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Boosey & Hawkes City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Howell, Jocelyn (2016). Boosey & Hawkes: The rise and fall of a wind instrument manufacturing empire. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City, University of London) This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/16081/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] Boosey & Hawkes: The Rise and Fall of a Wind Instrument Manufacturing Empire Jocelyn Howell PhD in Music City University London, Department of Music July 2016 Volume 1 of 2 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Figures....................................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 7 Declaration .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Abstract.................................................................................................................................................. 10 Abbreviations and conventions ............................................................................................................. 11 Abbreviations..................................................................................................................................... 11 Pre-decimal British currency and measurements ............................................................................. 12 Pitch level indicators ......................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 13 1.1 Aims and objectives .................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Research resources .................................................................................................................... 15 1.3 Research methods ...................................................................................................................... 21 1.4 Thesis outline .............................................................................................................................. 24 Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 26 Social, musical, economic and technological contexts for the development of British woodwind and brass manufacture in the nineteenth century ....................................................... 26 2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 26 2.2 Eighteenth-century legacies........................................................................................................ 26 2.3 Social and musical developments in the nineteenth century ..................................................... 28 2.4 Pitch standards ........................................................................................................................... 33 2.5 Military and civilian bands ........................................................................................................... 35 2.6 Economic developments: French influence and British manufacture ........................................ 38 2.7 Technology and production processes ....................................................................................... 43 2.8 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 48 Chapter 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 50 The origins and development of Boosey & Co. and Hawkes & Son until their merger in 1930 ....................................................................................................................................................... 50 3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 50 3.2 Boosey ........................................................................................................................................ 51 3.2.1 Complete service to bands .................................................................................................. 54 3.2.2 Commencement of flute manufacture, 1856 ....................................................................... 55 3.2.3 Purchase of Distin & Sons, 1868 ......................................................................................... 56 3.2.4 Instruments for export .......................................................................................................... 59 3.2.5 Commencement of reed instrument manufacture, 1879..................................................... 60 3.3 Hawkes ........................................................................................................................................ 65 2 3.3.1 Rivière & Hawkes ................................................................................................................ 65 3.3.2 Hawkes & Son ..................................................................................................................... 68 3.4 The merger of Boosey and Hawkes ........................................................................................... 77 3.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 79 Chapter 4 .............................................................................................................................................. 81 1930 to the end of the Second World War ........................................................................................ 81 4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 81 4.2 Music-making and concert-going in the 1930s ........................................................................... 82 4.3 The amalgamation of Boosey and Hawkes ................................................................................ 83 4.4 The identity of Boosey & Hawkes after the merger .................................................................... 85 4.5 Mechanisation in the factory ....................................................................................................... 88 4.6 Boosey & Co. and Hawkes & Son models retained after the merger ........................................ 90 4.7 New Boosey & Hawkes instrument models ................................................................................ 93 4.8 Music-making during wartime ................................................................................................... 107 4.9 Wartime in the factory ............................................................................................................... 108 4.10 The effects of World War II on the range of models produced............................................... 114 4.11 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 116 Chapter 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 118 The development of Besson and its acquisition by Boosey & Hawkes ..................................... 118 5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 118 5.2 The early history of Besson, 1837–1895 .................................................................................. 119 5.3 Besson & Co. Ltd., London. ...................................................................................................... 122 5.4 Trade and export at Besson & Co. ..........................................................................................
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