42668.jpeg?ops=scalefit_720

_noupscale

In this image, General Jodl is signing the German surrender on May 7, 1945, officially

ending German involvement in World War II. Shortly after, on September 2, World War

II officially ended with the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers.

“Geschwister Scholl stamp.” Thought Co, 1961, ​ ​ https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Sf7VVM-5px4ovuTcCag8hRLar9o=/768x0/filters:no_

upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Stamps_of_Germany_DDR_1961_MiNr_0852-

593b81073df78c537b11870a.jpg

This image shows Sophie and Hans Scholl on a German stamp, which demonstrates the

White Rose’s influence on the public. I used this image on the legacy page in order to

explain the significance of the organization.

“Gestapo Mug Shots.” What’s Her Name, 18 Feb. 1943, ​ ​ https://mediad.publicbroadcasting.net/p/wshu/files/styles/x_large/public/201806/gestapo_

mug_shots_of_sophie_18_february_1943-no_source-probably_german_federal_archive-

hans.jpg

This is an image of the mug shots of both Sophie Scholl and Hans Scholl after they were

caught by the janitor for distributing the leaflets in the University of Munich. They were

later taken to trial and executed, putting an end to the White Rose movement.

“Graffiti Campaign.” Weisse Rose Stiftung E.V., n.d.,

https://www.weisse-rose-stiftung.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/graffiti.gif

This image shows the fading graffiti campaigns that call for freedom in Germany. The

graffiti was created by Hans Scholl and his friend Alexander Schmorell in an attempt to

protest against the Nazis in a peaceful way.

Granger. “Vietnam War: Leaflets.” Fine Art America, n.d., ​ ​ https://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/vietnam-war-leaflets-granger.jp

g

This image shows an example of a plane air-dropping papers during the Vietnam War,

which is similar to how the Allied forces received and made copies of the White Rose’s

leaflets to air-drop them into Germany.

“Hans Scholl.” Spartacus Education, 1933, https://spartacus-educational.com/00schollH2.jpg ​ ​

This is an image of Hans Scholl before he founded the White Rose. I used this image in

the introductions for each member.

“Hitler 1920s.” Jewish Virtual Library, n.d., ​ ​ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/images/Holocaust/hitler1920s.jpg

This image shows Adolf Hitler holding up the Nazi salute to an organized group of marching German soldiers. This image illustrates Hitler’s popularity during the 1920s in

Germany.

“Hitler 1933.” Jewish Virtual Library, 1933, ​ ​ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/images/Holocaust/hitler1933.jpg

This image shows Adolf Hitler sitting with some of his most trusted advisors. This proves

the power that Hitler had in the German government.

Jews Marched to a Beach in Liepaja, Latvia. New York Times, 8 June 2018, ​ ​ https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/06/08/opinion/08stephens1/08stephens1-articleLarg

e.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale

In this image, a group of four Jewish women took off their outer clothings and are about

to end their lives by the Nazi soldiers. There are many dead bodies behind them and Nai

soldiers cleaning up the dead.

“Johann Reichhart .” White Rose Stance, n.d., ​ ​ https://www.whiterosestance.com/uploads/9/8/1/1/98112200/johann-reichhart-535_1.jpg

This image shows an example of how the that were used to execute protestors,

such as members of the White Rose, looked like. There were sharp blades that would cut off their heads. This form of cruelty was used in order to threaten protestors and for

Hitler to maintain his power.

“Leo Borchard”. Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, n.d, ​ ​ https://www.gdw-berlin.de/typo3temp/_processed_/csm_12735x_00a43f7265.jpg.

This is a picture of Leo Borchard, who was one of the few Germans that continued the

acts of the White Rose, as demanded by the White Rose leaflets. Leo Borchard and Ruth

Andreas-Friedrich led a group called Uncle Emil.

“Nazi Recruitment Propaganda.” Glasshouse Images/Alamy, n.d., ​ ​ https://www.facinghistory.org/sites/default/files/Ch06_Image02_large.jpg

This image shows a loving family under the arms of an eagle with the words “The

NSDAP Secures the Community” on the top. This is an example of the propaganda that

the Nazis used to gain support in Germany.

