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Background dates for Popular Music Studies

Collected and prepared by Philip Tagg, Dave Harker and Matt Kelly

-4000 to -1 c.4000 End of palaeolithic period in Mediterranean manism) and caste system. China: rational philoso- c.4000 Sumerians settle on site of Babylon phy of Chou dynasty gains over mysticism of earlier 3500-2800: King Menes the Fighter unites Upper and Shang (Yin) dynasty. Chinese textbook of maths Lower Egypt; 1st and 2nd dynasties and physics 3500-3000: Neolithic period in western Europe — Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey (ends 1700 BC) — Iron and steel production in Indo-Caucasian culture — Harps, flutes, lyres, double clarinets played in Egypt — Greeks settle in Spain, Southern Italy, Sicily. First 3000-2500: Old Kingdom of Egypt (3rd to 6th dynasty), Greek iron utensils including Cheops (4th dynasty: 2700-2675 BC), — Pentatonic and heptatonic scales in Babylonian mu- whose pyramid conforms in layout and dimension to sic. Earliest recorded music - hymn on a tablet in astronomical measurements. Sphinx built. Egyp- Sumeria (cuneiform). Greece: devel of choral and tians invade Palestine. Bronze Age in Bohemia. Sys- dramtic music. Rome founded (Ab urbe condita - tematic astronomical observations in Egypt, 753 BC) Babylonia, India and China — Kung Tu-tzu (Confucius, b. -551) dies 3000-2000 ‘Sage Kings’ in China, then the Yao, Shun and — Sappho of Lesbos. Lao-tse (Chinese philosopher). Hsai (-2000 to -1760) dynasties Israel in Babylon. Massilia (Marseille) founded 3000-2500: Chinese court musician Ling-Lun cuts first c 600 Shih Ching (Book of Songs) compiles material from bamboo pipe. Pentatonic scale formalised (2500- Hsia and Shang dynasties (2205-1122 BC) 2000). Chinese emperor checked if court and village -517 Lao Tzu (founder of Taoism, b. -604, d.) songs corresponded with the five notes (acc. The c 550 Pythagoras ‘discovers’ octave ‘Shiu CHing’ (=Book of History) c 550 Indian vina (2 hollow gourds connected by strings — Bronze age in Britain and a bamboo reed) - origin of many hollow string — Shang dynasty in China. Decline of Babylon. 18th instruments? dynasty in Egypt: irrigation, trigonometry, sun di- c.500 BC: Celts arrive in Britain als. Indus culture flourishes. Iron in China, India, c 440 Sophocles’ Theban trilogy Mesopotamia, Egypt. Minoan culture in Crete. c 340 Plato’s Republic Bronze age in western Europe. Stonehenge c 330 Artistotle’s Politics and Poetics — Moses leads Israelites out of Egypt. Trojan war. c 320 Aristoxenos ‘Harmonics’. Defines rhythm as tripar- Nebuchadnezzar in Babylon. 19th-21st dynasties in tite: speech, melody, movement Egypt. Tutankhamen’s tomb 221 Ch’in dynasty in China — Cretan-Mycenaean cultures flourish. Trojan war. c200. ‘Natyasastra’ (Indus) codifies Hindu classical music Foundation of Corinth practices (e.g. for epics Ramayama, Mahabharata — Teotihuacan Sun Pyramid (Mexico) and Bhagavad-gita) 2200-525: dynasty of Pharaohs (god-kings) 215 Great Wall of China built (2250 km) c-1000 Indian Rigveda (Veda of Humns) and Samaveda 55 Roman invasion of Briatin (Veda of Chants) developed (forerunners to Jewish c.100 Emperor Wu founds Imperial Office of Music (Yüeh- & Gregorian chants?) fu), attached to the Office of Weights and Measures, — Phoenicians main traders in western Mediterranean for standardising pitch and supervising music — Temple and Song of Solomon -5 Christ born — India: transmigration of souls (Brahminism and At-

1-999 30 Crucifixion of Christ and Scots 58 Buddhism introduced into China 570 Muhammed the prophet (b) 300 Maya civilisation flourishes 596 Pope Gregory dispatches St Augustine of Canter- 324 Christianity official religion of Roman Empire bury as missionary to Britain 340 Definite split of Roman Empire in two 600 ‘Antiphonar’ - Pope Gregory’s collection of church 350 Foundation of Schola Cantorym for church song in chants. Refounds Schola Cantorum in Rome Rome — Book printing in China 378 St Ursus builds Ravenna cathedral 619 Orchestras of hundreds of players in China 385 Roman legions evacuate Britain 622 ‘Originum sive etymologiarum libri XX’ - encyclope- 386 Hymn singing introduced by Ambrosius, bishop of dia of arts and sciences by Isidore of Seville Milan 632 Muhammed the prophet (d) 410 Alaric and Goths sack Rome 642 Arabs conquer Egypt (642), Byzantium (655), Crete 432 St Patrick starts mission to Ireland (674), Tunis (700), most of Pain (718) 440 Jutes, Angles and Saxons arrive and control most of 650 Neumes (notation for groups of notes) used until England by 800 1050 450 Responsorial singing (precentor and congregation) 685 Founding of Winchester cathedral after Jewish pattern common in Roman church 687 Sussex, last heathen kingdom in England, convert- 476 Goths conquer Rome: end of Western Roman Em- ed to Christianity pire 715 Moslem empire extends from Pyrenees to China 520 Boethius: De institutione musica - Greek music the- with Damascus as capital ory to Latin (letter notation, misunderstanding of 725 Court orchestra of Emperor Ming-Huang is high cul- modes) ture of T’and dynasty: no harmony or polyphony, 563 St Columba (Irish abbot) on Iona to convert Picts five note scale without semitones: flutes, guitars, 2

bells, gongs, drums veloped (e.g. ‘Treatise concerning the Inner Knowl- 750 Arab alchemist discovers effect of light on silver ni- edge of Melodies’ by Al-Kindi (d.874). ‘Al-musiqi’ trate important subject in Arab universities. — Gregorian church mnusic in England, France, Ger- 860 Danes sack Winchester. Constant raids until c1010 many 870 ‘Musica enchiriadis’ - MS using Latin letters for mu- 787 Harun al-Raschid caliph of Baghdad (to 809) - gold- sical notation en period of Arabic learning 890 Rathbert of St Gallen, hymn writer and composer 790 Schools for church music established at Paris, Köln, 900 c. Ibn al-Munajjim (d.912) ‘Risala fi’l-musiqi’ Soissons & Metz under supervision of Schola Canto- (=Book about Music) showing Arab classical scales rum (Rome) as Pythagorean but ascending 800 Charlemagne crowned first Holy Roman Emperor 935 Odo de Cluny: Enchiridion musices — City of Machu Picchu (Inca, Peru) - rediscovered 940 Postal and news services in the caliph’s empire have 1911 at their disposal c. 1000 stations 814 Arabs take over Indian numerals (incl 0) to multiply — Manufactories of linens and woolens in Flanders by ten 942 Arabs bring kettledrums and trumpets to Europe c825 Ishaq-al-Mausili (767-850), Arab singer and music 950 Al-Farabi (d), working at Aleppo and Córdoba, au- theorist (cf.900) thor ‘Kitab al-musiqi al-kabir’ (=The Great Book on 841 Vikings invade what is now Normandy Music) c850 Greek musical theory translated into Arabic and de-

1000-1399 1000 Musical notation improved by Guido d’Arezzo (musica mensurata) 1015 At Poposa monastery (Ravenna), sight singing is in- 1267 R Bacon (1214-1294) on lenses & distorted images troduced 1271 Marco Polo (1254-1324) journeys to China (return 1026 Guido d’Arezzo introduces solmisation (do re mi fa 1295) so la) 1277 Roger Bacon imprisoned for heresy 1045 Split between Roman and Eastern Orthodox church 1285 Adam de la Halle (1238-1287) ‘Le jeu de Robin et 1050 Harp arrives in Europe (Arabic). Time values given Marion’ to notes 1287 Adam de la Halle (d) 1065 Consecration of Westminster Abbey 1289 Block printing in Ravenna 1066 Battle of Hastings 1291 Arabs capture Acre. End of crusades 1071 Constatine the African (1020-1087) brings Greek — York Minster nave erected medicine (via Arabs) to Western Europe 1307 Dante starts ‘Divina Commedia’ (ends 1321) 1081 Commercial treaty between Venice and Byzantium 1313 German Grey Friar Berthold Schwarz reinvents gun- 1094 El Cid takes Valencia from the Moors powder 1096 First Crusade begins 1322 Pope forbids use of counterpoint in church music 1100 Secular music school of St Martial at Limoges uses 1325 Tournai Mass - first polyphonic mass polyphonic styles 1327 Aztecs establish Mexico City 1119 Bologna University founded 1329 Philippe de Vitry coins ‘ars nova’ (v. contrapuntal 1130 Troubadour and trouvère music evolves style) 1150 Paris University founded 1330 Paris Musicians’ Guild (Les ménétriers) formed 1151 Leonin and ‘ars antiqua’ (ends 1773) c.1155: Minnelieder, Minnesinger (e.g. Kurenberg) 1331 First record of weaving in England (York) 1167 Oxford University established 1332 Black Death (bubonic plague) originates in India 1199 Founding of Liverpool 1348 Black death sweeps across Europe 1200 Cambridge University founded — Order of the Garter (!) — Faux bourdon style in GB. Carmina Burana (Latin 1349 Black death kills 1/3 of English population monastic songs) in Germany 1351 1347-1351 Black Death kills 75,000,000 1201 Façade of Notre Dame completed 1354 Mechanical clock at Strasbourg Cathedral 1215 Magna Carta 1360 Lute (via Arabs) playing popular in Europe 1218 Genghis Khan captures Persia — Beginnings of development of clavichord and cem- 1225 Roman de la rose balo — Sumer is icumen in 1361 Black Death reappears in England 1233 Coal mined for first time in Newcastle 1365 Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377) 4-voice Mass 1237 Mongols capture Moscow 1378 Papal schism (until 1417) 1238 Adam de la Halle (b) 1381 Venice wins 100-yrs war with Genoa - flourishing 1249 Roger Bacon records the existence of explosives trade 1250 Establishment of four national colleges at Paris Uni- — Peasants’ Revolt under Wat Tyler versity 1382 Wyclif (church reformer) expelled from Oxford by — Magister Perotinus (Notre Dame, Ars antiqua) London synod — c. Music faculty at Salamanca University 1384 Incorporation (Guild) of Fishmongers founded 1265 Franco of Cologne, Pierre de la Croix writing motets 1387 Chaucer (1340-1400): The Canterbury Tales

1400 1411 London Guildhall built (finished 1426) 1450 Gutenberg prints the ‘Constance Mass Book’ 1414 Medici of Florence bankers to papacy (until 1476) — Battista’s camera lucida (lense & prism) 1431 Jeanne d’Arc burnt at stake 1451 Glasgow University founded — First German peasants’ revolt 1453 Turks take Constantinopel, coverting St Sophia Ba- 1437 fl John Dunstable (1369-1453) silica into a mosque 1440 Henri Arnault de Zwolle describes technique of, but 1455 Venetian Cadamoto explores Sénégal river does not construct, the piano (see 1709) 1456 Turks conquer Athens (burning Acropolis in 1458) 3

1463 Turks conquer Bosnia (also Herzegovina in 1467) kingdom in Spain 1465 First music printing — Turks invade Hungary 1470 Portuguese navigators reach the Gold Coast — da Vinci draws flying machine 1471 Jakob Obrecht: St Matthew Passion (Latin text) 1493 Pope Alexander VI divides lands found in Americas 1472 Start of Portuguese Empire (Fernando Po) between Spain and Portugal 1473 Woodcut music printing (Eslingen, Germany) — Peasants’ revolt in Alsace and S W Germany 1474 William Caxton prints first book in English — Turks invade Dalmatia and Croatia (at Bruges) — Heinrich Isaak court composer in Bavaria 1477 Torquemada (1420-1498) in full swing with the in- 1495 Greek and Latin classics published by Aldine Press, quisition Venice 1483 Botticelli paints ‘Birth of Venus’ — da Vinci paints ‘The Last Supper’ 1484 Portuguese navigator Diego Cam discovers mouth — Bosch paints ‘The Garden of Worldly Delights’ of Congo river — Josquin des Près (1450-1521) appointed organist at — Johannes de Tinctoris (1436-1511): ‘De inventione Cambrai et usu musicae’ 1498 Vasco da Gama, Portuguese navigator (1469-1524) 1492 Columbus’s voyage to Caribbean reaches India — Spanish conquer Granada and extinguish Moorish 1499 Oxford University institutes degrees in music

1500 1500 Josquin des Près at court of Louis XII 1537 Gerardus Mercator produces first map of Flanders — da Vinci’s Camera Obscura — Conservatoires of music founded in Naples for boys, — Petrucci’s movable type music printing (Venice) in Venice for girls 1502 Petrucci publishes 1st Book of Masses by J d Près 1539 Spain annexes Cuba 1503 da Vinci paints ‘Mona Lisa’ — Olaus Magnus produces map of world 1505 Thomas Tallis (b) 1541 John Knox (1505-1572) leads Calvinist Reformation 1506 Niccolò Machiavelli at 37 creates Florentine militia, in Scotland first national army in Italy 1543 Parliament Act restricts ballad printing 1509 Beginnings of slave trade; Bartolomé de las Casas, — Calvin, Geneva Psalter bishop of Chiapas, states that each Spanish settler 1545 Council of Trent (Concilium Tridentinum) meets to should bring a certain number of Negro slaves to the discuss Reformation and Counter Reformation (- New World 1564) 1511 Portuguese reach Malacca 1546 Mercator states that earth has magnetic poles — Diego de Velasquez de Cuellar occupies Cuba — Abortive attempts to find El Dorado in Venezuela 1512 Royal Navy builds double-deck ships with 70 guns, 1548 Louis Bourgeois (1510-1561): Psalter 1,000 tons 1549 Jesuit missionaries to South America — Copernicus states that earth and other planets turn — Thomé de Souza founds S<176>o Salvador (Bahía) around sun 1551 Palestrina made music director at St Peter’s, Rome 1513 Portuguese under Jorge Alvarez reach Canton. 1555 Aztec dictionary published Spanish reach Florida 1556 Lassus publishes his first book of motets — 1st known popular printed song published in GB: 1557 State bankruptcy in Spain and France John Skelton’s ‘Ballade of the Scottyshe Kynges’ — Stationers’ Guild mus print monopoly GB 1515 Spanish under Diaz de Solis reach mouth of Rio de 1558 English lose Calais; Elizabeth I ascends throne la Plata — Pieter Breughel paints ‘Children’s Games’ 1517 Luther’s 95 Theses — Gioseffo Zarlino (1517-1590): ‘Istituzioni armon- — Archduke Charles grants monopoly of slave trade to iche’ defines modern major and minor scales Flemish merchants. License to import 4,000 African 1560 Church of Scotland founded slaves to Spanish American colonies granted to Lo- — Lassus made court Kapellmeister in München rens de Gominot 1562 John Hawkins makes first journey to New World; 1518 Spanish reach Yucatán and Mexico starts slave trade between Guinea and West Indies 1521 Luther imprisoned 1563 Breughel paints ‘The Tower of Babel’ 1522 Magellan sails round the world 1564 English Merchant Adventurers granted new royal 1524 Johann Walther (1496-1570) produces, in collabo- charter ration with Martin Luther, the hymnal ‘Geystlich Ge- — Scots’ Psalter (Dunfermline?) sangk-Büchleyn’ — First of Andrea Amati’s violins 1525 Juan Luis Vives demands state help for the poor 1565 Palestrina: ‘Missa Papæ Marcelli’ 1527 Adrian Willaert (1490-1562) maestro di capella at 1572 William Byrd and Thomas Tallis organists at the St Mark’s, Venice Chapel Royal 1528 Erasmus: ‘Ciceronianus’ - satire on Latin scholarship 1574 Portuguese found S<176>o Paolo and colonise An- — Atttaignant 1st book published gola 1530 Portuguese colonise Brazil 1575 Paris pop. 300,000; London 180,000; Cologne 1531 Halley’s comet arouses wave of superstition 35,000 1533 Henry VIII excommunicated 1580 Francis Drake returns from world circumnavigation — Pizarro executes the Incas of Peru — Jan Pietrszoon Sweelink organist at Dude Kerk, Am- 1534 Luther completes German bible sterdam — Jesuit order founded by Ignatius Loyola 1581 ‘Greensleeves’ mentioned for first time — Susato starts publishing in Antwerp — Vicenzo Gallilei (Gallileo’s Dad, 1520-1591), lutenist 1535 Jacque Cartier’s second voyage: Québec et Montréal and scientist, engraves music examples. Publishes 1536 Jean Calvin: ‘Christianae religionis Institutio’ ‘Dialogo della musica antica e della moderna’ — Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires and sends 1583 English merchant expeditions to Mesopotamia, In- expeditions in search of Peru dia and Persian Gulf — First song book with lute accompaniment published 1585 Bartholomew Newsam constructs first English trav- in Spain elling and standing clocks 4

