View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by City Research Online Howell, Jocelyn (2016). Boosey & Hawkes: The rise and fall of a wind instrument manufacturing empire. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City, University of London) City Research Online Original citation: Howell, Jocelyn (2016). Boosey & Hawkes: The rise and fall of a wind instrument manufacturing empire. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City, University of London) Permanent City Research Online URL: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/16081/ Copyright & reuse City University London has developed City Research Online so that its users may access the research outputs of City University London's staff. Copyright © and Moral Rights for this paper are retained by the individual author(s) and/ or other copyright holders. All material in City Research Online is checked for eligibility for copyright before being made available in the live archive. 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Boosey & Hawkes: The Rise and Fall of a Wind Instrument Manufacturing Empire Jocelyn Howell PhD in Music City University London, Department of Music July 2016 Volume 1 of 2 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Figures....................................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 7 Declaration .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Abstract.................................................................................................................................................. 10 Abbreviations and conventions ............................................................................................................. 11 Abbreviations..................................................................................................................................... 11 Pre-decimal British currency and measurements ............................................................................. 12 Pitch level indicators ......................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 13 1.1 Aims and objectives .................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Research resources .................................................................................................................... 15 1.3 Research methods ...................................................................................................................... 21 1.4 Thesis outline .............................................................................................................................. 24 Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 26 Social, musical, economic and technological contexts for the development of British woodwind and brass manufacture in the nineteenth century ....................................................... 26 2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 26 2.2 Eighteenth-century legacies........................................................................................................ 26 2.3 Social and musical developments in the nineteenth century ..................................................... 28 2.4 Pitch standards ........................................................................................................................... 33 2.5 Military and civilian bands ........................................................................................................... 35 2.6 Economic developments: French influence and British manufacture ........................................ 38 2.7 Technology and production processes ....................................................................................... 43 2.8 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 48 Chapter 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 50 The origins and development of Boosey & Co. and Hawkes & Son until their merger in 1930 ....................................................................................................................................................... 50 3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 50 3.2 Boosey ........................................................................................................................................ 51 3.2.1 Complete service to bands .................................................................................................. 54 3.2.2 Commencement of flute manufacture, 1856 ....................................................................... 55 3.2.3 Purchase of Distin & Sons, 1868 ......................................................................................... 56 3.2.4 Instruments for export .......................................................................................................... 59 3.2.5 Commencement of reed instrument manufacture, 1879..................................................... 60 3.3 Hawkes ........................................................................................................................................ 65 2 3.3.1 Rivière & Hawkes ................................................................................................................ 65 3.3.2 Hawkes & Son ..................................................................................................................... 68 3.4 The merger of Boosey and Hawkes ........................................................................................... 77 3.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 79 Chapter 4 .............................................................................................................................................. 81 1930 to the end of the Second World War ........................................................................................ 81 4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 81 4.2 Music-making and concert-going in the 1930s ........................................................................... 82 4.3 The amalgamation of Boosey and Hawkes ................................................................................ 83 4.4 The identity of Boosey & Hawkes after the merger .................................................................... 85 4.5 Mechanisation in the factory ....................................................................................................... 88 4.6 Boosey & Co. and Hawkes & Son models retained after the merger ........................................ 90 4.7 New Boosey & Hawkes instrument models ................................................................................ 93 4.8 Music-making during wartime ................................................................................................... 107 4.9 Wartime in the factory ............................................................................................................... 108 4.10 The effects of World War II on the range of models produced............................................... 114 4.11 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 116 Chapter 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 118 The development of Besson and its acquisition by Boosey & Hawkes ..................................... 118 5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 118 5.2 The early history of Besson, 1837–1895 .................................................................................