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Creation of the Internalized Misogynoir Measure: a Qualitative Approach to Designing

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Creation of the Internalized Misogynoir Measure: a Qualitative Approach to Designing Creation of the Internalized Misogynoir Measure: A Qualitative Approach to Designing an Intersectional Tool For Use With Black Women A dissertation presented by Elizabeth S. Cook, MS Submitted to the Department of Applied Psychology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the field of Counseling Psychology Northeastern University March 2020 Dissertation Committee: Tracy Robinson-Wood, Ed.D, Chair William Sanchez, Ph.D Janie Ward, Ed.D INTERNALIZED MISOGYNOIR MEASURE 2 ABSTRACT Rooted in Williams Crenshaw’s (1993) theory of intersectionality, misogynoir is gendered racism that is specific to Black women, and illustrates the ways that Black women experience violence and hostility through the perpetuation of anti-Black, racist misogyny. Internalized Misogynoir is an intersectional form of internalized oppression which stems from the integration of internalized racism, internalized sexism and internalized misogyny. The goal of this study is to extend Williams Crenshaw’s work to operationally define “misogynoir,” through the construction of an internalized misogynoir measure. The methodology for this study consisted of focus groups to obtain Black women’s opinions on misogynoir, as well as a proposed measure and the use of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to explicate meaning from focus group data. Qualitative results include the following: (a) confirmation that Black women have negative emotional responses to messages received about Black women and experiences of internalization: (b) Black women receive messages about themselves which manifest in five themes: Strong Black Woman, Sapphire, Not Seen and Not Heard, Beauty, Style and Sexual Objectification, and Respectability Politics: (c) internalizing these negative messages is related to vulnerability during pre-adolescence and adolescence, a lack of diversity in environments, the idea of family as immutable, and influence from their peers: (d) Black women use various optimal resistance strategies in order to cope with internalized misogynoir: and (e) the Internalized Misogynoir Measure is a helpful tool for illustrating Black women’s experiences. INTERNALIZED MISOGYNOIR MEASURE 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My immense gratitude and thankfulness - To my Heavenly Father, for helping me maintain. You have been better than good to me. To my parents, Angelique Cook-Hayes, Toriano Warren and Shawnna Warren, for loving me well. Because of you all, I have always been sure of who I am, and of whose I am. It is one of the greatest gifts I will ever receive. To my siblings Tyshade’, Michaelangelo, Shaianne, Tyshera, TJ and Victoria, my brother-in-law Monterrious, and my nephew Katai, for keeping me grounded. I find my footing in knowing that sometimes, just being a big sister and an auntie is enough. To Ijeoma Madubata, Taylor Frazier Hernandez and Ghizlan Aldeweesh, for reminding me what joy looks like. You all are the greatest reminders I have that there is more to life than academia. To my advisor, Dr. Tracy Robinson-Wood, for your guidance over the last several years. Because of you, I have been changed. To my committee members, Dr. William Sanchez and Dr. Janie Ward, for your time, dedication, and intentionality in helping me work through a complicated subject matter. To Dr. Moya Bailey, for creating a term which has given voice to what so many of us struggled with. Sitting and talking with you about a term that has revolutionized the way we think about our identities was outstanding. To the Black women who graciously gifted me with their time and authenticity in the focus groups, I see you. I hear you. I hope I have given voice to what you have shared. To those I did not name, but who have shaped my writing, my work, and me, the best parts of me, and the parts of me still in progress, are honored by your presence in my life. Habakkuk 2:2 – And the Lord answered me and said: “Write the vision and make it plain upon tablets, that he may run that read it” INTERNALIZED MISOGYNOIR MEASURE 4 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ……………………………………………………………….....7 Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………….....11 Intersectionality in a Western Context ………………………………………......11 Understanding Internalized Misogynoir ………......……………...…………......14 Statement of the Problem ......................................................................................16 Purpose of the Study .............................................................................................18 Research Questions ...............................................................................................18 Research Design ....................................................................................................19 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................21 Internalized Racism ..............................................................................................21 Internalized Sexism ..............................................................................................25 Internalized Misogyny .........................................................................................27 Gendered Racism .................................................................................................29 Creating a Measure of Internalized Misogynoir ..................................................38 Chapter 3: Methodology ..................................................................................................43 Rationale for Measure Development …………………………………………...43 Study Design ........................................................................................................44 Research Questions ..............................................................................................44 Recruitment...........................................................................................................47 Participants ...........................................................................................................48 Materials ...............................................................................................................49 Procedure ..............................................................................................................52 INTERNALIZED MISOGYNOIR MEASURE 5 IPA Data Analysis ................................................................................................55 Ensuring the Quality of Qualitative Research ......................................................57 Chapter 4: Results .............................................................................................................60 Demographic Information .....................................................................................61 Summary of Focus Group Questions ....................................................................64 Other Important Observations ...............................................................................66 Emotions That Arose ............................................................................................66 The Look of Internalized Misogynoir ...................................................................69 Emergent Themes: Messages Received About Black Women .............................70 Emergent Themes: How Much and Why Black Women Internalize These Messages ...................................................................................................87 Resistance .............................................................................................................97 Thoughts on Internalized Misogynoir Measure and How to Improve It ............102 Chapter 5: Discussion .....................................................................................................108 Introduction .........................................................................................................108 Discussion of Key Findings ................................................................................108 Researcher Reactions ..........................................................................................117 Clinical Implications ...........................................................................................122 Study Limitations ................................................................................................129 Future Directions ................................................................................................132 Conclusions .........................................................................................................138 REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................141 APPENDIX A .................................................................................................................156 INTERNALIZED MISOGYNOIR MEASURE 6 APPENDIX B .................................................................................................................158 APPENDIX C .................................................................................................................159 INTERNALIZED MISOGYNOIR MEASURE 7 Chapter 1: Introduction Fifty years after the Civil Rights Era, it is unsurprising that people who are marginalized and oppressed because of their identity often face more adverse physical and emotional life outcomes than their privileged counterparts do. There is an established body of scientific literature and psychosocial
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