— Thomas Tallis (b. 1505) dies 1596 English pacification of Ireland 1588 Spanish Armada defeated. English Guinea Company 1597 Thomas Morley (1557-1603): ‘A Plaine and Easie founded Introduction to Practicall Musick’ 1590 First Shakespeare plays performed — Dowland: ‘First Booke of Songs’ — Coal mining starts in the Ruhr 1598 4th world circumnavigation by Olivier van Noort 1592 Portuguese settle at MObasa 1599 Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, As You Like It and — Monteverdi’s 3rd Book of Madrigals Twelfth Night 1593 Saint Ambrogio Bank founded in Milan 159s Anti minstrel act from Queen Elizabeth I: they shall 1594 English navigator James Lancaster breaks Portu- be ‘grievously whipped and burned through the guese trade monopoly in India gristle of the ear with a hot iron of the compass of — G P da Palestrina (b. 1525) dies an inch about’. The third offence could bring ‘death — Orlando di Lasso dies (b. 1532) without benefit of clergy or privelege of sanctuary’ 1595 Dutch start colonising East Indies

1600 1600 English East India Company founded. Amsterdam 1633 Galileo forced by inquisition to abjure theories of Bank founded Copernicus — Dutch opticians invent telescope 1635 Frescobaldi’s Fiori musicali di toccate (influential on — Approximate populations (in millions): France 16, J S Bach) Germany 14.5, Poland 11, Spain 8, Hapsburg do- 1636 Welsh Puritan Roger Williams (1603-1683) ban- minions 5.5, England and Ireland 5.5, Holland 3 ished from Massachusetts; establishes Providence 1602 Dutch East India Company founded with capital of (Rhode Island); proclaims complete religious free- £540,000 in Batavia: first modern public company dom 1605 Santa Fé (now New Mexico) founded 1637 Extermination of Christianity in Japan; prohibition of — Barbados claimed as English colony foreign books and of contact with Europeans (Portu- — English government farms all customs revenue to a guese, Spanish, Dutch, English) London consortium for merchants for an annual rent 1639 Académie Française compiles first dictionary of (-1671) French language 1606 G Gallilei invents proportional compass 1640 John Bull dies 1607 Jamestown landing: Virginia Company of London, 1641 Rembrandt paints The Night Watch granted royal charter, sent 120 colonists 1642 UK Civil War begins (ends 1646) — Monteverdi’s Orfeo 1643 Girolamo Frescobaldi dies (b. 1583) 1608 O’Dogherty rebellion in Ireland fails 1644 René Descartes ‘Principia philosophica’ (incl. ‘Cogi- 1610 Gallileo Gallilei’s telescope to, ergo sum’) — Parthenia printed & published 1645 Schütz: Die 7 Worte Christi am Kreuz 1614 Virginian colonists prevent French from settling 1646 English Civil War ends with defeat of royalists Nova Scotia, Maine and Maryland — Athanasius Kircher (see 1650) constructs first later- 1615 English fleet defeat Portuguese off coast of Bombay na magica for projection purposes — G Gallileo faces Inquisition — Kircher’s Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae (Rome) 1616 Sir Walter Raleigh released from tower to lead ex- 1648 Peace of Westphalia ends thirty years war (started pedition in Guiana to find El Dorado. James I sells 1608). German population shrinks from 17 million peerages to improve disastrous financial position (1618) to 8 mill due to war, famine and plague — William Shakespeare dies (b. 1564) 1649 Republic in England until 1660. Charles I beheaded — Collegium musicum founded at Prague — Cromwell invades Ireland, sacking Drogheda and 1618 Thirty years war starts (ends 1648) Wexford 1619 First African slaves on North American continent ar- — Free enterprise receives state support in England rive in Virginia — Anti ballad singers Act of Parliament. Magistrates in- — Fitzwilliam Virginal Book (see 1816) structed to flog and imprison them at sight and to 1621 Michael Praetorius dies (b. 1621) confiscate their stock 1623 New Netherlands (from Chesapeake Bay to Maine) — Cyrano de Bergerac’s Voyage dans la Lune formally organised as Dutch province 1650 Beginning of Japanese ‘No’ drama — William Byrd dies (b. 1542) — Quaker movement starts 1624 Monteverdi’s Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorin- — Extermination of Native Americans starts da — German mathematician and humanist Athanasius 1625 French occupy the Antilles and Cayenne Kircher (1601-1680) completes ‘Musurgia universa- — Orlando Gibbons dies (b. 1583) lis’, in which he describes rudiments of musical 1626 Knighthoods for all Englishmen with property over acoustics, categorises current musical styles (incl £40/yr to help royal revenue non-European) and prefigures Theory of the Affects — Peter Minuit (director-general of Ducth West India (see 1646) Company’s N Amer. settlement0, buys the entire Is- 1651 Dutch settle Cape of Good Hope land of Manhattan from Native Americans for 60 — John Playford starts music publishing guilders’ worth of goods. New Amsterdam founded 1652 John Hilton publishes ‘Catch as Catch Can’ (collec- — Professorship of music at Oxford tion of rounds, etc.) — John Dowland dies 1653 Lully director of les petits-violins du roi 1628 Ignácio Loyola canonised by Gregory XV (!) 1655 Cromwell dissolves Parliament, prohibits Anglican — Pilgrim Fathers, leaving Plymouth (Devon) in the services and readmits Jews into England Mayflower, land at New Plymouth (Massachussets) — English capture Jamaica to found Plymouth colony 1656 Thomas Tomkins dies 1629 Heinrich Schütz: Symphoniæ Sacræ 1657 Dutch scientist Christiann Huygens (1629-1695) 1630 Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden marches his army designs pendulum clocks into Germany (30 yrs war) 1659 Alessandro Scarlatti born — Beginning of public advertising in Paris — Henry Purcell born 5

1660 Dutch peasant farmers (Boeren) settle in South Af- 1680 French organise colonial possessions from Québec rica down to mouth of Mississippi 1661 With Long Parliament dissolved (1660), Charles II is — Purcell organist of Westminster Abbey crowned. He gets Tangier, Bombay and £300,000 1681 Female professionals appear for first time in Paris from Portugal as dowry of Catherine of Bragança Opera (marriage 1662) 1682 Versailles becomes royal residence — Académie Royale de Danse founded by Louis XIV 1683 Turks, having helped Emeric Tökölyi to become king 1663 Danish physician Nicolaus Steno determines that in Hungary (after rebellion against Hapsburgs), the heart is a muscle siege Vienna — Sir Roger L’Estrange sole ballad licenser GB. Posi- — Newton explains gravitational attraction of sun, tion lasts till 1694 moon and earth 1664 British annexe New Netherlands and rename New 1685 Johann Sebastian Bach, Georg Friedrich Händel, Amsterdam (surrendered by Peter Stuyvesant) New Domenico Scarlatti born York 1686 Roman Catholics readmitted to English army — French horn (cor de chasse/Walthorn) first used as 1687 Venetians, in war against Turks, damage the Athens orchestral instrument Acropolis. Turks already at war with Russia 1665 Molière writes Don Juan 1688 English lords invite William of Orange to be king. 1666 Great fire of London: plague wiped out. First Ched- William and Mary crowned 1689. Declaration of dar cheese Rights — Stradivari labels his first violin 1689 Dido & Aeneas (Purcell) 1667 Johann Kuhnau born 1690 John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Under- 1668 British gain control of Bombay standing — La Fontaine starts on Les Fables — English population c. 5 mill (1600 was 2.5 mill) — Dietrich Buxtehude becomes organist of St Mary’s, — Calcutta founded by colonial administrator Job Lübeck Charnock 1669 Rembrandt van Rijn dies (b. 1606) — French engineer Denis Papin (1647-1714) devises — Vermeer paints ‘Girl at the Spinet’ pump with piston, raised by steam 1670 First major British settlement in Carolina at Charles- — 20 000 slaves in North America. cf. 1780, 1820, town 1850 — Minute hands first added to watches 1691 Leibniz: ‘Protagæa’ on geology 1672 Heinrich Schütz (b. 1585) dies 1694 Bank of England founded 1673 Matthew Locke: ‘The Present Practice of Music Vin- 1695 State control of mus printing lapses (GB) dicated’ — Henry Purcell (b. 1659) dies 1675 Paris population 0.5 mill (1800 650,000; 1930 3 1696 Johann Kuhnau (1660-1722): Frische Clavier- mill) Früchte, oder sieben Sonaten (the sonata as piece 1677 Spinoza, Dutch-Jewish philosopher, dies in several contrasting movements) 1678 Thomas Britton (1644-1714) introduces weekly 1697 Last remains of Maya civilisation destroyed by concerts in Clerkenwell (London) Spanish in Yucatán — First German opera house in Hamburg 1698 Savery’s Water Pump (see 1690)

1700 1701 Music publisher Henry Playford (1657-1709) estab- — Couperin: L’art de toucher le clavecin lishes weekly concerts at Oxford — Marius’ piano (France); Schröter’s piano (Germany) 1703 Samuel Pepys (b. 1633) dies (see 1709) 1705 J S Bach walks 320 km to hear Buxtehude’s Abend- 1717 School attendance made compulsory in Prussia musik in Lübeck — Mother Grand Lodge of Freemasons established in 1706 Marlborough conquers Spanish Netherlands London — Henry Mill invents carriage springs (GB) — J S Bach: Orgelbüchlein 1707 Union between England and Scotland under name — Händel: Water Music ‘Great Britain’ 1718 Banknote introduced in England 1709 14,000 inhabitants of the Palatinate emigrate to N 1719 Ireland declared as inseparable from Britain America (c. 100,000 Germans during C18, 5 mill — Daniel Defoe (1661-1731): Robinson Crusoe during C19) 1720 South Sea Bubble — ‘Malbrouk s’en va-t-en guerre’ becomes popular af- 1721 Swiss immigrants introduce rifles into N America ter battle of Malplaquet — Bach: Brandenburg Concertos — First Copyright Act in Britain — Georg Philipp Telemann arrives in Hamburg as di- — Cristofori’s gravicembalo piano e forte rector of music 1710 English South Sea Company founded — Public concerts held at Boston (MA) and Charleston — 1st copyright law enacted in England (SC) 1711 Clarinet in opera orchestra for 1st time (J A Hasse’s 1722 Rameau: Traité de l’harmonie ‘Cr<180>sus’) — Bach: Das wohltempeierte Klavier, I — English trumpeter John Shore (1662-1752) said to — Johann Mattheson: Critica Musica have invented the tuning fork 1723 Bach appointed Thomascantor after Telemann 1712 Slave revolts in New York refuses job — Arcangelo Corelli: 12 Concerti Grossi 1725 Alessandro Scarlatti (b. 1659) dies — Händel’s first London opera (‘Il pastor fido’) 1726 Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels 1715 Rising of Native Americans in S Carolina — Voltaire flees to GB; stays until 1729 — First Liverpool dock built — Lloyd’s List published twice weekly — Vaudevilles appear in Paris as popular musical com- — Händel becomes British subject edies 1728 John Gay: Beggar’s Opera 1716 Hapsburgs drive Turks out of Hungary (1716) and 1729 Bach: St Matthew Passion Croatia (1717) 1730 John and Charles Wesley form Methodist sect at Ox- 6

ford Frederick the Great 1732 Covent Garde Opera House opened 1742 Cotton factories established in Birmingham and — J G Walther: Musik-Lexikon (first of its kind) Northampton 1733 Pergolesi’s La serva padrona, opera buffa 1st per- 1743 East India yarns imported into Lancashire for man- formed (Naples) ufacture 1735 Hogarth draws ‘The Rake’s Progress’ 1744 God Save the Queen published in ‘Thesaurus Musi- 1736 Hard rubber (caoutchouc) (India rubber) comes to cus’. Magrigal Society, London, founded England 1745 ‘The Campbells are Coming’ published — Musschenbrock’s Magic Lantern — Johann Stamitz (1717-1757) becomes court Kapell- 1737 Antonio Stradivari dies (b. 1644) meister in Mannheim — John Wesley’s ‘Psalms and Hymns’ published in — Quadrille becomes popular dance in France Charleston — Vauxhall Gardens in full swing 1738 Papal bull ‘In eminenti’ against freemasonry 1746 Denis Diderot (1713-1784): Pensées philos- — John Wesley’s evangelical conversion ophiques — Bach: B minor Mass — Joshua Reynolds paints ‘The Eliot Family’ 1739 Johann Mattheson: Der vollkommene Kapellmeister — Charles Edward Stuart defeated at Culloden. Wear- 1740 Frederick the Great introduces freedom of press and ing of tartans prohibited in Great Britain (-1782). worship in Prussia Bagpipe ban results in ‘mouth music’ — Thomas Augustine Arne (1710-1778) writes 1747 Bach: Das musikalische Opfer (1747); Die Kunst der masque ‘Alfred’ containing ‘Rule Britannia’ Fuge (1749) 1741 Linnæus founds botanical garden in Uppsala — Händel’s ‘Judas Maccabæus’ at Covent Garden — Antonio Vivaldi (b. 1675) dies 1748 Isaac Watts (1674-1748), English hymn writer, dies — Händel composes the Messiah in 10 days. 1st perf 1749 Georgia becomes Crown Colony in Dublin 1742 — Händel: Royal Fireworks Music — Johann Joachim Quantz becomes court composer to

