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The Gospel Meets Persecution in Galatia an Historical Reading of Galatians in the Light of Acts 13:13-14:23

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The Gospel Meets Persecution in Galatia an Historical Reading of Galatians in the Light of Acts 13:13-14:23 The gospel meets persecution in Galatia An historical reading of Galatians in the light of Acts 13:13-14:23 Wesley Reece Redgen BA (Hons), Grad Dip Ed, MA (Hons) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2016 School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry 1 Abstract The gospel meets persecution in Galatia An historical reading of Galatians in the light of Acts 13:13-14:23 This thesis is an exercise in historical reconstruction. It proposes a new way to understand the situation Paul addressed in his letter to the Galatians. It explores the implications of the South Galatian Theory and an early dating of Galatians for the interpretation of Paul’s letter to the Galatians. It reads Galatians from the background of Paul’s ministry in Galatia recorded in Acts 13:13-14:23 and its setting within the Roman colonies of Galatia during the reign of Claudius. The persecution Paul encountered during his earlier visit to Galatia provides a significant context in which to read Paul’s references to persecution found in the letter. The thesis concludes from Acts 13:13-14:23, Gal. 1:6-7 and 6:12 that there were three parties involved: the churches who were troubled by the agitators’ gospel, the Jews of the synagogues who were partnering with certain local Romans to persecute the churches (Acts 13:50; 14:2-5, 19), and the agitators who were forcing the churches to adopt circumcision so that they might avoid this persecution. This thesis proposes that Claudius’ edict of protection of Jewish customs (Jos. Ant. 19.286-91) and Roman patronage of Jewish synagogues provide the relevant socio-historical background to the situation in Galatia. Certain Jews made accusations against the Christians to their Roman patrons that Paul’s gospel, which did not require works of Torah or circumcision, was an attack on their Jewish customs in violation of Claudius’ edict. The Jews incited these Romans to persecute Paul (Acts 13:50; 14:2-5), and later to persecute the churches (Gal. 6:12), for violating Claudius’ edict. The agitators’ actions need to be understood on two levels. On one level, the agitators were pressuring the churches to adopt their gospel, which required works of Torah for righteousness (Gal. 1:6-7). On another level, the agitators’ primary motive was to avoid persecution by promoting works of Torah and circumcision in order to change the churches’ gospel and practice to one that could not be accused of attacking Jewish customs (Gal. 6:12). Thus Paul wrote to a situation where his main goal was to convince the churches to stay loyal to his gospel and not to be persuaded by the agitators’ gospel. However, this battle between the two gospels can only be understood in the context of the threat of persecution. If the churches remained loyal to Paul’s gospel, the threat of persecution hung over them; if they followed the agitators’ gospel, this threat could be removed. 2 Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research higher degree candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the policy and procedures of The University of Queensland, the thesis be made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 unless a period of embargo has been approved by the Dean of the Graduate School. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis. 3 Publications during candidature No publications. Publications included in this thesis No publications included. Contributions by others to the thesis No contributions by others. Statement of parts of the thesis submitted to qualify for the award of another degree None. 4 Acknowledgements The body of Christ has contributed to this work in many ways. These people deserve credit for their help and encouragement. The faults in this work remain mine alone. Greg Stanton, my honours supervisor, encouraged me to begin the doctoral journey using my honours in Classics to enlighten Scripture. Professor Michael Lattke guided me through the first steps. Rick Strelan improved the thesis by asking difficult questions and challenging presuppositions that needed challenging. Bruce Winter inspired me to combine my historical studies with my New Testament studies. His writings and personal conversations were the catalyst for the conclusions of this thesis. Without Ian Smith, Principal of Christ College, Sydney, this thesis would not exist in the form it does today. He constantly pushed me beyond mediocrity while still encouraging me. He has the X factor as a supervisor. Michael Madden improved the style and brought me back to Paul’s focus on the gospel when I had wandered off chasing Romans, Jews and persecution. John Davies and Eleanor D’Arcy gave sacrificially to correct the final proofs. The University of Queensland, Queensland Theological College and the Australian College of Theology provided research grants. My brief, but significant, time at Tyndale House, Cambridge, provided the library, environment and encouragement where good research flows easily. My colleagues at Queensland Theological College supported me as this thesis grew in the midst of a full-time teaching load. Gary Millar, Andrew Bain and Ted Brennan enabled me to find space to dedicate time to this thesis. Annette McGrath faithfully followed up library requests. Tony Pyles kept my mind stimulated by (coffee and) intelligent spiritual conversation and biblical critique. My students at Queensland Theological College 2005 – 2016 remained interested, encouraged me, and prayed for me all the way. My brothers and sisters at Kenmore Presbyterian Church cheered me on and kept me spiritually fresh. Those closest to my heart deserve the most thanks. Sophia, Nathan, Phoebe and Ben suffered a busy father and years of short holidays. Super-wife Evelyn patiently and competently held the home and family together as she endured a house in need of repairs and maintenance. Words cannot express my gratitude to her for being one with me and making me whole as we struggled through this together. 5 Keywords galatians, acts, persecution, agitators, biblical studies, history, claudius, roman, judaism Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classifications (ANZSRC) ANZSRC code: 220401, Christian Studies (incl. Biblical Studies and Church History), 80% ANZSRC code: 210306, Classical Greek and Roman History, 20% Fields of Research (FoR) Classification FoR code: 2204, Religion and Religious Studies, 80% FoR code: 2103, Historical Studies, 20% 6 Table of contents The gospel meets persecution in Galatia A socio-historical reading of Galatians in the light of Acts 13:13-14:23 Declaration by author ........................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. 5 Table of contents .................................................................................................................................. 7 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 12 1.1 The South Galatian Theory and Galatians ................................................................................... 12 1.2 Statement of thesis ....................................................................................................................... 15 1.3 History of scholarship .................................................................................................................. 19 1.3.1 Different approaches with different results ....................................................................... 19 1.3.2 The history of the study of the situation in Galatia ........................................................... 19 1.3.3 Where this thesis sits within the scholarship .................................................................... 28 1.4 The nature of the problem, approach and methodology .............................................................
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