“Ruth Andreas-Friedrich”. Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, n.d, ​ ​ https://www.gdw-berlin.de/typo3temp/_processed_/csm_14968x_c5e5174e4f.jpg.

Accessed 20 May 2020.

This is a picture of Ruth Andreas-Friedrich, who was also one of the few Germans that

continued the legacy of the White Rose by continuing to spread the ideas against the

Nazis. She led a group called Uncle Emil along with Leo Borchard.

“Scholl Gravestones.” Holocaust Research Project, n.d., ​ ​ http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/images/Scholl%20gravestones.jpg

This is an image of the graves of Sophie Scholl and Hans Scholl, which are currently

located in Munich, Germany. Next to their gravestones, there are the gravestones of other

members of the White Rose, including and Robert Scholl.

Schwartz, Tobias. “Our Future in Your Hands.” Getty Images, 15 March 2019, ​ ​ https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2019/03/16/gettyimages-1130658052_custom-80a25c66

3373e5db0e342cba663b356e0477ebd3-s800-c85.jpg

This image shows students acting to make society a better place. This is significant

because it shows modern youth are able to protest against the wrongs of society, just as

the members of the White Rose did.

Schweitzer, Hans. “He is guilty for the war”, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1943, ​ ​ https://www.ushmm.org/propaganda/assets/images/500x/poster-guilty-war.jpg

This shows a large finger pointing at a Jewish man and saying “Who is to blame for the

war!” This shows that the Nazis used the Jews as scapegoats for losing in ,

which later led to the hatred during the Holocaust.

Sirithana Tiranardvanich. “Leaflets of the White Rose.” The Local, n.d., ​ ​ https://www.thelocal.de/userdata/images/1487775496_Denkmal_f%C3%BCr_die_Gesch

wister_Scholl_und_Christoph_Probst_als_Teil_des_Wei%C3%9Fe-Rose-Mahnmals.jpg

This image shows the leaflets that were distributed by members of the White Rose at the

University of Munich and are now located at the White Rose Pavement Memorial. I used

this image as the background for the labels.

“Sophie Mit Erhobenen.” Weisse Rose Stiftung E.V., n.d., ​ ​ https://www.weisse-rose-stiftung.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Sophie-mit-erhobenen-

H%C3%A4nden-768x557.jpg

This is an image that was taken of members of the White Rose, including Sophie Scholl,

Hans Scholl, and several other students from the University of Munich. This image

illustrates the unity of the group members.

“Sophie Scholl”. Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, n.d,\ ​ ​ https://www.gdw-berlin.de/typo3temp/_processed_/csm_8065x_49b7a87273.jpg.

This is a picture of Sophie Scholl, who was one of the main members of the White Rose.

I put this image next to a quote that Sophie Scholl said during her interrogation.

“Standing amidst a large crowd, Adolf Hitler gives the Nazi salute during Reichsparteitag rally.”

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1927-1929, ​ https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1155956

In this image, Hitler is holding up the Nazi salute while standing at a position that is

higher than the others in the crowd. The crowd consisted of soldiers as well as German

citizens, some of which are saluting back to Hitler.

“University of Munich.” Frank Falla Archive, n.d., ​ ​ https://www.frankfallaarchive.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/01_wittelsbacher_palais_

ca-1935.jpg

This is an image of the University of Munich in Munich, Germany. Members of the

White Rose met and started their movements in this school. They distributed leaflets in

the hallways of this university and created graffiti campaigns on the walls of the

buildings.

Walden, Geoffrey. “Third Reich Ruins.” Third Reich In Ruins, n.d., ​ ​ http://www.thirdreichruins.com/wehrmacht_posts.htm

This is an image of a German barrack, one like the barrack that was named after

Christoph Probst, an important member of the White Rose. I used this image when

explaining the impact the White Rose had on the German people and how they later

understood the message that the White Rose was trying to send to the German citizens.

