GENDER THROUGH THE PRISM OF DIFFERENCE THIRD EDITION Edited by Maxine Baca Zinn Michigan State University Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo University of Southern California Michael A. Messner University of Southern California New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2005 GENDER THROUGH THE PRISM OF DIFFERENCE Oxford University Press Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright © 2005 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gender through the prism of difference / edited by Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, Michael A. Messner.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-19-516764-1 ISBN-10: 0-19-516764-3 1. Sex role. I. Zinn, Maxine Baca, 1942- II. Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette. III. Messner, Michael A. HQ1075.G4666 2005 305.3—dc22 2004057573 Printing number:987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper CONTENTS Preface ix INTRODUCTION: Sex and Gender Through the Prism of Difference 1 I. PERSPECTIVES ON SEX, GENDER, AND DIFFERENCE 11 1. Ann Fausto-Sterling, The Five Sexes, Revisited 13 2. Maxine Baca Zinn and Bonnie Thornton Dill, Theorizing Difference from Multiracial Feminism 19 3. Deniz Kandiyoti, Bargaining with Patriarchy 26 4. R. W. Connell, Masculinities and Globalization 36 5. Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild, Global Woman 49 6. Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Antiglobalization Pedagogies and Feminism 56 II. BODIES 63 Control and Resistance 7. Jane Sprague Zones, Beauty Myths and Realities and Their Impact on Women’s Health 65 8. Nomy Lamm, It’s a Big Fat Revolution 81 9. Tamara Beauboeuf-Lafontant, Strong and Large Black Women? Exploring Relationships Between Deviant Womanhood and Weight 86 10. Jen’nan Ghazal Read and John P. Bartkowski, To Veil or Not to Veil? A Case Study of Identity Negotiation Among Muslim Women in Austin, Texas 94 11. Don Sabo, Doing Time, Doing Masculinity: Sports and Prison 108 12. Betsy Lucal, What It Means to Be Gendered Me: Life on the Boundaries of a Dichotomous Gender System 113 v vi CONTENTS Violence 13. Cecilia Menjívar and Olivia Salcido, Immigrant Women and Domestic Violence: Common Experiences in Different Countries 123 14. Afroza Anwary, Acid Violence and Medical Care in Bangladesh: Women’s Activism as Carework 137 15. Patricia Albanese, Nationalism, War, and Archaization of Gender Relations in the Balkans 143 16. Michael Kimmel, Gender, Class, and Terrorism 154 III. SEXUALITIES 159 Sexual Relations, Intimacy, Power 17. Karin A. Martin, “I couldn’t ever picture myself having sex . .”: Gender Differences in Sex and Sexual Subjectivity 161 18. Matthew C. Gutmann, Male Discretion and Sexual Indiscretion in Working Class Mexico City 177 19. Kevin Bales, Because She Looks like a Child 193 20. Julia O’Connell Davidson, The Sex Tourist, the Expatriate, His Ex-Wife, and Her “Other”: The Politics of Loss, Difference, and Desire 203 Sexuality and Identity 21. Dennis Altman, The Globalization of Sexual Identities 216 22. Michael A. Messner, Becoming 100% Straight 227 23. Yen Le Espiritu, “Americans Have a Different Attitude”: Family, Sexuality, and Gender in Filipina American Lives 233 IV. IDENTITIES 243 24. Audre Lord, Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference 245 25. Elliott Femynye Bat Tzedek, The Rights and Wrongs of Identity Politics and Sexual Identities 251 26. Almas Sayeed, Chappals and Gym Shorts: An Indian Muslim Woman in the Land of Oz 258 27. Karen D. Pyke and Denise L. Johnson, Asian American Women and Racialized Femininities: “Doing” Gender Across Cultural Worlds 263 28. Peggy McIntosh, White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack 278 CONTENTS vii V. FAMILIES 283 Motherhood, Fatherhood 29. Patricia Hill Collins, The Meaning of Motherhood in Black Culture and Black Mother–Daughter Relationships 285 30. Lisa J. Udel, Revision and Resistance: The Politics of Native Women’s Motherwork 296 31. Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo and Ernestine Avila, “I’m Here but I’m There”: The Meanings of Latina Transnational Motherhood 308 32. Marcia C. Inhorn, “The Worms are Weak”: Male Infertility and Patriarchal Paradoxes in Egypt 323 Work and Families 33. Pei-Chia Lan, Maid or Madam? Filipina Migrant Workers and the Continuity of Domestic Labor 334 34. M. Patricia Fernández Kelly, Delicate Transactions: Gender, Home, and Employment Among Hispanic Women 347 35. Elizabeth Higginbotham and Lynn Weber, Moving Up with Kin and Community: Upward Social Mobility for Black and White Women 356 36. Kathryn Edin, What Do Low-Income Single Mothers Say About Marriage? 365 VI. CONSTRUCTING GENDER IN THE WORKPLACE 383 37. Peter Levin, Gendering the Market: Temporality, Work, and Gender on a National Futures Exchange 385 38. Patti A. Giuffre and Christine L. Williams, Boundary Lines: Labeling Sexual Harassment in Restaurants 392 39. Karen J. Hossfeld, “Their Logic Against Them”: Contradictions in Sex, Race, and Class in Silicon Valley 407 40. Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, Go Away...But Stay Close Enough 419 VII. EDUCATION AND SCHOOLS 437 41. Ann Arnett Ferguson, Naughty by Nature 439 42. Julie Bettie, How Working-Class Chicas Get Working-Class Lives 447 43. Nancy Lopez, Homegrown: How the Family Does Gender 465 44. Yoshiko Nozaki Feminism, Nationalism, and the Japanese Textbook Controversy over “Comfort Women” 481 viii CONTENTS VIII. POPULAR CULTURE 487 45. Barry Glassner, Black Men: How to Perpetuate Prejudice Without Really Trying 489 46. Catherine A. Lutz and Jane L. Collins, The Color of Sex: Postwar Photographic Histories of Race and Gender in National Geographic Magazine 497 47. Susan Jane Gilman, Klaus Barbie, and Other Dolls I’d Like To See 504 48. Mimi Schippers, Sexuality and Gender Maneuvering 508 49. Lori Kendall, “Oh No! I’m a Nerd!” Hegemonic Masculinity on an Online Forum 516 IX. CHANGE AND POLITICS 529 50. King-To Yeung and Mindy Stombler, Gay and Greek: The Identity Paradox of Gay Fraternities 531 51. Mary Pardo, Mexican American Women, Grassroots Community Activists: “Mothers of East Los Angeles” 541 52. Radhika Gajjala and Annapurna Mamidipudi, Cyberfeminism, Technology, and International “Development” 547 53. Kevin Powell, Confessions of a Recovering Misogynist 555 PREFACE ver the past 30 years, texts and readers intended for use in women’s studies and gender studies courses have changed and developed in important ways. In the 1970s and into Othe early 1980s, many courses and texts focused almost exclusively on women as a rel- atively undifferentiated category. Two developments have broadened the study of women. First, in response to criticisms by women of color and by lesbians that heterosexual, white, middle- class feminists had tended to “falsely universalize” their own experiences and issues, courses and texts on gender began in the 1980s to systematically incorporate race and class diversity. And simultaneously, as a result of feminist scholars’ insistence that gender be studied as a rela- tional construct, more concrete studies of men and masculinity began to emerge in the 1980s. This book reflects this belief that race, class, and sexual diversity among women and men should be central to the study of gender. But this collection adds an important new dimension that will broaden the frame of gender studies. By including some articles that are based on re- search in countries outside the United States, in nonindustrial societies, and among immigrant groups, we hope that Gender Through the Prism of Difference will contribute to a transcendence of the often myopic, U.S.-based, and Eurocentric focus in the study of sex and gender. The in- clusion of these perspectives is not simply useful for illuminating our own cultural blind spots: It also begins to demonstrate how, early in the twenty-first century, gender relations are in- creasingly centrally implicated in current processes of globalization. Because the amount of high-quality research on gender has expanded so dramatically in the past decade, the most difficult task in assembling this collection was deciding what to include. The third edition, while retaining the structure of the previous edition, is different and improved. This edition includes material on gender issues relevant to the college-age generation including gender and popular culture, Islam, and men and war. Many of the new readings tend toward a more personal narrative style that students will find engaging. We thank faculty and staff colleagues in the Department of Sociology and the Gender Stud- ies program at the University of Southern California and in the Department of Sociology and the Julian Samora Research Institute at Michigan State University for their generous support and assistance. Other people contributed their labor to the development of this book. We are grateful to our research assistants, Genelle Gaudinez of the University of Southern California and Katie Thurman of Michigan State University, who contributed invaluable groundwork. We acknowledge the helpful criticism and suggestions made by the following reviewers: Linda Grant, University of Georgia; Elizabeth B. Erbaugh, University of New Mexico; Jackie Eller, Middle Tennessee State University; Jean L. Potuchek, Gettysburg College; Joya Misra, University of Massachusetts; Janet Wirth-Cauchon, Drake University; and Kathryn B. Ward, Southern Illinois University. Our editor at Oxford University Press, Peter Labella, has been en- ix x PREFACE couraging, helpful, and patient. We also thank Sean Mahoney and Celeste Alexander for their editorial assistance as the book moved into production. Finally, we thank our families for their love and support as we worked on this book.