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Boosey & Hawkes View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by City Research Online Howell, Jocelyn (2016). Boosey & Hawkes: The rise and fall of a wind instrument manufacturing empire. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City, University of London) City Research Online Original citation: Howell, Jocelyn (2016). Boosey & Hawkes: The rise and fall of a wind instrument manufacturing empire. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City, University of London) Permanent City Research Online URL: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/16081/ Copyright & reuse City University London has developed City Research Online so that its users may access the research outputs of City University London's staff. Copyright © and Moral Rights for this paper are retained by the individual author(s) and/ or other copyright holders. All material in City Research Online is checked for eligibility for copyright before being made available in the live archive. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to from other web pages. Versions of research The version in City Research Online may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check the Permanent City Research Online URL above for the status of the paper. Enquiries If you have any enquiries about any aspect of City Research Online, or if you wish to make contact with the author(s) of this paper, please email the team at [email protected]. Boosey & Hawkes: The Rise and Fall of a Wind Instrument Manufacturing Empire Jocelyn Howell PhD in Music City University London, Department of Music July 2016 Volume 1 of 2 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Figures....................................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 7 Declaration .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Abstract.................................................................................................................................................. 10 Abbreviations and conventions ............................................................................................................. 11 Abbreviations..................................................................................................................................... 11 Pre-decimal British currency and measurements ............................................................................. 12 Pitch level indicators ......................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 13 1.1 Aims and objectives .................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Research resources .................................................................................................................... 15 1.3 Research methods ...................................................................................................................... 21 1.4 Thesis outline .............................................................................................................................. 24 Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 26 Social, musical, economic and technological contexts for the development of British woodwind and brass manufacture in the nineteenth century ....................................................... 26 2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 26 2.2 Eighteenth-century legacies........................................................................................................ 26 2.3 Social and musical developments in the nineteenth century ..................................................... 28 2.4 Pitch standards ........................................................................................................................... 33 2.5 Military and civilian bands ........................................................................................................... 35 2.6 Economic developments: French influence and British manufacture ........................................ 38 2.7 Technology and production processes ....................................................................................... 43 2.8 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 48 Chapter 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 50 The origins and development of Boosey & Co. and Hawkes & Son until their merger in 1930 ....................................................................................................................................................... 50 3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 50 3.2 Boosey ........................................................................................................................................ 51 3.2.1 Complete service to bands .................................................................................................. 54 3.2.2 Commencement of flute manufacture, 1856 ....................................................................... 55 3.2.3 Purchase of Distin & Sons, 1868 ......................................................................................... 56 3.2.4 Instruments for export .......................................................................................................... 59 3.2.5 Commencement of reed instrument manufacture, 1879..................................................... 60 3.3 Hawkes ........................................................................................................................................ 65 2 3.3.1 Rivière & Hawkes ................................................................................................................ 65 3.3.2 Hawkes & Son ..................................................................................................................... 68 3.4 The merger of Boosey and Hawkes ........................................................................................... 77 3.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 79 Chapter 4 .............................................................................................................................................. 81 1930 to the end of the Second World War ........................................................................................ 81 4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 81 4.2 Music-making and concert-going in the 1930s ........................................................................... 82 4.3 The amalgamation of Boosey and Hawkes ................................................................................ 83 4.4 The identity of Boosey & Hawkes after the merger .................................................................... 85 4.5 Mechanisation in the factory ....................................................................................................... 88 4.6 Boosey & Co. and Hawkes & Son models retained after the merger ........................................ 90 4.7 New Boosey & Hawkes instrument models ................................................................................ 93 4.8 Music-making during wartime ................................................................................................... 107 4.9 Wartime in the factory ............................................................................................................... 108 4.10 The effects of World War II on the range of models produced............................................... 114 4.11 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 116 Chapter 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 118 The development of Besson and its acquisition by Boosey & Hawkes ..................................... 118 5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 118 5.2 The early history of Besson, 1837–1895 .................................................................................
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