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Coastal Communities on the Move

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Archaeology and Environment 26 Coastal Communities on the Move House and Polity Interaction in Southern Ostrobothnia 1500 BC – AD 1 Peter Holmblad Department of Historical, Philisophical and Religious Studies. Umeå 2010 1 © Peter Holmblad Illustrations by Peter Holmblad unless otherwise stated Base maps © National Land Survey of Finland. licence No. 051/MML/10 E-thesis: http://umu.diva-portal.org/ Cover: Coastal view in Kvevlax, Ostrobothnia Printed by: VMC KBC house, Umeå university Umeå, Sweden 2010 ISBN: 978-91-7459-068-5 ISSN: 0281-5877 2 Preface Several persons and organisations have contributed to my thesis project. First of all I want to thank my supervisor Karin Viklund and my second supervisor Mika Lavento (at Helsinki university). I also want to thank my collegues at my department. Philip Buckland made the paperback of this thesis; Johan Linderholm guided me through my soil chemical analyses, Jan-Erik Wallin performed the pollen anlayses; just to mention a few examples. I have had many interesting discussions with Radoslaw Grabowski. Thomas Larsson has contributed with valuable comments. Hazel Moesly has reviewed my English texts. I send my gratitude to all the amateur archaeologists in Österbottniska fornforskningssällskapet and in Laihian kotiseutuyhdistys that have supported my project by assisting me in the field. Pentti Risla and Kaisa Lehtonen have been two valuable collegues in Ostrobothnia. Ronny Smeds and Johan Björtin helped me with my mapping projects. Furthermore; this thesis had not been written without the important fieldwork that had been conducted over many years in Laihia by Esko Luoma and Mirja Miettinen. I have been financially supported by Svensk-Österbottniska Samfundet, Siri och Olof Granlunds stiftelse, Svenska kulturfonden i Finland, Etelä-Pohjanmaan maakuntarahasto and Kempes minnes stipendiefond. And finally I wish to send may gratitude to my parents and my brother, whom I have sadly neglected lately due to this thesis project; and to my dear Sandra, who has endured my absence during my late night shifts at the university, during my field expeditions, and also the partial transformation of our home into a second work office. 3 4 Table of contents 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………...…7 1.1. Background and aims of the thesis………………………………………....……7 1.2. Problems of Early Metal Period communities in Southern Ostrobothnia.....…9 1.3. Geographical and chronological frames…………………………………….....10 1.4. The structure of the thesis…………………………………………………...….11 2. Theoretical and methodological platform……………………………13 2.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………...…13 2.2. Perspectives on social organisation……………………………………….....….14 2.2.1. Archaeology of communities…………………………………………...….14 2.2.2. Houses and House societies……………………………………………......17 2.2.3. The political economy and modes of exchange………………………..…..19 2.2.4. Local polities………………………………………………………........….20 2.2.5. External networks and relations…………………………………….......….23 2.3. Habitation practices……………………………………………………….....… 24 2.3.1. Residential sedentarism………………………………………………........ 26 2.3.2. Logistic mobility……………………………………………………......….30 2.4. Subsistence practices…………………………………………………...............…….31 2.4.1. Foraging subsistence practices…………………………………….........…32 2.4.2. Agrarian subsistence practices………………………………………......…33 2.5. Summary……………………………………………………………………........35 3. The source material and its chronology…………………………........37 3.1. General archaeological chronology…………………………………….........…37 3.2. Early Metal Period research in Southern Ostrobothnia………………......….39 3.3. Shoreline chronology and land-uplift related processes………………........…41 3.3.1. The shore-line displacement chronology………………………….........….42 3.3.2. Ecological succession processes in uplift coastscapes…………….........….46 3.4. Palaeoecology and environmental archaeology…………………………..........48 3.4.1. Palaeoclimate and Baltic Sea history……………………………..........…..48 3.4.2. Palynological analyses…………………………………………….........….49 3.4.3. Archaeobotanical and osteological analyses………………………........….50 3.5. Sites and construction types…………………………………………........…….50 3.5.1. Open settlement surfaces…………………………………………......……50 3.5.2. Visible dwelling constructions………………………………………..........54 3.5.3. Burial cairns and stone-settings……………………………………......…..56 3.5.4. Clearance cairns and stone clearances……………………………........…..63 3.5.5. Cooking-pits and burnt mounds…………………………………….......….64 3.5.6. Trapping-pits………………………………………………………........….66 3.5.7. Storage pits and storage cairns……………………………………..........…66 3.5.8. Stray finds and artefact depositions………………………………….....….67 3.5.9. Ritual stones…………………………………………………………..........67 3.6. The portable material culture…………………………………………..........