1750 1750 Pergolesi’s ‘La serva padrona’ 1st performed in Lon- Gothic novel? don 1767 Rousseau: Dictionnaire de musique — Johann Sebastian Bach (b. 1685) dies — Georg Philipp Telemann (b. 1681) dies. Carl Philipp 1751 La guerre des bouffons between French and Italian Emanuel Bach succeds him as Kapellmeister in music fans Hamburg — The minuet becomes Europe’s fashionable dance 1768 Royal Academy founded under Joshua Reynolds 1752 Great Britain adopts Gregorian calendar on Sep 14 1769 Arkwright’s Water Frame (Sep 3-13 omitted) — James Watt invents steam engine (perfected 1775) — French Encyclopédie starts to be published (ends 1770 James Cook discovers Botany Bay 1772) — Ludwig van Beethoven born 1753 Linnæus ‘Species plantorum’ after ‘Philosophia bo- 1771 Spain secedes Falklands to Britain tanica’ (1751) — 1st Encyclopedia Britannica 1754 1st iron rolling mill at Fareham (Hampshire) — Sir Richard Arkwright (1732-1792) produces first 1755 Dr Samuel Johnson starts his Dictionary of the Eng- spinning mill lish Language (ends 1773) 1772 Judge William Murray (1705-1793) sets precedent 1756 Black hole of Calcutta by ruling that a slave is free on landing in England — Seven Year’s War breaks out (Bohemia, Saxony, 1773 Herder: ‘Von deutscher Art und Kunst’: manifesto of Prussia) Sturm und Drang — Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart born — Boston Tea Party 1757 Domenico Scarlatti (b. 1685) dies — The waltz starts to become fashionable in Vienna 1758 Sir Robert Clive governor of Bengal 1775 American Revolution starts (ends 1783). Paul Re- — George Washington and John Forbes take Fort Du- vere’s victory at Lexington. Britain hires 29,000 quesne, later renamed Pittsburgh German mercenaries — Ribbing machine for manufacture of hose invented — Justus Moser: Patriotische Phantasien - plea for one by Jedediah Strutt Germany — Liverpool - Leeds canal begun (finished 1761) 1776 US Declaration of Independence — First English manual on guitar playing published — Charles Burney (1726-1814) completes his musical 1759 Battle of Québec: British conquer Canada journeys having published The Present State of Mu- — Voltaire: Candide sic in Germany, the Netherlands and the United — Georg Friedrich Händel (b. 1685) dies Provinces (1773) 1760 Laurence Sterne published first two volumes of Tris- 1777 R B Sheridan: The School for Scandal tram Shandy — Gainsborough paints ‘The Watering Place’ — Josiah Wedgwood founds pottery works at Etruria — Cooperative workshop for tailors at Birmingham 1762 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Du contrat social, ou princ- 1778 La Scala opened ipes du droit politique 1779 Crompton’s Spinning Machine — Benjamin Franklin improves the harmonica, making 1780 Serfdom abolished in Bohemia and Hungary it into a playable musical instrument — 700 000 slaves in USA. cf. 1690, 1820, 1850 — Diderot: ‘Le neveu de Rameau’ — Bolero said to be invented by Spanish dancer Se- 1763 Voltaire: Treatise on Tolerance bastiano Carezo — Louisiana becomes British 1781 Warren Hastings deposes Rajah of Benares, plun- 1764 Jean-Philippe Rameau (b. 1683) dies ders treasure of Nabob of Oudh 1765 British colonies in N America start organised resist- — Franciscan monks settle at Los Angeles ance against London in protest against Stamp Act — Kant: Critique of Pure Reason and other taxes — Serfdom abolished in Austrian dominions — Horace Walpole: ‘The Castle of Otranto’ - the 1st 1782 Spain conquers Florida 7

— James Watt invents double-acting rotary steam en- — The waltz becomes fashionable in England gine — Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (b. 1756) dies soon after — Bank of North America established in Philadelphia perf of Die Zauberflöte — Mozart: Die Entführung aus dem Serail 1792 Denmark abolishes slave trade (1st to do so) — Johann Christian (‘London’) Bach (b. 1735) dies — Mary Wollstonecraft: Vindication of the Rights of 1783 Britain recognises independence of US Women — Montgolfier brothers ascend in fire balloon — Illuminating gas used for 1st time in Britain — John Broadwood (1732-1812) patents piano pedals — C J Rouget de Lisle: La Marseillaise 1784 Scottish millwright Andrew Meikle (1719-1811) in- 1793 Compulsory school in France from 6 yrs vents threshing machine — US law compels escaped slaves to return to their — Serfdom abolished in Denmark owners 1785 Steam engine with rotary motion installed at cotton- 1794 Commune de Paris abolished, Robespierre executed spinning mill in Papplewick (Notts) — First telegraph: Paris - Lille 1786 Robert Burns: Poems chiefly in the Scottish dialect — Slavery abolished in French colonies. École Normale start Burns vogue and École Polytechnique (world’s first technical col- — Mozart: Marriage of Figaro (Vienna) lege) open 1787 British settlement for freed slaves in Sierra Leone — Auld Lang Syne (Burns, 1781) published — Mozart: Don Giovani (Prague) 1795 Haydn’s London Symphonies — Christoph Willibald Gluck (b 1714) dies — Paris Conservatoire founded 1788 Bread riots in France 1796 Over next 20 years (see 1815) Napoléon’s army — Mozart: Symphonies 39-41 roam more or less constantly through Europe from — Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach dies (d) Portugal to Moscow and Damascus, from Prussia to 1789 George Washington 1st US president Italy — 1st steam-driven cotton mill in Manchester 1797 Wackenroder & Tieck: Outpourings of a Monk - ro- — French Revolution mantic religious essays 1790 First steam-powered rolling mill built in England — England starts exporting iron — Adam Smith, Scottish political economist (b 1723) — Lithogr mus printing - Germany dies (do the tories know this?) 1798 French capture Malta, most of Italy and the Rhine- — Mozart: Cos<141> fan tutte (Vienna) land — Guitar stringing & tuning fixed at E, A, D, G, B, E — Wordsworth and Coleridge: Lyrical Ballads 1791 Wilberforce’s motion for abolition of slave trade car- — Irish rebellion surpressed ried through Parliament 1799 Haydn: Creation

1800 1800 London pop. 1m (1900: 4.5m) tainbleau), sells seized US ships, annexes — Population USA 5.3 mill (cf 1840): 80% Brit, 10% Hannover, Bremen, Hamburg, Lauenburg, Lübeck Afr, 10% other — Venezuela breaks away from Spain — The Wounded Hussar (Hewitt, US) — Mme de Staël: De l’Allemagne 1801 Populations - Paris: 550,000 (2.8 mill 1931); New — Durham coal miners’ strike York 60,000 (7.4 mill 1931) — US population 7.3 million — Bank of France founded — Breitkopf & Härtel Leipzig start publish — Haydn: The Seasons — US industry production $2m ($2bn 1860) 1802 J N Forkel (1749-1818): The Life of J S Bach 1811 Prague Conservatoire opened — (c 1802) E T A Hoffmann (1776-1822) writes for — Luddites destroy machinery in N England Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (Leipzig), esp — Krup starts production in Essen about Mozart & Beethoven. ‘Classical’ and ‘romantic’ 1812 USA declares war on Britain approx same thing. Influential on Schumann and — Duke of Wellington enters Madrid Wagner — Grimm’s Fairy Tales published 1803 Louisiana Purchase — Lord Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage — Robert Fulton propels a boat by steam power — Henry Bell runs steamship ‘Comet’ (25 tons) on — Henry Shrapnel (1761-1842) invents shell Clyde 1804 Napoléon crowned Emperor — French army retreat from Moscow (20,000 of — Trevithick’s steam locomotive 55,000 survive Russian campaign) — Immanuel Kant (b 1724) dies — Charles Dickens (b) — Beethoven: Symphony Nº3 (Eroica) 1813 Jane Austen: Pride & Prejudice 1805 Rockets are introduced as weapons in British army — Mexico proclaims independence — Beethoven: Fidelio (Vienna) — London Philharmonic Society founded 1806 Napoleon’s Berlin Decree closes European ports to 1814 Parts of Westminster illuminated by gas Bristish vessels — George Stephenson runs 1st practical steam loco- — British cotton industry employs 90,000 factory motive at Killingworth Colliery (Newcastle) workers and 184,000 handloom weavers — Schubert’s production of 700 Lieder begins (ends — Population of Germany 27 mill (65 mill in 1930) 1828) 1807 Britain prohibits slave trade — T J Dibdin, prolific musician and dramatist (b. 1771) — Turner paints ‘Sun Rising in a Mist’ dies (UK) 1808 USA prohibits importation of slaves from Africa 1815 John Macadam makes roads of crushed stone — Thomas Moore’s ‘Irish Melodies’ 1st ed — First steam warship: U.S.S. Fulton (38 tons) — Beethoven: Symphonies Nº 5 and 6 — Vienna Congress and Battle of Waterloo 1809 Ecuador gains independence from Spain — Restauration of French Monarchy — Franz Josef Haydn (b. 1732) dies 1816 Postwar economic crisis in Britain causes mass em- — Broadwood grand pianos igration to US and Canada 1810 Napoléon at zenith: has Italy, Austria, Spain, con- — Argentina independent of Spain fiscates British goods in Europe (Decree of Fon- — Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s ‘Kubla Khan’ published 8

(written 1797) zig, Good Friday 1729 — The Elgin Marbles bought for The British Museum — John Henry (US physicist) constructs an electro- — Viscount Fitzwilliam (b. 1745) bequeaths Virginal magnetic motor Book to Cambridge University (see 1619) — George Stephenson’s (1781-1848) engine ‘The — Rossini: Barbiere di Seviglia (Rome) Rocket’ 1817 John Constable (1776-1837) paints ‘Flatford Mill’ — Rossini: ‘William Tell’ (Paris Opera) — Riots in Derbyshire against low wages — Daguerre’s Daguerreotypes 1818 Chile declares itself independent 1830 France captures Algeria — Internal customs in Prussia abolished — Stendahl: ‘Le rouge et le noir’ — Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: Frankenstein — Mendelssohn: ‘Songs Without Words’ and ‘Hebrides’ 1819 British East India Company settlement in Singapore — Stroboscopes (magic discs) — The Peterloo Massacre (Manchester) 1831 Charles Darwin starts expedition — USA purchase Florida from Spain; Alabama joins the — Cholera pandemic starts India 1826, spreads via Union Russia and Europe to Scotland in 1832 — Simon Bolivar becomes President of independent — German emigration to US c 15,000 (in 1841 c. Colombia 43,000) — Maximum 12-hr day for juveniles in England — Population: GB 13.9 mill; US 12.8 mill — Beethoven goes deaf — Bellini: ‘La Sonnambula’ and ‘Norma’ (Milan) 1820 Sir Walter Scott: Ivanhoe 1832 Mass demonstrations at Hambach in favour of liber- — Pushkin: Ruslan & Ludmilla al and national cause — 1.5 mill slaves in USA (cf. 1690, 1780, 1850) — Goethe’s ‘Faust’ part II published posthumously — German immigration increase until 1850 in USA — Manufacture of friction matches well established in — (Georg Wilhelm) Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) doing Europe lots of philosophy, e.g. ‘Vorlesungen über Ästhetik’ — Blaina works brass band (Wales) 1821 Venezuela definitively independent. Peru, Guatema- — Hector Berlioz (1803-1869): ‘Symphonie Fantas- la, Panama proclaimed independent tique’ (revised version) — Constable paints ‘The Hay Wain’ 1833 Abolition of slavery in British Empire — Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) demonstrates — All German states join the Customs Union (Zollv- sound reproduction erein) — London Cooperative Society founded 1834 Spanish Inquisition (begun C13) finally surpressed — Populations (mill): France 30.4; Britain 20.8; Italy — Victor Hugo’s ‘Hunchback of Notre Dame’ is a best- 18; Austria 12; Germany 26; USA 9.6 seller — Ch M von Weber (1786-1826): ‘Der Freischütz’ — Cyrus Hall invents reaping machine (USA) (Berlin) — Schubert & Weber 1st publ in USA — Factory production of harmonicas by Buschmann 1835 Expression ‘L’art pour l’art’, coined by Fr philoso- (Germany) pher Victor Cousin (1792-1867) in general use 1822 Brazil totally independent of Portugal — Somnambula 1st perf USA — E T A Hoffmann, German romanticist (b. 1776) dies — Donizetti: ‘Lucia di Lammermoor’ (Naples) — Royal Academy of Music founded in London 1836 Texas wins independence from Mexico — 1st accordion Buschmann (Germany) — The People’s Charter initiates 1st working-class mvt 1823 Monroe Doctrine (closes American continent to set- in GB; Chartism demands universal suffrage and tlement by European powers) vote by ballot — Claude-Henri de Saint-Simon (d. 1825): ‘Catéchis- — John Ericsson (1803-1889) patents screw propeller me des industriels’ — Boers start The Great Trek away from Brit rule in — Charles Macintosh invents waterproof fabric Cape to found Natal, Transvaal, Orange Free State — Henry Bishop writes ‘Home Sweet Home’ — Colt’s pistol (for praries!) 1824 National Gallery founded in London 1837 Woodman Spare That Tree — Beethoven: Symphony Nº9 (Vienna 1824, London 1838 Queen Victoria crowned 1825) — Charles Dickens: ‘Oliver Twist’ and ‘Nicholas Nickle- 1825 Pushkin: Boris Godunov; Esaias Tegnér: Frithjofs by’ are bestsellers Saga — 1000-ton steamers start plying Atlantic GB-USA — Faraday isolates benzene — Holman Hunt, Millais and D G Rossetti found Pre- — Stockton-Darlington railway (1st to carry passen- Raphaelite Brotherhood gers) — Jenny Lind’s début in Stockholm in Weber’s Freis- — Rossini: Barber of Seville 1st perf USA chütz — The Minstrel’s Return’d (USA) — Prussian army band reorganised — Babcock cast iron piano frames (USA) — Morse’s telegraph patent. Covers also digital record- 1826 James Fenimore Cooper: ‘The Last of the Mohicans’ ing — Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy: Overture to ‘A Mid- 1839 Kirkpatrick Macmillan invents bicycle summer Night’s Dream’ — US inventor Charles Goodyear (1800-1860) invents — 1st railway tunnel, on Liverpool-Manchester line vulcanisation, enabling commercial use of rubber 1827 Ohm’s Law (electrical current potential and resist- — Cunard Line starts ance) 1840 Nelson’s Column erected, commerating Trafalgar — Schubert: Die Winterreise (lyrics by Wilhelm Müller) (1805) — Ludwig van Beethoven (b. 1770) dies — Transport of criminals from England to Australia 1828 Thomas Arnold (1795-1842) headmaster of Rugby (Van Diemen’s Land / Botany Bay / New South — Working Men’s Party founded in New York Wales) ends — Maria Marten broadside sells 1 mill copies in GB — 4500 km railway in USA, 2130 in GB — Adolf Bernhard Marx (1795-1866): ‘Über Malerei — More than 50% of US immigrants until 1890 are und Tonkunst’ from British Isles (cf 1800) — Franz Schubert (b. 1797) dies — Nicolo Paganini (b. 1782) dies 1829 Bach’s Matthew Passion revived by Mendelssohn at — Swabian Max Schneckenburger writes ‘Wacht am Berlin Singakademie, 100 yrs after 1st perf in Leip- Rhein’ 9