“White Rose Leaflets”, Padre Steve Files, n.d., ​ ​ https://padresteve.files.wordpress.com/2017/09/img_4801.jpg

This is one of the leaflets that were personally distributed in Munich, Germany by the

White Rose. I used this image in the barriers section to show an example of how the

White Rose leaflets looked like.

Wittenstein, George. “Siblings Hans and Sophie Scholl and Christoph Probst of the Student

Resistance Group White Rose.” German History in Documents and Images, 1942, ​ ​ https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/images/Scholl_Ulm.jpg

This image shows Sophie Scholl, Hans Scholl, and Alexander Schmorell . These three are

the main founders of the White Rose movements. This image was taken when they were

discussing their plans to promote their ideas of passive protests.

Secondary Sources

Books

Anflick, Charles. Resistance: Teen Partisans and Resisters Who Fought Nazi Tyranny. New ​ ​ York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 1999.

This book provides explanations about different groups of youth organizations or

individuals that broke the barriers and stood up against the Nazis and the policies set by

Hitler. One of these organizations includes the White Rose, and the book also describes

some of the main founders of the group in detail.

Atwood, Kathryn. Women Heroes of World War II. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, ​ ​ ​ ​ Incorporated, 2011.

The book includes detailed biographies of many female heroes in World War II, one of

which is Sophie Scholl. The book also describes the beginning of the Holocaust, which

helped me understand the motivation behind how the movement was started and the

message they intended to send to the people that support her.

Axelrod, Toby. Hans and Sophie Scholl, German Resisters of the White Rose. New York: The ​ ​ Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 2001.

This book is the biographies of both Sophie and Hans Scholl of the White Rose. This

source thoroughly explains their movements including their writing of the leaflets and the

graffiti campaigns that they created. I was able to gain information about their process in

creating the organization and their intentions.

Dumbach, Annette. Sophie Scholl and the White Rose. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2006. ​ ​

This book explains the life of Sophie Scholl and how she was able to create a student

resistance group against Hitler and his Nazis. The source describes the hardships she

went through with her brother Hans Scholl to stand up against what the majority of the

German citizens had believed in.

Freedman, Russell. We Will Not Be Silent: The White Rose Student Resistance Movement That ​ Defied Adolf Hitler. Boston: Clarion Books, 2016. ​ ​ ​

The book contains many impactful quotes that were said by Hans Scholl and other

members of the White Rose. I was able to use some of these quotes on my website in

order to show their dedication and their willingness to risk their lives in return for

bringing back justice.

Gill, Anton. An Honourable Defeat: A History of German Resistance to Hitler, 1933-1945. ​ ​ Henry Holt & Co, 1994.

This book describes the tiny minority of Germans who opposed Hitler and his party by

providing detailed explanations of different organizations that resisted against Hitler and

the Nazis, including the White Rose. The book gave me a better understanding of the

common motives among the resistance groups.

Vinke, Hermann. The Short Life of Sophie Scholl. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.,

1948.

This book explains the life of Sophie Scholl through her sister, Inge Scholl. It describes

Sophie’s life before Hitler and the Nazis came to power. It also explains her change in

perspectives regarding the German government and how she founded the White Rose

with her brother and several other friends.

Wilson, Kip. White Rose. New York: Versify, 2019. ​ ​

The book explains the journey that members of the White Rose took in order to protest

against the evils of Nazi Germany at the time, demonstrating the bravery of the members

in the group. I was able to personally interview the author of this award-winning book

through e-mail, and I was able to gain more knowledge about the motives behind the

White Rose’s protests.

Movies

Sophie Scholl — The Final Days. Directed by Marc Rothemund, Zeitgeist Films, 17 February ​ 2006.

This is a movie that was created to reenact the final days of Sophie Scholl’s life before

her execution and during her trials. It provides a visual representation to help me better

understand the events leading up to the end of the White Rose movements. In addition, it

shows the emotions and dedication of the members before their deaths.

The White Rose. Directed by Michael Verhoeven, CCC Film, July 1982. ​

This movie shows the White Rose movements through the form of a movie film. The

visuals in the movie allows me to further understand the actions the White Rose took in

order to fight against the Nazis.

