Luciana Fazio Supervisors: Maria Elena Cavallaro Giovanni Orsina
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1 The Socialist International and the Design of a Community Policy in Latin America During the Late 1970s and 1980s: The Case of Spain and Italy Luciana Fazio Supervisors: Maria Elena Cavallaro Giovanni Orsina LUISS-Guido Carli PhD Program in Politics: History, Theory, Science Cycle XXXII Rome, November 2019 Tesi di dottorato di Luciana Fazio, discussa presso l’Università LUISS, in data 2020. Liberamente riproducibile, in tutto o in parte, con citazione della fonte. Sono comunque fatti salvi i diritti dell’Università LUISS di riproduzione per scopi di ricerca e didattici, con citazione della fonte. 2 Tesi di dottorato di Luciana Fazio, discussa presso l’Università LUISS, in data 2020. Liberamente riproducibile, in tutto o in parte, con citazione della fonte. Sono comunque fatti salvi i diritti dell’Università LUISS di riproduzione per scopi di ricerca e didattici, con citazione della fonte. 3 Acknowledgements I am truly grateful to my supervisors Maria Elena Cavallaro and Giovanni Orsina for their insights and comments to write this thesis. I especially thank all my PhD professors and academics for their support during this process, especially for their advice in terms of literature review and time availability for helping me facing some questions that raised during this process. Special thanks to Professor Joaquin Roy for his support, kindness and hospitality during my visiting exchange program at the University of Miami. Many thanks to the interviewed people (Elena Flores, Luis Yáñez-Barnuevo, Manuel Medina, Beatrice Rangel, Silvio Prado, Juan Antonio Yáñez-Barnuevo, Margherita Boniver, Walter Marossi, Pentti Väänänen, Carlos Parra) for their much needed help to fill the gaps in terms of sources. Many thanks to the International Institute of Social History (Amsterdam), Fundación Pablo Iglesias (Madrid), Fondazione Bettino Craxi (Rome), Fondazione Filippo Turati, Fondazione Lelio e Lisli Basso (Rome), the IILA’s Library (Rome), the Historical Archives of the European Union (Florence), the Archive of the Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bogotá), the National Library of Chile, the Instituto de Cultura León Tolstoi (Bogotá), for supporting me during this process in terms of sources. Finally, I would particularly like to thank my parents and sisters for their love, suggestions and support. Specially thanks to my father for taking time to read and comment my work. Loving thanks to Fede for his support before and during this process. I especially thanks to Janine for her friendship and help. Tesi di dottorato di Luciana Fazio, discussa presso l’Università LUISS, in data 2020. Liberamente riproducibile, in tutto o in parte, con citazione della fonte. Sono comunque fatti salvi i diritti dell’Università LUISS di riproduzione per scopi di ricerca e didattici, con citazione della fonte. 4 Tesi di dottorato di Luciana Fazio, discussa presso l’Università LUISS, in data 2020. Liberamente riproducibile, in tutto o in parte, con citazione della fonte. Sono comunque fatti salvi i diritti dell’Università LUISS di riproduzione per scopi di ricerca e didattici, con citazione della fonte. 5 Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 8 PART I .......................................................................................................................................... 19 1. The Research: A Long Road ................................................................................................ 20 1.1 Sources and Some Obstacles .................................................................................................... 20 1.2 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................................ 25 2. History Matters ....................................................................................................................... 34 2.1. What Happened to the Economy? ............................................................................................. 34 2.2. Towards a Global Society? .......................................................................................................... 43 2.3. Cold War as a Turning Point ..................................................................................................... 50 2.4. The Community’s Policy during the 1970s and 1980s: a Turning Point? ........................ 56 2.5 What could be said about Latin America? ............................................................................... 62 2.6 The relations between the EEC and Latin America ............................................................... 67 PART II ........................................................................................................................................ 80 3. The Socialist International (SI) ........................................................................................... 81 3.1 The SI: a Brief History .................................................................................................................. 81 3.1.1. Origins ....................................................................................................................................................... 81 3.1.2 Evolution of the SI .................................................................................................................................. 87 3.2 The Northern European Socialists ............................................................................................. 95 3.3. The Southern European Socialists ......................................................................................... 110 3.4 The SI becomes Global: Latin America ................................................................................. 129 3.4.1. Study groups .......................................................................................................................................... 139 3.4.2 International Conferences ................................................................................................................... 141 3.4.3. Missions .................................................................................................................................................. 149 3.4.4. Regional Committee and Regional Conferences ....................................................................... 157 PART III .................................................................................................................................... 163 4. The External Dimension of the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE): Latin America and the EEC ............................................................................................................. 164 4.1. The Evolution of the PSOE ...................................................................................................... 165 4.1.1. The SI and the External Dimension of the PSOE ..................................................................... 165 4.1.2. Domestic Developments .................................................................................................................... 172 4.1.3. Ideological Principles Versus Economic Requirements ......................................................... 185 4.2. Latin America in the Spanish Foreign Policy ...................................................................... 193 4.2.1. Nicaragua ............................................................................................................................................... 221 4.2.2 Venezuela ................................................................................................................................................. 246 4.2.3.Chile ........................................................................................................................................................... 256 4.3. Spain, Latin America and the EEC ........................................................................................ 263 5. The External Dimension of the Italian Socialist Party: Latin America and the EEC ..................................................................................................................................................... 275 5.1 The evolution of the PSI ............................................................................................................. 275 5.1.1 The Craxi era .......................................................................................................................................... 286 5.1.2. The road to power ................................................................................................................................ 296 5.2. The external dimension of the PSI and Latin America ..................................................... 307 5.2.1. Nicaragua ................................................................................................................................................ 323 Tesi di dottorato di Luciana Fazio, discussa presso l’Università LUISS, in data 2020. Liberamente riproducibile, in tutto o in parte, con citazione della fonte. Sono comunque fatti salvi i diritti dell’Università LUISS di riproduzione per scopi di ricerca e didattici, con citazione della fonte. 6 5.2.2. Venezuela ..............................................................................................................................................