1841 British sovereignty proclaimed over Hong Kong — Electric arc lighting at the Opéra in Paris — New Zealnd becomes British colony — Mendelssohn: ‘Elijah’ (Birmingham) — Edgar Allen Poe’s ‘Murders in the Rue Morgue’, his — Adolphe Sax patents saxophone (invented 1841) 1st detective story published as serial 1847 Factory Act (UK) - 10 hrs/day women and children — Populations in mill: GB 18.5; US 17; Ireland 8 — USA capture Mexico City 1842 Riots and strikes in industrial N England — Siemens electrical firm founded — Orange Free State set up by Boers — Froment invents electric motor — Child labour in mines prohibited (GB) — Christy Minstrels — Glinka: ‘Russlan & Ludmilla’ (St Petersburg) — Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901): ‘Macbeth’ (Florence) — New York Philharmonic Society founded — Felix Mendelssohn-Batholdy (b. 1809) dies — The polka (Czech origin) becomes fashionable 1848 Charlotte Brontë: ‘Jane Eyre’; Emily Brontë: ‘Wuth- 1843 Tennyson: Morte d’Arthur ering Heights’ — Virginia Minstrels under Dan Decatur Emmett — Serfdom abolished in Austria (1815-1904) produce 1st minstrel show — First Californian gold rush — M W Balfe: ‘The Bohemian Girl’ (London, Drury — Communist Manifesto Lane) — Revolutions (1848-9) in Vienna, Prague, Berlin, — Wagner: Der fliegend Holländer’ (Dresden) Dresden, Paris. Wagner (in Dresden) has to flee to 1844 1st public bath and wash houses opened in Liver- Zürich pool — Second Republic in France — Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers founded (be- — “Austrians Out Of Italy!” but Radetzky beats Victor ginning of modern cooperative mvt) Emanuel 1845 Texas and Florida join the USA — Alldeutsch Reichstag — Friedrich Engels: ‘The Condition of the Working — Johann Strauss, Snr. (1804-1849): ‘Radetsky Class in England’ March’ — Magdeburg Gessner accordions 1849 Britain annexes the Punjab 1846 Potato famine in Ireland — Dickens: ‘David Copperfield’ — US defeats Mexicans at Paolo Alto, enter Santa Fé — Broadside about the execution of James Bloomfield and annexe New Mexico territories. Spanish-Mexi- Rush reportedly sold 2.5 million copies in the UK can War starts (end 1848) — Frédéric Chopin (b. 1810) dies — Berlioz: ‘Damnation de Faust’

1850 1850 California becomes US state Natural Selection’ — Cuba declares its independence — Dan Emmett: ‘Dixie’s Land’ — 7 mill slaves and 0.3 mill slave owners in USA (cf. — Wagner: ‘Tristan & Isolde’ 1820) 1860 Since 1850 424,000 British and 914,000 Irish emi- — Ferenc (Franz) Liszt: ‘Mazeppa’ grants to USA — Bachgesellschaft founded — Industrial production. USA $2 bill ($2 mill 1810); GB — Jenny Lind tours USA $3 bill — Wagner: ‘Lohengrin’ (Weimar) — 45,000 km rail in USA (cf 1880, 1930) — Chappell starts music publishing (GB) — Franz von Suppé: ‘Das Pensionat’, 1st Viennese op- — Francis Day & Hunter mus publish (GB) eretta 1851 Isaac Singer invents the continuous stitch sewing 1861 Charles Dickens: ‘Great Expectations; George Eliot: machine ‘Silas Marner’ — Populations in mill: China 430; Germany 34; France — Krupp starts arms production at Essen 33; GB 20.8; USA 23 — Populations (mill): Russia 76; USA 32; GB 23; Italy — Stephen Collins Foster (1826-1864) publishes ‘Old 25 Folks At Home’. Sells 20 mill copies by end of 1855 — Civil War starts (USA) (ends 1865) — SACEM starts (France) — Garibaldi’s troops win war of Italian Unification — Verdi: ‘Rigoletto’ (Venice) (‘Victor Emmanuele Ré D’Italia’ = ‘VERDI’) 1852 David Livingstone explores Zambesi (-1856) 1862 Victor Hugo: ‘Les misérables’ — Second Empire in France — Electric generators in production — Stroboscopes with photos — Ludwig Köchel’s catalogue of Mozart’s works 1853 Crimean War starts (ends 1856) — Czermak photographs vocal chords (Austria) — Verdi: ‘Il trovatore’ (Rome) and ‘La traviata’ (Ven- 1863 French capture Mexico City and proclaim Archduke ice) Maximilian of Austria emperor — Wagner completes text of ‘Der Ring’ 1864 Massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians at Sand — Japanese still have no word for ‘music’ - adopt ‘on- Creek (Colorado) gaku’ — Syllabus Errorum issued by Pius IX, condemning lib- 1855 London sewers modernised after outbreak of chol- eralism, socialism and rationalism era. Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) introduces — Pasteur invents pasteurisation (for wine) hygienic standards into military hospitals — First Internationale founded by Karl Marx (London & 1856 Gastave Flaubert: ‘Madame Bovary’ New York) — Wagner: ‘Die Walküre’ 1865 Lewis Carroll (C L Dodgson, 1832-1898): ‘Alice in — Robert Schimann (b. 1810) dies Wonderland’ 1857 Hallé Orchestra founded — Nottingham pawnbroker William Booth (1829- — The Indian Mutiny 1912) moves to London to organise the Christian — Hohner mass produce harmonicas Revival Association, renamed (1878) The Salvation — Leon Scott develops phonoautograph (France) Army 1858 Jacques Offenbach (1819-1880): ‘Orphée aux en- — Civil War (USA) ends (started 1861). Lincoln assas- fers’ (Paris) sinated. 13th ammendment abolishes slavery 1859 Charles Darwin: ‘On the Origin of the Species by — Droit moral: composer as author in Fr law 10

1866 First transatlantic cable — Jules Verne: ‘20,000 Leagues Under the Sea’ — Wars between Prussia, Austria and Italy. Prussia in- — First Vatican Council promulgates dogma of papal vades and/or annexes Saxony, Hannover, Hessen, infallibility Nassau, Frankfurt and Schleswig-Holstein. Venice — John D Rockefeller (1839-1937) founds Standard joins Italy Oil Company — Dostoiesvsky: ‘Crime and Punishment’ — Hoecht start massproduction — Alfred Nobel invents dynamite — Suffragettes organised (cf. 1928) — ‘Black Friday’ on London Stock Exchange — Bismarck’s ‘Ems’ telegram — Offenbach: ‘La vie parisienne’ — Charles Dickens (d) — Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884): ‘Prodaná Nevestá’ — Tchaikovsky: ‘Romeo and Juliet’ overture (=Bartered Bride) 1871 German unity after victory in Franco-Prussian war. 1867 South African diamond field discovered Wilhelm I proclaimed German Emperor at Ver- — Neue Zollverein (Prussia and North German Confed- sailles, Paris capitulates, France cedes Alsace-Lor- eration) raine. Paris Commune lasts 2 moths — Johann Strauss, Jr: ‘Blue Danube Waltz’ — Stanley, having butchered hundreds of thousands of — Moussorgsky (1839-1881) finishes ‘Night on a Bare Africans on his way up the Congo, says ‘Dr Living- Mountain’ stone, I presume’ at Ujiji and is later knighted by 1868 Johannes Brahms (1833-1897): ‘Ein deutsches Queen Victoria. The British Empire later becomes a Requiem’ model of racial supremacy for Hitler in ‘Mein Kampf’ — Wagner: ‘Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg’ — Simon Ingersoll invents pneumatic rock drill (US) — Edvard Grieg (1843-1907): Piano Concerto Nº1 in A — Charles Darwin: ‘The Descent of Man’ min, Op.16 — Berlin population 300,000 (1914 2 mill) — Gioacchino Rossini (b. 1792) dies — Verdi: Aïda (Cairo) 1869 Suez Canal completed — Pottier and Pierre Degeyter, two workers, compose — Tolstoi completes ‘War and Peace’ (started 1864) ‘L’Internationale’ — Suez Canal 1872 Claude Monet doing impressionism — Modest Moussorgsky (1839-1881) completes ‘Boris 1874 Britain annexes Fiji Godunov’ — Moussorgsky’s ‘Boris Godunov’ completed (begun — Hector Berlioz (b. 1803) dies 1868) — Claribel (Charlotte Allington Barnard, b. 1830) dies — Johann Strauss, Jr: ‘Die Fledermaus’ 1870 Franco-Prussian War started by France (see 1871)

1875 1875 Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria ments for a short time fight to repel Turks (-1878) — My maternal grandmother born (so is Joseph Stalin, — Mark Twain: ‘The Adventures of Tom Sawyer’ cf. 1953) — London’s main sewerage system completed 1880 France annexes Tahiti — Size of European armies: Russia 3,360,000; Ger- — Rodin: ‘Le penseur’ many 2,800,000; France 412,000; BG 113,000 — 135,000 km rail in USA (1860 45,000) — Georges Bizet (1838-1875): ‘Carmen’, dies — Maxim invents machine gun (GB) — Smetana: Vltava / Má Vlast — Alexander Porfiryovich Borodin (1833-1887) ‘On the — Gilbert & Sullivan: ‘Trial by Jury’ Steppes of Central Asia’ — Tchaikovsky: Piano Concerto Nº1 (Boston) — Jacques Offenbach (b. 1819) dies. (His ‘Périchole’ 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone 1st performed same yr) — Internal combustion engine — A G Bell sketches stereo (cf 1931, 1955) — Pianola first demonstrated at the Philadelphia Exhi- 1881 University College Liverpool founded bition, USA — Populations (mill): London 3.3; New York 1.2; Berlin — Thomas P Westendorf: ‘I’ll Take You Home Kath- 1.1; Vienna 1.0; Tokyo 0.8; St Petersburg 0.6 leen’ — UK Music Publishers’ Association founded — Bayreuth Festspielhaus opens with first complete — Béla Bartók born (d. 1945) performance of Wagner’s ‘Ring des Niebelungen’ — Modest Moussorgsky (b. 1839) dies 1877 Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India 1882 British occupy Cairo — First public telephones (USA) — Robert Louis Stevenson: ‘Treasure Island’ — Edison invents phonograph. Cylinder wrapped in tin — Wagner: ‘Parsifal’ foil, operated by a hand crank — Italian music copyright organisation founded — Charles Cros designs talking machine (France) — Igor Stravinsky born 1878 Turks pushed back to Adrianople (Edirne). Berlin 1883 Royal College of Music founded (London) Treaty checks Russian advances — Metropolitan Opera House opened (New York) — Karl Benz builds motorised tricycle — Richard Wagner (b. 1813) dies — Electric street lighting introduced in London 1884 Germans occupy South-West Africa — Paris World Exhibition — Mark Twain: ‘Huckleberry Finn’ — Christian Revival Association (see 1865) renamed — J.L. Molloy’s ‘Love’s Old Sweet Song’ The Salvation Army — Sound put on to film by Bell (Photophone) — Edison invents light bulb — George Eastman’s 1st Kodak camera — Booth starts Salvation Army — Bedrich Smetana (b. 1824) dies — Edison takes out patent on phonograph 1885 The Congo becomes personal possession of Belgian 1879 Ibsen: ‘A Doll’s House’ King Leopold II — Henrik Ibsen: ‘Ett Dukkehjem’ (=A Doll’s House) — Germany annexes Tanganyika and Zanzibar — Albert Einstein (b) — Karl Marx: ‘Das Kapitel’, vol 2 (posth.) — Jules Levy, on cornet, made first-known musical re- — César Franck (1822-1890) ‘Symphonic Variations’ cording (of ‘Yankee Doodle’) — George Eastman manufactures coated photographic — Bell laboratories - magnetic tape (USA). Experi- paper 11

1886 Statue of Liberty dedicated port, Connecticut — R L Stevenson: Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde — Alexander Porfiryovich Borodin (b. 1833) dies — Berne Convention (copyright) 1888 George Eastman perfects ‘Kodak’ box camera — Wax cylinder graphophone (USA). Chichester Bell — Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890): ‘The Yellow Chair’ and Charles Tainton — Gilbert & Sullivan: ‘Yeomen of the Guard’ — Ferenc (Franz) Liszt (b. 1811) dies — Emile Berliner’s flat zinc disc grammophone 1887 Arthur Conan Doyle: ‘A Study in Scarlet’, 1st Sher- — 1st recording by popular pianist. Josef Hoffman lock Holmes story (aged 12) at Edison laboratories — American Music Publishers’ Association founded in — Max Steiner born (d. 1971) USA 1889 Cecil Rhodes’ British South Africa Company granted — Rimsky-Korsakov: ‘Capricio Espagnol’ royal charter — Verdi: ‘Otello’ (Milan) — London Dock Strike — Edison and Swan combine to produce Ediswan elec- — Edison’s Cinematograph trical lamps — Jessie Walter Fewkes records Zuni and Passa- — American Graphophone Company founded. Bridge- maquoddy ‘Indians’ in USA

1890 189+ US invade Central America — Kalevala (Sibelius) — US occupy Puerto Rico, Hawaii &c — 1st complete ballet performance of Tchaikovsky’s 1890 Sherman Act (Esso, Carnegie) ‘Swan Lake’ (St Petersburg) — More than 50% of US immigrants Slavonic, Mediter- — Richard Strauss: ‘Till Eulenspiegel’s Merry Pranks’ ranean (cf. 1800, 1840) (Cologne) — German anti-trust laws — Lumière: 1º cinema film on screen (Paris) — Britain exchanges Heligoland with Germany from 1896 ‘Kentucky Babe’ (music by Adam Geibel) is hit as Zanzibar and Pemba sung by Isadore Rush — Ibsen: ‘Hedda Gabler’ — Richard Strauss (1864-1949): ‘Also sprach Zar- — First moving picture shows appear in New York athustra’ — Edvard Grieg (1843-1907): ‘Per Gynt’ — Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924): ‘La Bohème’ (Torino) — Borodin’s ‘Prince Igor’ performed (posth.) — Marconi invents radio — 1st coin-in-the-slot photographs in use — Clockwork-driven grammophone invented 1891 The Phongram starts monthly publication (New — Béla Vikár records ‘folk’ music in Hungary York) 1897 March and Schottische ‘A Hot Time In The Old Town’ — Edison’s Kinetoscope by Theo A Metz 1892 Coca Cola stops markerting itself as a medicine and — Austrian music copyright organisation is advertised as a soft drink — Voltey pianola Aeolian Co USA — Munch: ‘The Scream’ — 1º patent electr-mech sync film-record (F) — Charles K Harris’s ‘After The Ball’ sells 1 mill units in — Eugeniya Lineva records polyphonic ‘folk’ music in a year. Earns $25,000 a week as sheet music European Russia — ‘Daisy Bell’ (‘Bicycle made for 2’) by Harry Dacre v — Johannes Brahms (b. 1833) dies pop as sung by Katie Lawrence — Gustav Mahler becomes conductor of Vienna Opera — Music hall star Lottie Collins sings ‘Ta-ra-ra Boom- 1898 Spanish-American War de-ay’ (no authors credited on sheet music) — Émile Zola: ‘J’accuse’ (see Dreyfus case, 1894) 1893 Karl Benz and Henry Ford each build (independent- — First coin-operated piano successfully marketed by ly) a 4-wheel car the Wurlitzer Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA — Engelbert Humperdinck: ‘Hänsel und Gretel’ (Wei- — Johann Strauss Jr (1825-1899): ‘Wienerblut’ mar) — Shellac used in mass prod of 78s (USA) — Pyotr Ilich Tcahikovsky (b. 1840) dies — HMV & DGG start mass production 1894 US industry $10 mill; GB $4.3 mill — Valdemar Poulsen’s wire ‘tape’ recorder (DK) — Dreyfus affair — Elridge Johnson patents long-horn amplifier. USA — Uganda made British protectorate 1899 Boer War (ends 1900) — Jean Sibelius (1865-1957): Finlandia — Deutsche Grammophon A.G. founded in Berlin. Lat- — Billboard 1st published er with sub-branches in Russia and Austria — Emil Berliner’s grammophone in USA — Compagnie française du gramophone founded. Par- — 1st gramm records in USA. Hard rubber plates is, later subsidiary in Spain — Dimitri Tiomkin born (d. 1979) — The ‘Aeriola’ (self-playing piano) marketed by Wil- 1895 Japan invades Korea, Manchuria, &c liam Tremaine’s Aeolian Organ Company, USA — Auguste and Louis Lumière invent a motion picture — Alfvén: Symphony nº2 in D camera — Edward Elgar (1857-1934): ‘Enigma Variations’ — Röntgen discovers X-rays — 1st record-pressing factory (Hannover, D). Gais- — Sigmund Freud: ‘Studien über Hysterie’ berg and Sanders — Music Publishers’ Association of the United States — Johann Strauss, Jr. (b. 1825) dies founded