Websites

Anderson, Stuart. “Sophie Scholl and the White Rose.” Destination Munich, n.d., ​ ​ https://www.destination-munich.com/sophie-scholl.html. Accessed 22 February 2020.

This website explains how the White Rose was founded as well as how Sophie and Hans

were caught. It also has an important quote from the group’s fourth leaflet, explaining the idea that the White Rose wanted to send out in their leaflets, which was to free Germany

from the anti-semetic beliefs from the Nazis.

Barratt, Sara, “75 Years Ago Today: The Incredible Story of Hans and Sophie Scholl.” The ​ Gospel Coalition, 22 Feb. 2018, ​ https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/75-years-ago-hans-sophie-scholl/. Accessed

16 January 2020.

This website provides a detailed explanation from the formation of the White Rose

organization to the execution of the Scholl siblings, including many meaningful quotes

that were said by members of the White Rose. In addition, this website also explains both

the short-term and the long-term impacts of the White Rose.

Blakemore, Erin. “How the Hitler Youth Turned a Generation of Kids Into Nazis.” History.com, ​ ​ A&E Television Networks, 11 Dec. 2017,

www.history.com/news/how-the-hitler-youth-turned-a-generation-of-kids-into-nazis.

Accessed 12 February 2020.

This website explains about Hitler’s Hitler Youth program, which Hans Scholl and other

members of the White Rose, along with the majority of German children, were involved

in as a child. I used some images from this source in my website as well to introduce the

conflict that the members had to face between their beliefs and the others around them.

Diavolo, Lucy. “6 Legendary Vietnam-Era Anti-War Movement Protests Everyone Should

Know.” Teen Vogue, 3 May 2019, ​ ​ https://www.teenvogue.com/story/legendary-vietnam-era-anti-war-movement-protests.

Accessed 21 February 2020.

This website has examples of youth movements that opposed the Vietnam War. I used

this to explain the legacy that the White Rose left for youth by leading the way to fighting

for justice regardless of age and background.

Eher, Franz. “.” Fordham University, 1920, ​ ​ https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/25points.asp. Accessed 7 January 2020.

This is a translated copy of Adolf Hitler and Anton Drexler’s The Program of the

NSDAP. This source shows how Hitler combined “extreme nationalism, racism and some

socialist concepts” into his policies, which are the causes of the anti-semetic beliefs of the

German citizens.

German Resistance Memorial Center. “Christoph Probst” GDW, n.d., ​ ​ https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index_of_persons/biographie/view-bio/

christoph-probst/?no_cache=1. Accessed 19 February 2020.

This website is a biography on the life of one of the important members of the White

Rose, Christoph Probst. I used this source to better understand why Probst was involved

in the resistance group and what contributions he made to oppose the Nazis.

German Resistance Memorial Center. “Hans Scholl.” GDW, n.d., ​ ​ https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index_of_persons/biographie/view-bio/

hans-scholl/?no_cache=1. Accessed 20 February 2020.

This website is a biography on the life of Hans Scholl, who is the founder of the White

Rose. This website explains how Hans founded the organization and how he created each

tactic that the White Rose used to spread the message against anti-semetism.

“Hans Leipelt Biography”. Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, 2019, ​ ​ https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index_of_persons/biographie/view-bio/

hans-leipelt/?no_cache=1. Accessed 20 May 2020.

This website has a bibliography of Hans Leipelt, who was one of the few Germans that

were influenced by the White Rose and continued to do what the leaflets had demanded.

He led a few friends and protested against the Nazis after members of the White Rose

were murdered.

“Holocaust Photographs: Resistance and Liberation.” Jewish Virtual Library, n.d., ​ ​ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/holocaust-resistance-and-liberation-photographs.

Accessed 7 January 2020.

This website provides many photos and explanations of events that occured during World

War II and the Holocaust. I was able to use many of the photos from this website to

create my website, especially in explaining the context and background information that

caused the protests of the White Rose.

“Kurt Huber.” GDW, n.d., ​ ​ http://www.en.uni-muenchen.de/news/newsarchiv/2018/weisse_rose.html. Accessed 7

February 2020.