…68 3.6.1. Metal artefacts and metal crafting…………………………………........….68 3.6.2. Ceramic types……………………………………………………...........….73 3.6.3. Lithic artefacts and lithic crafting …………………………………........…77 3.6.4. Wooden and bone artefacts………………………………………...........…80 3.7. Summary………………………………………………………………............…81 4. The structuration of coastal Bronze Age communities…….........…..83 4.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………...........…83 4.2. Collective sealing in the Late Neolithic and the Bronze Age………..........….. 83 4.2.1. Social and ideological aspects on sealing………………………............….83 4.2.2. Sealing bases and stations………………………………………............….85 4.2.3. Shifts in sealing practices………………………………………............…..90 4.3. The spatiality of coastal settlements and mortuary monuments…............…..96 4.3.1. Spatial orientation and localisation strategies……………………..........…96 5 4.3.2. Spatiality and time-scales in uplift coastscapes……………….....……….102 4.4. The Laihia settlement district……………………………………...………….105 4.4.1. The Early Bronze Age in Laihia.................................................................107 4.4.2. The Late Bronze Age in Laihia...................................................................110 4.4.3. Palaeodemographic considerations.............................................................111 4.5. The cooking pit distribution in Laihia…………………………………....…..113 4.6. Peltomaa; expressions of Bronze Age centrality……………………………..117 4.6.1. Heated stone technology and the logistic nodality of Peltomaa….………117 4.6.2. Burial rituals and symbolic expressions in Jätinhaudanmaa………….…..121 4.6.3. The settlement in Jätinhaudanmaa………………………………..………125 4.6.4. Palaeoecological considerations………………………........…………….131 4.6.5. Signs of agricultural intensification……………………………....………134 4.6.6. Jätinhaudanmaa as a high-rank house…………………………………….139 4.7. Logistic ridge system networks………………………………….…………….142 4.8. Hunting of cervids………………………………………………………......….144 4.9. The organization of Bronze Age coastal communities…………………….....147 4.9.1. Interacting Houses………………………………………………………...147 4.9.2. Local and regional polities…………………………………………..……149 4.10. External contacts and long-distance networks…………………………..….151 4.10.1. Networks in the coastal zone……………………………………………151 4.10.2. Contacts with inland groups………………………………………….….152 4.10.3. Trans-Baltic contacts…………………………………………………….155 4.11. Summary……………………………………………………............…………157 5. The coastal communities in the Early Iron Age………………....….163 5.1. The Early Iron Age communities, issues of change and continuity……..…..163 5.1.1. Patterns of residential sedentarism…………………………………....…..163 5.1.2. Agrarian subsistence practices……………………………………………166 5.1.3. Logistic mobility and foraging subsistence practices………...…………. 170 5.1.4. Social organisation and external networks……………….……………….173 5.2. Towards the Middle Iron Age societies……………………………………….176 5.3. Summary………………………………………………………….…………….178 6. Concluding discussion: durées, conjunctures and the resilience of the coastal communities………………………….181 Summary....................................................................................................185 References Abbreviations 6 1. Introduction 1.1. Background and the aims of the thesis In the summer of 2002 I visited the Alatalo cairn cemetery in Laihia for the first time. Until then I had only read about the site, for instance in a text published by Mirja Miettinen (Miettinen 1998). I was instantly impressed by the relatively large cemetery consisting of several very densely arranged cairns, of which many were quite large. I also noticed that the site was perfectly situated for an agrarian subsistence economy as the site was located on a low promontory where the ground was composed of silty moraine. There was also an adjacent clayey valley. I made a test with my soil drill and I noticed that there was a thick and a well articulated cultural layer at the site and that the soil was saturated with clay daub. If I had not known my location, I would have guessed that I was observing a schoolbook example of a wealthy Migration Period farm site with a farm cemetery. The structure of the large cairns (with central boulders) and the cemetery, the obvious settlement remains in the cemetery context and the topographical location of the site all seemed very Migration Period to me (as this is the typical structure and topographical location of Migration Period farms, cairn cemeteries and cairn constructions in the Vaasa area). Still, the razors that had been found in the cairns in the 19th century clearly indicated a Late Bronze Age date for the site. The altitude indicated also clearly a Bronze Age date for the site. My next thought was that this site definitely needs to be investigated.
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