1900 1900 London population 4.5 mill (1800: 1 mill, 1960 8 1st record section in a department store mill) — Harry von Tilzer: ‘A Bird in a Gilded Cage’ — Friedrich Nietzsche dies — 20 mill exx mus sold in UK: 40,000 new titles — Freud: ‘The Interpretation of Dreams’ — Henry Russell (b. 1812) dies — Strindberg: ‘The Dance of Death’, ‘To Damascus’ — Puccini: ‘Tosca’ (Rome) (1900); ‘A Dream Play’ (1901) — Carbon microphones for telephone — Bloomingdale’s Gramophone Department (NYC). — 2 mill pianos in GB 12

— Paris Exhibition Phono - Cinéma - Théâtre — Wireless Telegraphy Act (UK). Puts radio under — Poulsen patents magnetic recorder in USA state control — Arthur S Sullivan (b. 1842) dies — Puccini: ‘Madame Butterfly’ (Milan) 1901 Queen Victoria dies — 1st experim. with electro-chemical recording — Oil drilling begins in Persia — Antonín Dvorák (b.) dies — Victor Talking Machine Company founded (US). 1905 Norway separates from Sweden Johnson and Berliner — First regular cinema established in Pittsburgh — Enrico Caruso records in Milano. UK owned Gramo- — Franz Léhar: ‘The Merry Widow’ (Vienna) phone Company 1906 US troops occupy Cuba — Ragtime becoming popular — Populations (in mill): London 4.5; New York 4; Paris — First black artist to go on to have a successful ca- 2.7; Berlin 2; Tokyo 1.9; Vienna 1.3 reer, Bert Williams, contracted to the Victor Talking — Percy Grainger first to record English ‘folk’ singers Machine Company, USA on phonograph in Lincolnshire — Giuseppe Verdi (b. 1813) dies — Gabel’s Automatic Entertainer (Juke Box) 1902 USA acquires perpetual control over Panama Canal — Victor Victrola cabinet gramophone. Cost $200 and — Russian Imperial Opera avialable on record (Victor’s had enclosed horn Red Seal label) 1907 Slow motion effect invented by August Musger (film — African ‘folk’ music first recorded? ‘Skating’) — Elgar composes first ‘Pomp and Circumstance’ — First ‘Ziegfeld Follies’ staged in New York marches — Lauste patents Photographic Phonograph — Meester’s Biophon elec-mech (Germany) — Busoni: ‘Sketch for a new aesthetic of music’ (es- — Léon Gaumont - le portrait parlant say) 1903 British complete conquest of Nigeria — Edvard Hagerup Grieg (b. 1843) dies — Henry Ford with a capital of $100,000 founds the 1908 L H Bakeland (USA) invents Bakelite Ford Motor Company — ‘L’Assassinat du Duc de Guise’ (mus: Saint-Saëns) — Universities of Liverpool and Manchester founded — Automatic phonograph, using discs and coin-in-the- — 1,000,000 pirate music copies found in GB slot, introduced in USA — GEMA founded — Bartók: 1st string quartet — US film ‘The Great Train Robbery’: 12 mins, longest — Double sided discs become the norm to date — Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov (b.) dies — Sweet Adeline 1909 F T Marinetti produces 1st futurist manifesto — Caruso recording sells 1m copies. ‘Vesti la giubba’ — US copyright law extended to include music (=On with the motley) for Victor Records in USA — 27.5 million cylinders and discs produced in USA — 1st electromechanical recorder patented — Anton von Webern (1883-1945): ‘Fünf Sätze für St- — 1st ‘unbreakable’ discs produced. Shellac-covered reichquartett’ Op.5 cardboard — Schönberg: ‘Erwartung’ op 17 1904 1 million cylinder- and recorded disc players in USA

1910 1910 First dance marathoin organised by Sid Graumann — Performing Rights Society founded of Graumann’s Chinese Theatre, Hollywood — ASCAP founded — ‘Laughing Song’ sells 1m copies. Written by black — My mother (d. 1989) born artist George Washington Johnson, recorded by 1915 Einstein’s Theory of Relativity English comedian Burt Shephard — Henry Ford develops a farm tractor — The tango gains immense popularity in Europe & — ‘Carry Me Back To Old Virginny’ 1 mill rec sales. USA Written by black artist James A Bland, sung by Alma 1911 Irving Berlin: ‘Alexander’s Ragtime Band’ Gluck (soprano) with male chorus and orchestra. Is — Scott Joplin (1868-1917): ‘Treemonisha’ this the 1st million-seller by a female singer? — Mahler: ‘Lied von der Erde’ — 1st US full-length feature film: ‘Birth of a Nation’ (D — R Strauss: ‘Der Rosenkavalier’ W Griffiths, Breil) — Stravinsky: ‘Pétrouchka’ 1916 Dada mvt founded in Zürich — Gustav Mahler (b.) dies — Ottorino Respighi (1879-1936): ‘I pini di Roma’ 1912 British coal strike, London dock strike, transport — George O’Connor, a white Washington attorney, al- workers’ strike legedly records first-known blues record — Sinking of the Titanic 1917 USA joins First World War — ‘After the Ball’ (see 1892) reaches 10 mill sales. — October revolution Sheet music lyrics translated into many languages — C G Jung ‘Psychology of the Unconscious’ — London has 400 cinemas. In USA c. 5 mill people — Chaplin’s yearly salary $1 mill visit cinemas daily — Music Publishers’ Protective Association formed in — Schönberg: ‘Pierrot Lunaire’ op 21 USA — Edison’s diamond disc phonograph in USA — Bartók: String Quartet NÝ2 — Cylinder recordings virtually obsolete — 1st jazz recordings in NYC. ‘Indiana’ b/w ‘The Dark 1913 Henry Ford pioneers new assembly line techniques Town Strutters Ball’ by the ODJB. Not the first ‘jazz’ in car factory record to be released — Stravinsky: ‘Rite of Spring’ — New Orleans’ Storyville closed down — Eduardo Arolas: ‘El Choclo’ recorded in Argentina 1918 First World War ends. Military casualties: 8.5 mill — Dance craze sweeps USA (I & V Castle) killed, 21 mill wounded, 7.5 prisoners and missing. — My father (d. 1988) born Forces mobilised 63 mill. Daily war expenditure (all 1914 First World War starts belligerents) $164.5. US pays $179 mill in war pen- — Almost 10.5 mill immigrants entered USA from sion to 646,000 pensioners. In 1919 Belgian war southern and eastern Europe inperiod 1905-1914 damage estimated @ $7,600,000,000 — US Marines invade Mexico — Women over 30 get vote in Britain 13

— US Post Office burns installments of James Joyce’s 1919 Spartacist revolt, Berlin. Karl Liebknecht murdered ‘Ulysses’ publ in ‘Little Review’ — Hapsburg dynasty exiled from Austria — Music Industries’ Chamber of Commerce formed in — Rutherford demonstrates that the atom is not the fi- USA nal building block of the universe — Originial Dixieland Jazz Band: Tiger Rag — Alcock & WHitten make first non-stop flight across — Kern: ‘Rock-a Bye Baby’ the Atlantic (16½ hrs) — Tri-Ergon’s optical sound strip (Germany) — Picasso paints ‘Pierrot et Harlequin’ — Claude Debussy (b.) dies — Hammersmith Palais opened in London

1920 1920 Government of Ireland Act (UK): N & S Ireland each — Armstrong invents FM radio (cf. 1935, 1948, 1953) to have own Parliament — Bix Beiderbecke organises jazz band in Chicago — Hitler announces his 25-point programme at the — Joseph ‘King’ Oliver and ‘Jelly Roll’ Morton record Hofbräuhaus in Munich New Orleans-style jazz — Gandhi (1869-1948) emerges as India’s leader in its 1924 J Edgar Hoover (1875-1972) appointed director of struggle for independence FBI — Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti unjustly ar- — Relâche (Satie) rested and indicted for murder; both executed 1921 — Ernö Rapée: ‘Motion Picture Moods for Pianists and — Prohibition starts in USA (ends 1933) Organists’ — 1st commercial radio broadcast. USA, Europe — Films: ‘The 10 Commandments’ (Cecil B De Mille); — First US anti-trust action involving music publishers ‘The Thief of Bagdad’ (Douglas Fairbanks); ‘En- — Columbia starts issuing blues recordings tr’acte’ (René Clair, Erik Satie); ‘Le ballet méca- — Gustav Holst: ‘The Planets Suite’ nique’ (Fernand Léger, Georges Antheil) — 1st electro-acoustic recording (London). Recording — Western Electric patent electromagn rec. of Armistice Day burial service for Unknown Warrior — Warner buy Vitaphone rights from Bell at Westminster Abbey, by Guest and Merriman, us- — Tri-Ergon contract Universal-Film-AG ing remote pickup with microphones and amplifiers 1925 Cyprus becomes British colony devloped for military purposes during WW1 — Norway annexes Spitsbergen — Ralph Peer starts recording black artists — John Logie Baird, Scottish inventor, (1888-1946) — Thermionic tubes (valves) transmits recognisable human features by televi- — Marconi opens first publich broadcasting station at sion Writtle (UK) — Adorno & Horkheimer establish ‘Frankfurt School’ — Paul Whiteman tours Europe with his band — Walter Gropius moves Bauhaus from Dessau to We- 1921 Populations (in mill): USSR 136, US 107, Japan 78, imar Germany 60, GB 42.5 — Franz Kafka (1883-1924): ‘The Trial’ (posth.) — Women get vote at 21 in UK — Hitler: ‘Mein Kampf’ (vol. 1) — US record sales reach $106 mill. US production of — E Scott Fitzgerald: ‘The Great Gatsby’ records exceeds 100 mill units — Victor Talking Machine Company failed to pay divi- — Berglund’s Filmfotofon (Sweden) dends for first time since 1901 (USA) — Moving coil microphones — Films: ‘Battleship Potemkin’ (Eisenstein); ‘The Gold — Schönberg announces principles of the 12-tone Rush’ (Chaplin) scale — Edgar Varèse (1883-1965): ‘Intégrales’ for 11 wind 1922 Mussolini and fascists march on Rome, sieze power instr & perc. and form fascist government — ‘Show Me The Way To Go Home’ — Irish Free State officially proclaimed — Electromagnetic recording on to market in US. 1st — Max Weber: ‘Methodology of the Social Sciences’ record: two songs from University of Pennsylvania’s — James Joyce: ‘Ulysses’ published in Paris 37th annual production of the Mask and Wig Club — T S Eliot: ‘The Waste Land’ (Philadelphia) — BBC formed — Warner/Western Electric Vitaphone contract — 200 commercial radio stations USA — 1st electronic recording using microphones — Columbia produce first ‘silent’ record surface in USA — 2 mill radio sets in UK — Films: ‘Dr Mabuse’ (Fritz Lang); Nosferatu (F W — 78 rpm record speed standardised Murnau) 1926 BBC comes under state control: changes name from — Alban Berg (1885-1935): ‘Wozzeck’ (written 1914- British Broadcasting Company to British Broadcast- 1921) 1st performed (Berlin) ing Corporation — 2 mill radio licenses in GB — General Strike (GB) — 1st combi radio-phonographs marketed in USA — I.C.I. founded — 3 mill radio sets in USA — 694 commercial radio stations in the USA 1923 Germany declares policy of passive resistance; — A A Milne: ‘Winnie the Pooh’ French army occupies Darmstadt, Karlsruhe, Man- — Twice as many US homes own phonograms as own nheim to force war reparation radios — Okeh start separate ‘race’ catalogue in USA — John Barrymore/Don Juan (music + 325 wrds) — Anti-ASCAP licensing hearings in USA because of — Fritz Lang’s ‘Metropolis’ released case brought about by National Association of — ‘Bye Bye Blackbird’ popular Broadcasters (ends 1926) — RCA forms NBC — STIM (Swedish PRS) founded — Melody Maker founded in UK — Bessie Smith: ‘Down Hearted Blues’. +1st million- 1927 Inter-Allied military control of Germany ends; ‘Black selling recording by black woman? Friday’ in Germany: economic system collapses; — Gershwin: ‘Rhapsody in Blue’ Gottfried Feder publishes the N.S.D.A.P. (Nazi) pro- — Honegger: ‘Pacific 231’ gramme — US pop songs: ‘Yes We Have No Bananas’; ‘Tea For — Herman Hesse: ‘Steppenwolf’ Two’; ‘I Want To Be Happy’ — Selective phonogram machines, offering twenty se- 14

lections, available in USA — Gershwin: ‘An American in Paris’ — FCC (Federal Radio Commission, USA) founded — Bartók: String Quartet NÝ4 — Songwriters’ Protection Society revived in USA — ‘Makin’ Whoopee’ popular — The Jazz Singer. Al Jolson heard singing on one reel — Ravel: ‘Boléro’ — Stravinsky: ‘Oedipus Rex’ (Paris) — Kurt Weill, Bert Brecht: ‘Die Dreigroschenoper’ — Bert Brecht, Kurt Weill: ‘Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt (Berlin) Mahagonny’ (Baden-Baden) — Fox buy Triergon rights - Movietone, optical — Jerome Kern & Oscar Hammerstein II: ‘Show Boat’ — $650 mill radio receiver sales USA (New York) — CBS founded. Overtakes RCA by 1934 — Popular songs: ‘Ol’ Man River’ (fr ‘Showboat’); ‘My — Dobro company formed (Dopyrea Bros, USA). Do- Blue Heaven’; ‘Blue Skies’ (fr ‘The Jazz Singer’) bros: acoustic guitars with metal resonators — Victor: 1st automatic record-changer (USA). Takes — Capacitor microphones (DC voltage) 12 10-inch or 12-inch records — Ondes Martenot — 1st attempts at over-dubbing by ‘montage’ — Fritz Pfleumer invents magnetic tape (D) — Record sales 100m in USA (cf 1932) 1929 The Wall Street Crash or ‘Black Friday’ in New York — Peer records J Rodgers & Carter Family (Oct 28). World economic crisis begins. US securi- — First DJ on BBC. BBC Music Department established ties lose $26 billion in value — US record sales peak at 104 mill units — Trotsky expelled fr USSR 1928 Women’s suffrage in GB reduced from 30 to 21 — Record Company of America (RCA) merges with Vic- — Chiang Kai-shek elected President of China tor — D H Lawrence: ‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’ — Säg det med toner (Fred Winter, Sweden) — First Mickey Mouse film (Disney) — Edison finally stops producing cylinders — First broadcast of UK carol service, from King’s Col- 192s Bell laboratories develop digitalised recording lege, Cambridge