This source not only provides decent images of each member, it also explains the

significance of each member individually, which helps me understand the group’s

motives and how they were able to work together to develop a common goal.

Lisciotto, Carmelo. “Sophie Scholl.” Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, 2007, ​ ​ http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/scholl.html. Accessed 29 December

2019.

This is a biography of Sophie Scholl, one of the leading figures of the White Rose, and

her involvement in the organization. This biography includes how the organization was

founded by Sophie, her brother Hans and their friends from the University of Munich.

Lüpke, Marc von. “Sophie, Hans Scholl remain symbols of resistance.” DW, Feb. 18, 2013, ​ ​ https://www.dw.com/en/sophie-hans-scholl-remain-symbols-of-resistance/a-16605080.

Accessed 6 February 2020.

This website describes the White Rose’s “path of resistance” including their struggles in

forming the group and the legacy that they left for the people today. This website also

includes an interview with a surviving member of the White Rose.

“Nazi Salute.” National World War II Museum, n.d., ​ ​ https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/how-did-hitler-happen. Accessed 10

January 2020.

This website explains how Hitler rose to power and his ideologies such as his

anti-semetic beliefs that he was eventually able to manipulate many German citizens into

believing. This allows me to develop a better understanding of the causes of the White

Rose’s protests.

Rczajkowski. “Nazi Germany and the White Rose.” Timetoast, n.d., ​ ​ https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/nazi-germany-and-the-white-rose. Accessed 12

December 2019.

This website provides a timeline of both the events in World War II and the important

dates regarding the White Rose, including the dates that each pamphlet was written and

when different members were executed. I used this source in creating the timeline for my

website.

Sachs, Ruth Hanna. “The Leaflets.” White Rose Studies, 2003, ​ ​ http://white-rose-studies.org/The_Leaflets.html. Accessed 10 February 2020.

This website provides short summaries for each of the seven leaflets that were written

and distributed, which allows me to understand the purpose of each individual leaflet and

the specific messages that the White Rose wants the German public to understand. I was

able to use the information on this website in explaining the significance of the leaflets on

my website.

Smale, Alison. “A Guillotine in Storage Bears Signs of a Role in Silencing Nazis' Critics.” The ​ New York Times, The New York Times, 11 Jan. 2014, ​ https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/11/world/europe/a-guillotine-in-storage-bears-signs-of

-a-role-in-silencing-nazis-critics.html. Accessed 16 January 2020.

This website describes the execution of some of the most important members of the

White Rose, including the Scholl siblings and Christoph Probst. It explains the

significance of the guillotine during the Holocaust and its symbolism of silencing the

protests in Germany.

“The White Rose.” Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, 2016, ​ ​ https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/topics/15-the-white-rose/. Accessed 29 December

2019.

This website explains the significance of the White Rose and provides a summary of the

actions they took during their protest. Biographies of many members of the organization

are also included on the bottom, which I read in order to understand each member

individually.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Final Solution Overview.” Holocaust ​ Encyclopedia, 2006, ​ https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/final-solution-overview. Accessed 12

January 2020.

This website explains the “Final Solution of the Jewish Question,” which replaced the

coercion of the Jewish population with the systematic annihilation. This source also provides me with a detailed description of the process that led to the mass murder of the

Holocaust.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Nuremberg Laws.” Holocaust Encyclopedia, ​ ​ 2019, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nuremberg-laws. Accessed 10

January 2020.

This website provides a detailed description of the Nuremberg Race Laws, which

explains the process in which “the Nazi leadership moved Germany from a democracy to

a dictatorship” through a series of manipulative laws created by the German government.

This explanation permits me to understand the steps Hitler took to achieve his

anti-semetic goals.

“White Rose Foundation.” Weisse Rose Stiftung E.V, 2017, ​ ​ https://www.weisse-rose-stiftung.de/white-rose-foundation/. Accessed 20 December

2019.

This website is the White Rose Foundation, which holds the purpose of upholding the

legacy of the White Rose. This website has images that explain several exhibitions in the

University of Munich, where the members of the White Rose went to school, which gives

me the opportunity to understand their living environments during the time.