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Bizánc És a Besenyő És Szeldzsuk Támadások a Xi. Század Közepén

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Bizánc És a Besenyő És Szeldzsuk Támadások a Xi. Század Közepén 120 TŐSÉR MÁRTON KÉTFRONTOS HARC: BIZÁNC ÉS A BESENYŐ ÉS SZELDZSUK TÁMADÁSOK A XI. SZÁZAD KÖZEPÉN Fighting on two fronts: Byzantium and the Pecheneg and Seljuk attacks in the mid-11th century There is a sizeable literature on the decline of the Byzantine Empire which started in the mid- 11th century, but there is hardly anything available in Hungarian on the military history references of the topic. The paper explores the causes of the decline of Byzantium and of the nomadic migration, and analyses the fightings of the mid-11th century. At the time of Basileios IIʼs death in 1025 the power of the empire was still at its peak, it looked as if nothing could shake its position. By Constantine IXʼs death in 1054 the empire had seriously weakened – the fall is generally associated with Manzikert (1071), but in fact the unsuccessful battles in the Balkans against the Pechenegs (1048–1053) was already an ill omen. The great empire, previously thought to have been unshakable, was not able to defeat the nomadic peoples settling in its territory. This fact brought about a loss of prestige as well as a serious financial loss, for both the western and eastern armies of the empire made great sacrifices in the fighting. It was at the same time that the Seljuks appeared at the eastern borders, whose incursions caused serious damages in the region, too. Later on the Seljuks lead raids further to the west and their settling in Anatolia later was possible partly because of the fact that the Byzantine borders were left open earlier. By exploring the fightings in the Balkans and at the eastern borders we can gain an insight into the military organisation of the empire and into the tactics of nomadic peoples, and we can understand why the emperorʼs army was not able to gain vistory over the attackers. Keywords: Byzantium, Seljuk, Pecheneg, migration in the 11th century, Constantine IX, Beg Tughril, Kegen, Tirek, the Balkans, East Anatolia A bizán ci tör tén elem egyik legvár atlanabb fordulata a XI. száz adban köv etkezett be, II. Basileios (976–1025) halál a után . Uralkodását a birodalom fén ykorán ak tekintik, még is alig telt el fél évszáz ad, és az egykor hatalmas ál lam romokban hevert. Keleti terül ete- it, melyeket hár om száz adon át hiáb a tám adtak az arabok, viharos tempób an lerohanták a szeldzsuk-törökök , és a Balkán on is teljes volt a felfordulás . Ennek az ös szeomlás nak belső okai is voltak, de lén yegéb en vév e még is a kül ső, geopolitikai viszonyok gyök eres át alakulásából köv etkezett. Még a X. száz ad végén olyan vál tozás ok tör tén tek az euráz siai sztyeppén , melyek köv etkezmén yei mái g hatóa n át alakít ották a Köz el-Kelet és Kelet-Kö- zép -Európ a tör tén elemét . Az első, a kazár birodalom ös szeomlás a a ruszok és úz ok tá- madás ai nyomán 965-ben, ezzel a kelet-európ ai sztyeppét kelet felé elzáró nomád ál lam megszűn t. Más odszor, a X. száz ad végén a sztyeppe keleti végén megerősödöt t a kitajok nép e, és ez hamarosan új abb nép ván dorlás t indít ott el.1 Végül , a X–X I. száz ad fordulójár a 1 Érdekes, hogy ez egy haditechnikai újítás sal is ös szefüg göt t: eddig a merevkarú íj volt a nomád ok fő fegy- vere, ekkor azonban kelet felől elterjed a tömör csontvég es íj . A fegyver strapabírób b volt előd jénél és hosszabb időr e is felajzott ál lapotban tarthatták , ez alighanem a kitaj taktika sikerét is előm ozdít otta, lás d U. Kőh almi Katalin: A steppék nomád ja lóhát on, fegyverben. Budapest, 1972. 126–1 31. o. HK 128. (2015) 1. 