1930 193+ Record racks introduced in USA — Blumlein 1Ý stereo record (GB cf1955 1880) 1930 390000 km rail in USA (cf 1860, 1880) — Rickenbacker A model frying pan el gts. Beau- — In the German elections, the Nazis gain 107 seats champ, Barth and Rickenbacker introduce first lap from the centre parties steel electric guitars in USA — Nazis disrupt perf. of Weill/Brecht ‘Mahagonny’ in 1932 3 million unemployed in UK Frankfurt and enact ordinance against Negro Cul- — German presidential votes (mill): Hindenburg 18; ture Hitler 11; Communists 5 — Schönberg: Begleitmusik Lichtspielszene — Franklin D Roosevelt (Dem) wins landslide election — ‘Hillbilly’ accounts for 25% of all US popular record with ‘New Deal’ policies sales in USA — BASF develop magnetic tape in Germany — Popular songs: ‘Georgia On My Mind’ (Hoagy Car- — Aldous Huxley: ‘Brave New World’ michael); ‘I Got Rhythm’ (Gershwin); ‘Body & Soul’ — Max Steiner (1888-1971): Music for ‘King Kong’ (John Green) (George Cukor, RKO) — Xavier Cougat records ‘Peanut Vendor’ (‘El manise- — Johnny Weissmuller appears in his first ‘Tarzan’ film ro’) — ‘Brother Can You Spare A Dime’ ; ‘I’m Getting Sen- — 10-inch 78 rpm becomes standard timental Over You’ (George Bassman); ‘Night And — Recording cartidges developed Day’ (Cole Porter); ‘April In Paris’ (Gershwin) popu- 1931 Hitler’s storm troopers (SA) start terorrising political lar in USA opponents. Start of German inflation — Record sales $6 mill USA (cf 1927) — German millionaire Hugenberg undertakes to sup- 1933 Prohibitions ends in USA (started 1920) port the 800,000-strong Nazi Party. Other capital- — Machtübernahme, Reichstagsbrand, Hitler granted ists follow suit dictatorial powers. First concentration camps — Empire State Building completed (mostly communists and socialists at start; by 1945 — Nazis order effacement of Bauhaus murals and re- 10 million prisoners are interned of which at least move Klee, Kandinsky etc. from Weimar museum. half are killed). All books by non-Nazi and Jewish Brecht and Eisler flee Germany authors are burned in Germany. c. 60,000 authors, — Hanns Eisler: mus for ‘Kuhle Vampe’ actors, painters and musicians emigrate from Ger- — Essex Music International (EMI) opens its Abbey many between 1933 & 1939 Road recording studio in London -- largest recording — ‘Sophisticated Lady’ (Ellington); ‘Smoke Gets In facility in the world Your Eyes’ (Kern); ‘Stormy Weather’ (Howard Ar- — RCA Victor fails to market successfully its vinyl plas- len); ‘Easter Parade’; ‘Anything Goes’ (C Porter) and tic 33.3 rpm discs due to popularity of the 78 rpm ‘Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?’ all popular in alternative USA — Electrical & Musical Industries EMI formed. Merger — Plastic tape developed by BASF. Not marketed until of HMV and English Columbia records (which had 1950 swalled the Carl Lindström chain in 1925 and Pathé — Radio Luxemburg starts on long wave Frères in 1928), leaving only Deutsche Grammo- 1934 Rock-Ola, Seeburg and Wurlitzer introduce multi- phon-Polydor and a few small ‘independents’ as ri- ple-selection jukeboxes across the US, installing vals in Europe 275,000 in five years. Bing Crosby becomes the — BPI British Phonographic Industries Ltd. Formed to most popular juke box artist of the day represent the UK record industry in early 1920s — Muzak Company formed (USA) (date inexact) — Hindemith: ‘Mathis der Mahler’ — Society of European Stage Authors and Composers — ‘Blue Moon’ (Rogers & Hart); ‘Stars Fell On Ala- formed, to handle music licensing in USA bama’ (Frank Perkins) popular in USA — 127 sound films made (only 8 in 1929) — Price war USA records — ‘Minnie The Moocher’ (Cab Calloway) popular in USA — Film & sound as postmix (Riefenstahl) 15

— Hammond organ and electric piano patented — Ottorino Respighi (b.) dies — Edward Elgar (b. 1857) dies 1937 Germany, Japan (warring in China) and Italy (hav- — Korngold from Vienna to Hollywood ing occupied Abyssinia) form Anti-Comintern pact to 1935 ‘Your Hit Parade’, sponsored by Lucky Strike, first rid the world of communism (sound familiar?) broadcast on NBC — Films: ‘Snow White & the 7 Dwarves’ (Disney); ‘Life — Coal Face (Britten) of +mile Zola’ (starring Paul Muni) — Films: ‘Anna Karenina’ (Garbo); ‘David Copperfield’ — Carl Orff (living in Germany): ‘Carmina Burana’ (David Selznick); ‘The 39 Steps’ (Hitchcock) — ‘Bei mir bist du Schön’; ‘The Lady Is A Tramp’ (fr ‘Pal — Gershwin: ‘Porgy & Bess’ Joey’, Richard Rodgers); ‘A Foggy Day in London — ‘Beguin the Beguine’ and ‘Just One of Those Things’ Town’ (Gershwin); ‘It’s Nice Work If You Can Get It’; (Porter); ‘I Got Plenty o’ Nuthin’’ and ‘It Ain’t Nec- ‘I’ve Got My Love to Keep Me Warm’ (I Berlin) all essarily So’ (Gershwin) popular in USA popular in USA — RCA refuse FM. Armstrong (cf 1923) tries to pedal — 29 of 43 records are (swing) band recordings (USA) wares elsewhere (cf 1948, 1953) — Charlie Christian uses electric guitar in jazz — 1st Gibson electro-acoustic guitar (USA) — George Gershwin (b. 1898) dies — 70% of BBC time is music 1938 32,000 people die in US road accidents — NCB founded — Honegger: Jeanne d’Arc au bûcher (Ondes M) — Bob Durham C&W elgt rec w Vol-U-Tone amp — Alexander Nevsky (Eisenstein/Prokofiev) — Magnetophone developed in Germany. Magnetic — Films: ‘Le quai des brumes’ (Jean Gabin); ‘Alexan- tape dictating machine der Nevski’ (Eisenstein / Prokofiev); ‘The Lady Van- — Hammond organ becomes popular in USA ishes’ (Hitchcock) — Alban Berg (b. 1885) dies 1939 2nd world war starts (1 Sept) — Carlos Gardel (b.) dies — Sigmund Freud (b. 1856) dies 1936 Spanish Civil War begins (ends 1939) — Broadcast Music Inc formed to rival ASCAP — Germany occupies the Rhineland — One o’clock Jump (Basie) — First BASF/AEG tape recording made of a live clas- — ‘The Sea Hawk’ (Curtiz, Flynn, Korngold); ‘Gone sical concert performance conducted by Sir Thomas With the Wind’ (Selznick / Max Steiner); ‘The Wiz- Beecham ard of Oz’ (starring Judy Garland) — 150,000 juke boxes in USA — ‘Lili Marlene’ (sung by Lale Andersen) becomes pop- — Night Mail (Britten) ular with German soldiers — Modern Times (Chaplin) — 51 mill radio sets in USA — ‘Pennies from Heaven’ popular in USA — 90% of UK homes have a radio set — Juke boxes important again in USA — Philip Tagg’s parents married on 15 August

1940 1940 Leon Trotsky (b. 1879) assissinated in Mexico 2,248 performances), incl ‘Oh What A Beautiful — Of Mice and Men (Copland) Morning!’ — Stereophonic recording demonstrated in Carnegie — US Army/Navy’s Magnetic Wire Sound Recorder. Hall, New York Later adapted to use tape — ASCAP ban material from airplay in US — Sergei Rachmaninov dies — Hemingway: ‘For Whom the Bell Tolls’ 1944 Ivan the Terrible 1 (Eisenstein/Prokofiev) — The Philadelphia Story (Cukor, Waxman) — Double Indemnity (Wilder, Rózsa) — Films: ‘The Grapes of Wrath’ (John Ford); ‘The — Decca issue ffrr (sort of HiFi 78 rpm) recording. Great Dictator’ (Chaplin; ‘Fantasia’ (Disney) Based on war technology — ‘You Are My Sunshine’; ‘How High The Moon’; ‘When — Allies take Radio Luxembourg and its magneto- You Wish Upon A Star’; ‘South Of The Border’; phone ‘Blueberry Hill’ all popular in USA — My year of birth — 350,000 jukeboxes in USA. Or: 225,000 juke boxes, 1945 United Nations formed using 13 mill records a year — 2nd world war ends — Central European composers moved to USA by — Landslide victory for Labour in UK. Clement Atlee, 1940: Schönberg, Stravinsky, Bartók, Hindemith, Welfare State (until 1951) Krenek, Milhaud, Martinu, Weill — Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki 1941 In December, Japanese attack Pearl Harbour. USA — US record sales $109m, highest since 1921 joins war — George Orwell: ‘Animal Farm’ — Capitol Record start servicing US radio DJs with free — Herman Hesse: ‘Das Glasperlenspiel’ releases — Spellbound (Hitchcock, Rózsa) — 1st electric blues broadcast in USA. Sonny Boy Wil- — The Lost Weekend (Wilder, Rózsa) liamson on the KFFN ‘King Biscuit Show’, Chicago — Henry V (Walton) — ‘Citizen Kane’ (O. Welles, B. Herrmann) — Television sales boom until 1957 (USA) — ‘Bewitched’; ‘Deep In The Heart Of Texas’; ‘Chat- — Labour government under Clement Atlee until 1951 tanooga Choo-Choo’ popular in USA — Béla Bartók (b.1881) dies 1942 27 month AFM ban on radio performance. American — Anton von Webern (b. 1883) dies Federation of Musicians. From 1942-44 1946 Philippines independent — Hangmen Also Die (Eisler) — US record sales double in 1 yr to $218 mill — Irving Berlin’s ‘White Christmas’ sung by Bing Cros- — RCA press their billionth record. J-P Sousa’s ‘The by Stars and Stripes Forever’ — Casablanca (Warner, Max Steiner) — Charlie Parker: Ornithology — ‘White Cliffs Of Dover’ (Vera Lynn); ‘Paper Doll’; — Ivan the Terrible 2 (Eisenstein/Prokofiev) ‘That Old Black Magic’ (Porter) — Irving Berlin: ‘Annie Get Your Gun’ (New York) — 1st black musician in US radio band — DGG use tape for recording 1943 Over 600 ‘hillbilly’ stations in USA — BBC restructure: Home, Light, 3rd programme — Rodgers & Hammerstein: ‘Oklahoma!’ (New York, 1947 India proclaimed independent and partitioned into 16

India & Pakistan throws himself out of a NYC skyscraper (cf 1923, — Bell laboratoires scientists invent transistors 1935, 1953) — Melody Maker publishes 1st charts in UK. Based on — Lazarsfeld & Merton’s ‘Mass communication, popu- sheet music sales lar taste and organized social action’. Critical radio — US record sales peak at 400m units research on Hitler & Stalin that becomes guiding — AFM royalty coll rules from 1944 outlawed. By Taft- star for Madison Avenue. cf Top 40 format 1955 Hartley Act (USA) — Franz Léhar (b. 1870) dies — Dizzy Gillespie: Cubana be-Cubana bop 1949 Apartheid established in South Africa (ends 1994) — Duel In The Sun (Tiomkin) — Chiang Kai-shek defeated: Peoples Republic of Chi- — Capitol use tape for recording na proclaimed by Mao Tse-tung — Fender start producing amplifiers (USA) — After Berlin blockade (1948) and great postwar sup- — Bing Crosby records radio programs on tape. Trans- port for socialism, Bonn, with money from USA, de- ferred to 16-inch disc for transmission clares West Germany a Federal Republic. Later that — More liberal radio station licensing in USA. Federal year, the DDR is formed Communications Commission (FCC) — Netherlands transfer soverignty to Indonesia; 1948 Gandhi (b. 1869) assassinated France to Vietnam — Marshall Plan: $17 bill for Europe (another $5.43 bill — State of Israel admitted to U.N. in 1949). The Berlin blockade and airlift — Indonesia independent from Netherlands — Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Burma independent from UK — The Third Man (Carol Reed, Anton Karas) — State of Israel established — White Heat (Warner, Cagney, M. Steiner) — Atlantic Records formed in USA — Rodgers and Hammerstein: ‘South Pacific’ (New — Hamlet (Walton) York) — R Strauss: ‘Vier letzte Lieder’ — ‘Bali Hai’, ‘Some Enchanted Evening’, ‘I’m In Love — Columbia introduce 33.3 rpm LP microgroove. 12- With A Wonderful Guy’ (from ‘South Pacific’); inch unbreakable discs made from vinylite ‘(Ghost) Riders In The Sky’; ‘Diamonds Are A Girl’s — 172,000 TV sets in USA Best Friend’ and ‘Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer’ — Decline of national radio listeners USA — RCA introduce 45 rpm vinyl record in USA — 1st solid electric guitar (Fender, USA) — Most record companies now use tape for recording — Les Paul records Lover layer on layer mono (cf Leib- — Billboard starts C&W chart er & Stoller 1954) — Film sound all magnetic technology — ABC buys 24 Ampex tape machines. Also 2.5m feet — Receiving licenses compulsory in UK. Wireless and of tape, all from US distributors, Bing Crosby Enter- Telegraphy Act tainments Inc. — Richard Strauss (b. 1864) dies — Armstrong, unable to sell VHF/FM radio ideas,

1950 1950 Korean War starts (ends 1953) 1952 Israel and Germany agree on restitution for damag- — Anti-Communist witch hunt starts in USA under es done to Jews by Nazis mentally instable senator Joseph R McCarthy, aided — Anti-British riots in Egypt. King George VI dies: our by FBI boss Hoover. US sends ‘advisors’ to Vietnam, teacher cries and we are all sent home. We also cel- Laos and Cambodia ebrated ‘Empire Day’ and enumerated up all the red — Populations (mill): London 8.3; New York 7.8; To- bits (British) on the globe in our classroom. GB pro- kyo 5.3; Moscow 4.1 duces atomic bomb — Margaret Mead: ‘Social Anthropology’ — 14 Nov. 1st record chart in UK - Top Ten published — EBU (European Broadcasting Union) formed by the New Musical Express — ‘Hillbilly’ accounts for one third of all US popular mu- — RCA/Victor sell first pre-recorded reel-to-reel stereo sic sales tapes for $12.95 — ‘Music! Music! Music!’ (Teresa Brewer); ‘Good Night — New Musical Express starts. 1st UK record charts: Irene’; ‘Mona Lisa’ Top 14 (14 November) — 500,000 juke boxes in USA — ‘High Noon’ (Zinnemann, Tiomkin; Gary Cooper, — Kurt Weill (b.1900) dies Grace Kelly); ‘Limelight’ (Chaplin) 1951 Gerald Barry and Hugh Casson: Festival of Britain — John Cage: ‘4’33”’ on London’s South Bank; Basil Spence designs new — ‘I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus’; ‘Jambalaya’ Coventry Cathedral (Hank Williams) — Royal Festival Hall built — 1st Gibson Les Paul solid electric guitar — RIAA founded (Recording Industry Association of 1953 Korean War ends (started 1950) America) — Joseph Stalin and my Gran (both born 1879) die — A Streetcar Named Desire (A. North) — Commercial TV established in UK — ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ (Brando, Leigh / Alex — US chain stores, supermarkets and major depart- North) ment stores start selling records, particularly chil- — ‘Hello Young Lovers’ and ‘Getting To Know You’ (fr dren’s records and LPs Rodgers & Hammerstein’s ‘The King and I’); ‘Kisses — VHF FM broadcasting starts in USA. cf 1923, 1935 Sweeter Than Wine’ (Perry Como); ‘Blue Tango’ — ‘Julius Caesar’ (Wolf Mankiewicz / Brando / Rózsa); (Leroy Anderson) ‘Dial M for Murder’ (Hitchcock / Tiomkin) — Conservatives win election under Macmillan — Karlheinz Stockhausen: ‘Electronic Study I’ — 1st electric bass guitar (Fender, USA) — ‘How Much Is That Doggie In The Window?’ (Patti — High-speed multiple tape copiers. Bought by RCA Page); ‘I Believe’; ‘Stranger In Paradise’ (Borodin); and Capitol (USA). Year inexact (early 1950s) ‘I Love Paris’ (Gershwin/Sinatra); ‘Ebb Tide’ (Frank — Reverse recording on to tape developed. Inexact Chacksfield); Frankie Laine 14 weeks at UK nÝ 1: ‘I date: early 1950s Believe’ and ‘Answer Me’ (David Whitfield) — Magnetic disc drives invented (early 1950s) — Record Mirror founded in UK — Arnold Schönberg (b. 1874) dies — 1st black artist on ‘Grand Ol Opry’ show 17

— Paul Hindemith publishes ‘A Composer’s World’ — BBC begins FM broadcasting — Sergei Prokofiev (b. 1891) dies — 6 mill UK homes have a TV set 1954 French defeated by Vietnamese socialist army at — ‘The 7th Seal’ (Bergman); ‘Around the World in 80 Dien Bien Phu: colonial loss of N Vietnam Days’ — Senator J McCarthy in nationally televised hearing — UK Musicians’ Union ban on foreign bands ends ‘proving’ communist infiltration in US army; McCa- — Stockhausen: Zeitmasse rthy censured by US Senate — James Brown: Please, Please, Please — US Supreme Court rules that segregation by colour — Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe: ‘My Fair Lady’ in public schools is a violation of the 14th Amend- (New York) ment to the Constitution — Ronnie Hilton ‘No Other Love’, Doris Day ‘Que será — ‘The Man With The Golden Arm’ (Sinatra / E. Bern- será’, Johnny Ray ‘Just Walking In the Rain’ biggest stein); ‘On The Waterfront’ (Brando / L. Bernstein) UK hits — J R R Tolkien: ‘The Lord of the Rings’; William Gold- 1957 ‘The Six’ sign Rome Treaty: start of Common Market ing: ‘Lord of the Flies’; Dylan Thomas: ‘Under Milk — Gold Coast becomes Ghana, independent of UK Wood’ (posth.) (Kwame Nkrumah) — ‘Oh Mein Papa’ 9 weeks #1 UK (Eddie Calvert); — Malaysia independent from UK ‘Hernando’s Hideaway’ (Archie Bleyer); ‘Mister — Jack Kerouac: ‘On the Road’ Sandman’ (4 versions incl 1955: Chordettes, Dickie — ‘Bridge on the River Kwai’ (David Lean) Valentine, Four Aces, Max Bygraves); ‘Young At — Muddy Waters plays electric guit on UK tour Heart’, ‘3 Coins In A Fountain’, ‘Hey There, You With — ‘Love Letters in the Sand’ and ‘Young Love’ (Pat The Stars In Your Eyes’ (Sinatra). However: 25 June Boone). ‘Diana’ (Paul Anka). ‘Peggy Sue’ (Holly); Ken Colyer Skiffle Group, incl Alexis Korner, record ‘Jailhouse Rock’ (Presley) for Decca. 13 July Chris Barber Band record skiffle — 39 mill TV sets in USA for Decca incl ‘Rock Island Line’. December: ‘Shake — Jean Sibelius (b. 1865) dies Rattle and Roll’ (Bill Haley & his Comets) reaches UK 1958 Race riots in London and Nottingham nÝ4 — School desegregation opposed in Little Rock (Arkan- — Benjamin Britten: ‘The Turn of the Screw’ (Venice) sas) — Olsen’s RCA Mk II synthesizer — TV licences exceed value of radio licences in UK — Fender twin reverb amplifier — 45 sales overtake 78 sales in UK — George Eashe invents tape cartridges (USA) — Melody Maker publishes 1st UK album chart — 45s overtake 78s sales in USA — Mass prod breakthrough for stereo (cf 1955) — Leiber & Stoller overdub on 2 mono machines? cf — World standard agreed for stereo records estab- Les Paul 1948 lished — Stereo recordings on reel-to-reel tape in US? — National Association of Record Dealers formed in — 1st transistor radio available on US market USA 1955 Most record companies use stereo (cf 1880, 1931, — US Songwriters’ Protection Society becomes the 1940) American Guild of Authors and Composers — Since 1942 I Berlin earned $1 mill on ‘White Christ- — Formation of US Country Music Association mas’ — 1st RIAA gold record awards in USA. For Perry Co- — 65% of US homes have a TV mo’s ‘Catch a Falling Star’ b/w ‘Magic Moments’ — Bill Haley: ‘Rock Around The Clock UK’ #1 UK 3 — Domenico Modugno: ‘Volare’ weeks Nov 55, 2 weeks Jan 56. Meanwhile Slim — 78s for dance and ‘race’ music only Whitman 11 weeks UK #1 with ‘Rose Marie’. Also — 1st Shure Bros 4-track recorders in USA ‘The Yellow Rose Of Texas’, ‘Love Is A Many Splen- — Stereophonic discs introduced in USA doured Thing’ and ‘Sixteen Tons’ — 1st pirate radio broadcasts in UK — RCA introduce ‘Electronic Music Synthesizer’ — Ralph Vaughan Williams (b. 1873) dies — Top 100 singles, Top 15 albums charts. Billboard 1959 Cuban revolution (USA) — ‘Orfeu negro’; ‘La dolce vita’ (Fellini); ‘Ben Hur’ — RCA start price cutting on LPs in USA (William Wyler / Charlton Heston / Miklós Rózsa) — Sales value of LPs overtakes singles in UK & USA? — Motown Records founded by Berry Gordy in Detroit — Top 40 programming format introduced. 1st Storz — 500,000 juke boxes in USA use 47 million records chain of radio stations (New Orleans). cf Lazarsfeld — Miles Davis: Milestones (So What?) & Merton 1948 — ‘Walk, Don’t Run’ (Ventures); ‘Tom Dooley’ (King- — Arthur Honegger (b.) dies ston Trio); ‘He’s Got The Whole World In His Hands’ 1956 Hungarian uprising (Laurie London); ‘Mack The Knife’ (Weill / Bobby — Suez Crisis (Nasser, Eden) Darin) — Marocco and Tunisia independent from France — Richard Rodgers: ‘The Sound of Music’

1960 1960 Seventeen ex-colonies in Africa become independ- — ‘Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weeni Yellow Polka Dot Bikini’ ent (Brian Hyland); ‘The Twist’ (Chubby Checker); — John F Kennedy elected US president ‘Never on a Sunday’ (Manos Hadjidakis) — USA send military ‘advisors’ to Vietnam — Transistor radios widely available — Nigeria independent of UK 1961 Berlin wall — 20% of US domestic record sales are singles — Bay of Pigs (USA tries to invade Cuba) — ‘Psycho’ (Hitchcock, B. Herrmann) — Populations (mill): World 3,100; China 660; India — ‘Last Year at Marienbad’ (Resnais); ‘Saturday Night 435; USSR 209; USA 179; Japan 95; Pakistan 94; and Sunday Morning’ (Karel Reisz); ‘Rocco and his Brazil 66; W Germany 54; GB 53. World adult pop- Brothers’ (Visconti / Rota) ulation 1.6 bill (44% illiterate) — Bing Crosby sells 200 millionth record, his version of — J F Kennedy shot ‘White Christmas’ (I Berlin) selling 20 million units — 6000 ‘independent’ record companies in USA since 1942 — Gilbert Bécaud: Et maintenant 18

— ‘Moon River’ (Henry Mancini) — Who: ‘My Generation’ 1962 Cuba Crisis: Khrushchev offers to withdraw Soviet — Rolling Stones: ‘Satisfaction’ bases if USA moves bases in Turkey; Kennedy — ‘King of the Road’ (Roger Miller); ‘Downtown’ (Pet- refuses ula Clark / Tony Hatch); ‘A Hard Day’s Night’ — Algeria independent of France after bitter war of lib- (Beatles) eration — Philips musicassettes at Berlin Radio Show — ‘The Maagnificent 7’ (E. Bernstein) — Edgar Varèse (b.) dies — ‘Dr. No’ (Barry) 1966 ‘The Green Berets’ (Staff Sgt Barry Sadler) — ‘Lawrence of Arabia’ (David Lean / Maurice Jarre) — Mao Tse-tung: ‘Quotations of Chairman Mao’ — Marilyn Monroe (b. 1926) dies — ‘Fahrenheit 451’ (Truffaud, B. Herrmann) — Getz, C Byrd: ‘Desafinado’ (Gilberto) — US cars equipped with 8-track stereo cartridge play- — Beatles: ‘Love Me Do’ ers, developed by William (Learjet) Lear, Ampex — ‘Blowin’ in the Wind’ (Peter, Paul & Mary) and RCA/Victor — Wurlitzer EP 200 into production — US Music Publishers’ Protection Association be- 1963 Profumo scandal; De Gaulle rejects GB from Com- comes the National Music Publishers’ Association mon Market — Beatles: ‘Revolver’ — Racist police and white civilian attacks on civil rights — F Zappa & Mothers of Invention: Freak Out demonstrators in Birmingham (Ala) — Frank Zappa produces the first commercially suc- — Kennedy assassinated (Nov) in Dallas cessful double album of popular music - ‘Freak Out’ — Andy Warhol & Co exhibit soup cans, comic strips, by The Mothers of Invention etc. at Guggenheim Museum in New York — Moog’s voltage control synth into prod (GB) — ‘Dr. Who’ starts on BBC TV (D. Darbyshire) — Fender Rhodes piano into mass production — ‘The Silence’ (Bergman); ‘Tom Jones’; ‘The Birds’ — Jim Marshall’s “stacks” (50 watt PAs) (hitchcock / Herrmann); ‘Dr Strangelove’ (Kubrick / — Tape cartridges launched in USA Sellers) — P Tagg completes studies and moves to Sweden — Dutch-owned electronics firm Philips demonstrates 1967 6-Day War: Israel occupies West Bank (incl Jerusa- its compact audio cassette tape lem), Sinaìï and Gaza strip — Beatles: ‘She Loves You’ and 1st album. 1st album — 50,000 demonstrate in Washington against US war costs £400 to make in UK in Vietnam — Album ‘The Freewhelin’ Bob Dylan’ — African Americans riot in the ghettos of Cleveland, — Stereo 8-track cartridge introduced Newark and Detroit — Paul Hindemith (b. 1895) dies — ‘The Graduate’ (Simon & Garfunkel) — +dith Piaf (b.) dies — ‘Blow-Up’ (antonioni, / H Hancock); ‘Bonnie & 1964 Tonkin incident: a US destroyer allegedly attacked Clyde’; ‘In the Heat of the Night (S Poitier, K Hep- off N Vietnam; US accraft attack Vietnamese terri- burn, S Tracy) tory; escalation — Pirate radios outlawed — Legrand: ‘Parapluies de Cherbourg’ (Bécaud) — Small Faces: ‘Itchycoo Park’ (use of phaser) — ‘Un pugno di dollari’ (Leone, Morricone) — Beatles: ‘Sergeant Pepper’. Done on 4-track ma- — ‘Zorba the Greek’ (Theodorakis) chine for £25000 — ‘A Hard Day’s Night’ (Lester, Beatles) — Hendrix: ‘Are You Experienced?’ — The Watusi, Frug, Monkey, Funky Chicken and other — ‘Respect’ (Aretha Franklin) Twist variants lure many to discothèques where go- — Marshall amps go girls set the pace — WEM 1000 watt PA system — ‘La fabbrica illuminata’ (Nono) — 8-track recording becomes standard — ‘Fiddler on the Roof’ (Jerry Bock at New York) 1968 Student riots in Paris. De Gaulle given special pow- — ‘Hello Dolly!’ (L Armstrong); ‘I Want To HOld Your ers Hand’ (Beatles) — Robert Kennedy assasinated in Los Angeles — ‘Where Did Our Love Go?’ (Supremes) — Soviet troops into Prague to oust (legally elected) — Mellotron Mark I Dubcek government — Beatles at Shea Stadium - 50 watt Vox PA — Newly elected US president R Nixon promises to end — Stereo FM broadcasting begins? Vietnam War — Multitrack recording begins? — US forces in Vietnam using napalm and Agent Or- — Cole Porter (b.) dies ange - human and ecological disaster 1965 Martin Luther King (w Nobel Peace Prize 1964) leads — Martin Luther King assassinated (5 April) procession of 4,000 civil rights marchers from — Jerry Goldsmith (b. 1929): mus for ‘Planet of the Selma (fired on by KKK) to Montgomery (Ala) Apes’ (Schaffner) — Ian (‘One Man One Vote Doesn’t Mean Counting — ‘The Thomas Crown Affair’ (Jewison / S McQueen / Sheep’) Smith declares White-lead Rhodesia inde- M Legrand); ‘Funny Girl’ (B Streisand); ‘2001’ (Ku- pendent (UDI). Wilson’s labour govt imposes oil em- brick / R Strauss, Ligeti, J Strauss). Mickey Mouse bargo 40 yrs old — Dylan booed for going electric at Newport Jazz/Folk — Woodstock festival with 300,000 present Festival — Walter Carlos: ‘Switched On Bach’ — ‘Help!’ (R Lester / Beatles); ‘Dr Zhivago’ (David — ‘Congratulations’ (Cliff Richard); ‘Hey Jude’ Lean / Maurice Jarre) (Beatles); ‘Mrs Robinson’ (Simon & Garfunkel) — First network experiment in which two computers — ‘I Say A Little Prayer For You’ (Bacharach / Aretha ‘talk’ to each other and the first time data packets Franklin) are used to communicate between computers. This — Quadrophony first developed paves the way for the Arpanet in 1969, a physical — More LPs than singles produced in the UK network linking academics at 4 US universities. This — 1st home video system produced in turn becomes the internet 1969 British troups sent to Ulster — Yardbirds: ‘Heart Full of Soul’ (use of distorsion - — UK singles sales bottom out at 46.8m fuzz) — Development begins in Holland on the compact disc — Los Incas version of ‘El condor pasa’ (CD). See 1971, 1972, 1979, 1980 19