120–145. Bizánc és a besenyő és szeldzsuk támadások A XI. század közepén 121 az iszlám keleti vég eit kéz ben tartó Számán ida emír ség is szét hullott a mai Kelet-Irán ban, ami lehetővé tette azt, hogy a nomád oguzok benyomuljanak a Folyón túl ra és a perzsa terül etekre.2 Ezek az esemén yek együt tesen jelentős en befolyás olták a Köz el-Kelet és Ke- let-Európ a tör tén elmét. A füv es puszták nép einek mozgását kön nyű lenne kelet-nyugati irán yúr a egyszerűsít e- ni, azonban ez ennél bonyolultabb. Az a nép , amely keletről elindult, nem feltét lenül kötöt t ki Kelet-Európáb an vagy a Kár pát -medencéb en (bár ál taláb an nyugat felé haladva érhettek bőv ebb legelők re, a csapadék és a folyóv izek mennyiség e is ebben az irán yban növ ekszik). Dél felé is töb ben elindultak Közép -Áz siából , mint koráb ban a tohár ok vagy a pár thusok, de a tém a szempontjából az oguz-törökök XI. száz adi ván dorlás a is ide tartozik. Két vi- szonylag ismert forrás is említ i ennek kezdeteit, az egyik a XII. száz adi muszlim szerző, Marvazí: „A törökök höz tartoznak a kunok (q?n). Ők Kitaj országából jöt tek, mert fél tek a kitaj kán tól ... A kunokat a nál uk szám osabb és erős ebb kaj (qay) nevű nép köv ette, és kiűz te ők et legelői kről . Erre ők a sarik (ša ri) terül etér e mentek, és a sarik a tür kmenek föl djér e ván doroltak, akik pedig az úz ok ( γuzz) terül etén ek keleti rés zét foglalták el. Az úz törökök a besenyők föl djér e vonultak az Ör mén y tenger partjaihoz.”3 Az ör mén y tör tén etíró, Edessai Máté is röv iden ös szefoglalta az esemén ysort: „A kíg yók nép e a sár gák terül etér e vonult, szét zúz ta és elkergette ők et, mire a sár gák az úz okra és a besenyők re zúd ultak, és mindezek a nép ek egyesül ve őrjön gő düh vel a róm aiakra tör tek.”4 A mai kuta- tás ok szerint a nép mozgás ok hát teréb en az ezredforduló körül i ég hajlatvál tozás ál lt, amely a nomád puszták kör nyezeti feltét eleit negatív an befolyás olta. Az itteni időjárás hidegebb és szár azabb lett, ami a nomád ál lattenyés ztés feltét eleire negatív an hatott. Ez vezetett oda, 2 A Folyón túl az Amu-darja és a Szir-darja közöt ti terüle t, az ókori Transoxania. A IX. száz ad más odik felé- ben egy muszlim forrás még úg y emlék ezett meg a keleti határ okról , hogy „a leghatalmasabb vég ek közé a török vég ek tartoznak... A törökök legnagyobb rés ze a khoraszán i vég ek mellett tanyáz ik…” Kmoskó I/1. 168. o. A X. száz adban is hasonlóa n jellemezték : „. .. a Folyón túl ös szes határ ai harcszín teret kép eznek... Az is köz tudomású, hogy az iszlámb an nincs veszedelmesebb harcszín tér a törököknél , már pedig ők kép ezik az iszlám vég várát a törökökkel szemben, visszatartva ők et az iszlám szál lás aitól . Az egés z Folyón túl vég vár ...” Ibn Hauqal a száz ad más odik feléb en már az iszlám terjedéséről is beszám olt a szomszéd os törökök közöt t: „S utkand-ban van egy szós zék ; a vár os a törökök gyüle kezőh elye, akik közül néhán y tör zs át tér t az iszlám ra, a ?uzz?ya és a harluh?ya egyes nemzetség ei is az iszlám ra tér tek át ... B?r?b, Kan?ida és as-Š?š közöt t termék eny szán tóföl dek terül nek el, ezek közöt t mintegy ezer török család él , akik annakelőt te az iszlám ra tér tek át , és most ott laknak sát raikban a maguk mód ja szerint...” Az Aral-tó köz eléb en „a l-Qarya al-Had?ta-ban muszlimok is laknak ugyan, e helység azonban a ?uzz?ya birodalmán ak szék vár osa és tél víz idején a ?uzz?ya királ ya benne tartóz kodik. Köz eléb en fekszik ?and és Huw?ra, mindkettőb en muszlimok laknak ?uzz?ya hatalom alatt.” Kmoskó I/2. 33–5 4. o. (36. o.), 87–88 . o. (Az utolsó előt ti helység az oguz jabgu szék helye, Yangikent köz eléb en volt, talán az ő szolgál atá- ban ál lt a dinasztiaalapító Szeldzsuk vezér is.) Ez már annak jele volt, hogy a szomszéd os török nép ek közöt t is kezdett meggyökeresedni az iszlám , íg y az át járás kön nyebbé vál t a határ vidék en. 3 Marvazí 29–3 0. o. Magyar fordítás a Pálóc zi Horvát h András : Besenyők , kunok, jás zok. Gyomaendrőd , 1989. 34. o. 4 Uo. Az idéz etek magyar fordítását lás d még Györ ffy 209. o., 93. j., 205. o., 66. j.; Edessai Máté 79–8 0. o. Azonban az angol fordítás szerint a „m agyarok” űzték el az úz okat és a besenyők et, rejtél y, hogy miér t keverte ös sze a kunokat (sár gák at vagy fakókat, ör mén yül khartes) a magyarokkal. Habár én is a tradicionál is véle mén yt köv etem, legutób b Kovác s Szilvia megkér dőj elezte azt, hogy a kitajok elindít otta nép mozgás és a Bizán cot ér t tám adás ok közöt t lenne összefüg gés , lás d Ekinči ibn Kočk ar, a q?nok és a polovecek. In: „F ons, skepsis, lex.” Ünnepi tanulmán yok a 70 esztendős Makk Ferenc tiszteletér e. Szerk. dr. Almás i Tibor, Révés z Éva , dr. Szabados Györ gy. Szeged, 2010. 235–2 45. o. HK 128. (2015) 1. 122 Tősér Márton hogy a Balkán ra beözön löt tek a besenyők , majd az úz ok, az oguz tör zsek pedig Irán tól Anatól iái g vonultak új szál lás terül etet keresve.5 Ennek a nép mozgás nak a XI.
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