— Easy Rider — ‘Aquarius’ from ‘Hair’ — Hair — 16-track recording standard — ‘Tommy’ (Who) 1st full-length rock opera — Dolby noise reduction system adapted for pre-re- — Led Zeppelin: ‘Whole Lotta Love’ corded tapes and cassettes

1970 1970 Unidad Popular elected to power in Chile under Al- Capital Radio in London lende 1974 ‘The Sting’ (Paul Newman / Joplin: ‘The Entertain- — Bing Crosby sells 300 millionth disc er’) — A Man Called Horse (Rosenmann) — The Rockford Files (M. Post) — ‘White Christmas’ sells its 30 millionth — ABBA win Eurovision contest: ‘Waterloo’ — Commercial breakthrough for cassettes — ‘Bitches Brew’ (Miles Davis) — 1st attempts for quadrophony at home — Chorus pedals (e.g. Boss, MXR, Ibanez) on market — Jimi Hendrix dies — UK cartridge prod peaks at 7.9 mill units 1971 USA extends bombing to Laos & Cambodia. Heavy — Duke (Edward Kennedy) Ellington (b. 1974) dies bombing of Hanoi — My daughter is born — Lt W Calley found guilty of premeditated murder at 1975 Margaret Thatcher succedes Edward Heath as Tory Mylai (Song My), Vietnam leader — ‘The Godfather’ (Rota) — ‘White Christmas’ has now sold 135m units — ‘A Clockwork Orange’ (Kubrick); ‘Investigation of a — Japanese record market overtakes UK’s Citizen’ (Elio Petri / Morricone) — Taxi Driver (Scorsese, B. Herrmann) — Intel produces large-scale integrated circuits which — Bob Marley: ‘No Woman No Cry’ feature in digital audio processors and the Philips — Kraftwerk: ‘Autobahn’ compact disc (see 1969, 1972, 1980) — Promotional videos start — Popular Music in Higher Eductaion starts in Gothen- — Bernard Herrmann (b. 1911) dies burg (S-MUS) and in Boston (Berklee) 1976 Military coup in Argentina — ‘Shaft’ (I. Hayes) — West German record market overtakes UK’s — Igor Stravinsky (b.) dies — RIAA: 1st platinum awards single/album (US) — Max Steiner (b.) dies — ‘1900’ (Bertolucci, Morricone) 1972 Bloody Sunday in Ulster — US Copyright Act covers published & unpublished — Watergate. Nixon’s landslide re-election sound — UK record sales value tops £100m — Polyphonic synthesizers first available — First CD prototype tested in Holland (see 1969, 1977 ‘Saturday Night Fever’ (J Travolta / Bee Gees) 1980) — ‘Close Encounters’ (Spielberg, J. Williams) — US Copyright Act covers now sound recordings — Vinyl sales peak at 344 mill units in USA — Bowie: ‘Rise & Fall of Ziggy Stardust’ — Sex Pistols: ‘God Save The Queen’ — Deep Purple: ‘Smoke on the Water’ (from ‘Machine- — Prophet 5 on market head’) — Philips show CDs at Tokyo Audio Fair — ‘Jesus Christ Superstar’ (Time Rice / Andrew Lloyd- — 3M’s 32-track digital recorder $15,000 (USA) Webber) — Musician’s Union organiser for rock artists. UK 1st — 24-track becoming standard (early 1970s) time 1973 USA kicked out of Vietnam. c. 55,000 US deaths, 1978 UK vinyl LP production peaks 303,640 wounded. Vietnamese losses: 2 million — Formation of International Federation of Popular deaths of which 1 million civilians Music Publishers — Fascist military coup in Chile (3 September) 1979 Worldwide decline starts in vinyl sales — ‘American Graffiti’ — ‘The Wall’ (Parker, Pink Floyd) — Pink Floyd: ‘Dark Side of the Moon’ — Ry Cooder: ‘Bop till you Drop’ (digital recording) — Genesis: ‘Selling England by the Pound’ — Dimitri Tiomkin (b.) dies — ‘Independent Local Radio’ starts in UK. LBC and

1980 1980 Solidarnosc movement (Poland) Popular Music) formed — Soviet army into Afghanistan — Journal ‘Popular Music’ started by Cambridge Uni- — EEC retail music business sales overtake US tempo- versity Press rarily. i.e. countries either in or later to join EEC 1982 War over Falklands/Malvinas — Philips/Sony CD standard finalised after 11 years of — Israel invade Lebanon development (see 1969), 1 year after production of — Grand Master Flash: ‘The Message’ second CD prototype — MIDI sequencers available — US juke box count down to 300,000 — Philips introduce CDs on to market — Digitally recorded albums available in USA 1983 Cassette sales peak at 78.2m units in Japan — Peter Gabriel III — World market bottoms out at $9.35m — Police: ‘Zenyatta Mondatta’ — ‘Flashdance’ (Moroder) — commercial breakthrough for video — ‘Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence’ (Sakomoto) — Simmons SDS V electronic drum kit — ‘Local Hero’ (Knopfler) — 12-inch single introduced to UK — CDs launched in USA and UK. World’s then only — Tape cartridges obsolete in UK pressing plant at Hannover (D) — Sony Walkman sells 5 mill units in 1st yr (USA) 1984 Worldwide cassette LP sales overtake vinyl LPs — Tascam 4-track portastudio $1,500 in USA — Sony introduce the first portable CD player, the D-S 1981 Chariots of Fire (Vangelis) — UK record sales top $500 mill — MTV starts in USA with $20 mill capital — MTV (US) earning $1 mill a week — IASPM (International Association for the Study of — Miami Vice starts (Jan Hammer) 20

— Michael Jackson: ‘Thriller’ (cf 1992) costs $100 in US — Madonna: ‘Like A Virgin’ 1987 ‘White Christmas’ sales now over 170m units 1985 Gorbachev party secretary (Soviet Union) — ‘Beverly Hills Cop’ (Eddy Murphy / Harold Falter- — ‘Paris Texas’ (Wim Wenders / Ry Cooder) meyer) — Sony and Philips produce standard for CD-ROM 1988 Personics Corp launches in-store custom taping sys- which uses same laser technology as audio CD tem, attracting backers including Thorn-EMI. De- — Dire Straits album “Brothers in Arms” helps boost spite being rolled out to retail stores, four years popularity of the CD format later it files for bankruptcy protection — Steve Case funds America Online as Quantum Com- — Sony and Philips produce the standard for the re- puter Services, an online service for owners of Com- cordable compact disc modore computers. Subsequently introduced for — More cassette LPs produced than vinyl in UK other computers, AOL’s stock is listed on the Nas- — CD LP sales value overtake vinyl LPs in UK daq index in 1992 — Sony buys CBS — Sales value of UK singles peaks at £82.1 mill — Worldwide CD sales overtake vinyl LPs — Beatles disc & tape sales estim at 1 billion units — EEC market overtakes US (retail sales value) — 1st Home Taping Audio Bill defeated in USA — Sales value of UK record business tops £1bn — commercial breakthrough for CDs — Cassette single introduced in UK — Quantec introduce Room Simulator (c.) — CD single introduced in UK — Fostex reel-to-reel 8-track costs $1,600 — DAT recorders available (Casio and JVC) — Still only 2 CD pressing plants in operation — 8-track DAT recorder from Akai & Alesis 1986 Challenger disaster (NASA) — Institute of Popular Music established at Liverpool — Olof Palme murdered (Stockholm, 28 Feb) University — Chernobyl disaster (26 April) 1989 Fall of Berlin wall — Sales value of cassette LPs overtake vinyl LPs (UK) — US cassette LP sales peak at 446.2m units — US Immigration Reform and Control Act tightens up — No vinyl single sales in Greece, Singapore granting of temporary work permits to overseas art- — Sales value of UK albums tops £1bn ists who do not qualify as ‘pre-eminent’ — More CD than vinyl LPs produced in UK — Concert Promoters’ Association formed in UK — ‘Batman’ (Prince) — Samplers readily available on market. Casio model — Recordable CDs available

1990 1990 Thatcher out after 16 years. Major PM $700m over seven years — Germany reunited — John Cage (b.) dies — Iraq invades Kuwait 1994 BBC announce plans for digital audio broadcasting — No identifiable singles sales in 19 nations. No iden- — Viacom buy Paramount (including MTV) for almost tifiable vinyl LP sales in 9 countries, no CD sales in $10bn 5 countries — German inventor sues Sony over patent rights to — Vinyl LPs obsolete in Japan Walkman — Enigma: ‘Sadeness’ — CD-Interactive launched in UK 1991 War in the Gulf — Blockbuster and IBM unveil NewLeaf Entertainment, — M Jackson: 15-yr contract w Sony for $890 mill a joint venture developing a technology that will en- — Philips market Digital Compact Cassette DCC able consumers to download and manufacture CDs — Sony market recordable mini-CD, the MD and cassettes in store. The joint venture falls apart — Agreement on e.g. DAT standard formats in US a year later due to lack of record label support — Southworth Jam Box. Have your own jam session — Matsushita announce first portable DCC player — Kahler Human Clock (cloned drumming) — 100m walkmans sold worldwide to date (10% in 1992 Tories 4th term - 2 million officially unemployed UK), valued at o3bn — Digital Audio Tape (DAT) and players launched — Pavarotti’s audio and video sales top 50m units — America Online stock listed on Nasdaq index — Philips makes 4,800 more workers redundant — Sony Corporation makes first ever trading loss of — MTV opens in Russia o86m — Thorn-EMI sells defence business to Thomson-CSF — W.H Smith announce their intention of stopping sell- of France. Thorn-EMI buys Intercord Tonggesells- ing vinyl LPs in UK chaft for o53.2m — DCC marketted by Philips. BASF close US tape-man- — Cerberus Sound and Vision strike deal with Mechan- ufacturing plant. MD marketed by Sony ical Copyright Protection Society to market music on — Thorn-EMI buys Virgin Records for o560m the Internet — Sony begin selling MiniDiscs, Philips launches Digital — Three surviving Beatles refuse o2.5m for one con- Compact Cassette cert appearance on the Isle of Wight — M Jackson’s ‘Thriller’ 40 mill units in 10 yrs — Video Hits One (VH-1) launched by MTV Network — Madonna’s 7-year $700 mill contract. Signed be- Europe as ‘adult MTV’ tween her Maverick Entertainment Group and Time- — Ageing US ‘rock’ stars sue for millions of dollars in Warner unpaid back-royalties — Bob Geldof’s company, Planet, wins o10m Channel — George Michael loses case against Sony for release 4 TV contract from his contract, and pays o3m costs — Sales of Michael Jackson’s Thriller album reach 40m — Paul McCartney estimated to be worth o420m, Tom units after 10 years. World record sales estimated to Jones o252m be worth $28.7bn. Mike Oldfields Tubular Bells sells — Virgin open first national ‘rock’ radio station in UK 16m over 20 years - still selling 100,000 a year — Factory Records closes in Manchester, UK — Madonna’s Maverick Entertainment Group signs a — Philips announce plans to sack 15,000 more em- contract with Time-Warner ployees. Thorn-EMI lighting sold to Investcorp for — Madonna’s Maverick Entertainment Group signs a o162m contract with Time-Warner estimated to be worth — Pink Floyd sell 2.2m tickets before tour begins 21

— Sales of Thriller reach 48m ing single of all time: 31.8 m copies. Pre-orders of — CDs outsell cassettes in UK 1.5m copies for Elton John’s Candle in the wind sin- — Sony Music lends o452m to Sony Pictures gle in UK, 8m in USA — W H Smith Our Price chain and Branson’s Megas- — Be here now by Oasis sells between 800,000 and trores plan joint venture. W H Smith sacks 600 1m copies in first four days managers — Andrew Lloyd Webber made a lord and Paul McCa- — Gaylord Entertainments (including Grand Ol’ Opry) rtney knighted by UK Tory government on the market for $3bn — Noel Gallacher’s annual income estimated at over — Polygram buys Motown for $300m. £25m. Richard Branson estimated to be worth — EMI pays o50 to manage Michael Jackson’s Northern £1.7bn Songs for five years — Elvis Presley remains RCA’s best-selling artist, with — IBM opens CD-on-demand kiosk in Florida, USA annual earnings estimated at $40m — Grateful Dead concert in Ohio grossed over 1998 “New Labour” government sets up the Department $1.242m for Culture, Media and Sport in UK 1995 Thorn-EMI close Rumbelows UK high street chain — California-based Diamond Multimedia launches its with loss of 2,900 jobs. W H Smith announces 1,000 Rio digital download player, beating off a subse- job losses. Thorn EMI sells o100m stake in SGS- quent legal action by the Record Industry Associa- Thomson of France. tion of America (RIAA) — Country 1035, first UK ‘country music’ radio station, — Specifications for DVD-AUdio agreed opened in London — Reginald Dwight (Elton John) knighted by UK Labour — Michael Jackson sells Beatles’ song rights to Sony government for o60m 1999 US President Clinton survives impeachment; “oral 1996 President Clinton threatens $3bn sanctions (and a sex” part of everyday vocabulary possible trade war) over China’s alleged piracy of — The Word Trade Organisation meets in Seattle. Del- US-owned video and CD material egates are met with lively demonstrations against — Janet Jackson signs $80m contract with Virgin the unchallenged global power and unethical arro- Records. REM sign o50m, five-year deal with Warn- gance of international corporations whose interests er Brothers are represented by the WTO — EMI (worth o7.3bn) demerged from Thorn. W H — Kossovo crisis Smiths make first loss in 204 years — “New Labour” set up “New Deal” for musicians — Cliff Richard knighted by UK Tory government — CA*net3 fibre optic network in Canada becomes the — George Martin knighted and Van Morrison awarded world’s fastest computer network, capable of trans- OBE by UK Tory government mitting all nine of Beethoven’s symphonies in 0.065 1997 Blair’s “New Labour” government comes to power in seconds the UK — Source Digital Music Intiative (SDMI) - designed to — Philips launch affordable CD-recorder protect music downloaded via the internet - finally — MP3.com founded by Michael Robertson established. Major record companies join the rush — Elton John’s Candle in the wind becomes best-sell- to commercially release tracks via the internet

2000 2000 AOL announces purchase of Time Warner in the big- gest deal in business history. AOL Time Warner’s businesses will include: Warner Music Group, Warn- er Bros., CNN, Time Warner Cable, HBO, America Online, CompuServe, Netscape, AOL MovieFone, Winamp, Spinner