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Bizans Imparatorluğu Ve Balkanlar (976-1076)

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Bizans Imparatorluğu Ve Balkanlar (976-1076) T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (ORTAÇAĞ TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU VE BALKANLAR (976-1076) YÜKSEK LĠSANS TEZĠ Törebey GÜNAYDIN ANKARA 2016 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ TARİH (ORTAÇAĞ TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU VE BALKANLAR (976-1076) Yüksek Lisans Tezi Törebey GÜNAYDIN Tez DanıĢmanı Prof. Dr. Melek DELĠLBAġI ANKARA 2016 II T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ TARİH (ORTAÇAĞ TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU VE BALKANLAR (976-1076): Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez DanıĢmanı: Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı: İmzası: …………………………………… …………………… …………………………………… …………………… …………………………………… …………………… …………………………………… …………………… Tez Sınavı Tarihi…………………. III T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜMÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE Bu belge ile, bu tezdeki bütün belgelerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranıĢ ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu beyan ederim. Bu kural ve ilkelerin gereği olarak, çalıĢmada bana ait olmayan tüm veri, düĢünce ve sonuçları andığımı ve kaynağını gösterdiğimi ayrıca beyan ederim. (…../…../2016) Tezi Hazırlayan Öğrencinin Adı ve Soyadı ………………………………… Ġmzası ………………………………… IV İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER ........................................................................................................... I ÖNSÖZ ...................................................................................................................... III KISALTMALAR ...................................................................................................... V GİRİŞ 1. KAYNAKLARA DAĠR ....................................................................................... 1 1.A. BĠZANS KAYNAKLARI ............................................................................ 1 1.B. DOĞU KAYNAKLARI................................................................................ 9 1.C. BATI KAYNAKLARI ................................................................................ 13 1.D. ARAġTIRMA ESERLER ........................................................................... 15 2. TARĠHĠ ARKA PLAN ....................................................................................... 18 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1. BĠZANS ĠMPARATORLUĞU‟NUN II. BASĠL DEVRĠNDEN ÖNCE BALKANLAR‟DAKĠ DURUMU ..................................................................... 24 2. KONT OĞULLARI (KOMETOPULOS) ĠSYANI VE II. BASĠL‟ĠN BALKAN SEFERLERĠ ....................................................................................................... 28 3. II. BASĠL‟ĠN 1001-1005 YILLARI ARALIĞINDA ELE ALDIĞI BALKAN FAALĠYETLERĠ ............................................................................................... 34 4. 1014-1018 YILLARI ARASINDA GELĠġEN BALKAN HADĠSELERĠ ........ 38 5. 1018-1025 YILLARI ARASINDA BĠZANS‟IN BALKAN ĠDARESĠ ............. 47 6. ON BĠRĠNCĠ YÜZYIL BAġLARINDA ĠMPARATORLUĞUN EKONOMĠK YAPISI VE BU DURUMUN BALKANLAR‟DAKĠ TEZAHÜRLERĠ ........... 53 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM 1. BALKAN ĠDARESĠNDE YAġANAN DEĞĠġĠMLER VE ĠLK PEÇENEK AKINLARI ........................................................................................................ 57 2. PETER DELYAN ĠSYANI (1040-1041) ........................................................... 64 3. IV. MĠKHAEL DÖNEMĠNĠN SEMBOL ĠSMĠ: HARALD HARDRADA ...... 71 4. MERKEZ‟DE NĠZAMIN BOZULMASI VE BALKANLAR‟DA ĠSYANLAR ........................................................................................................ 75 I ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 1. PEÇENEKLER‟ĠN TUNA NEHRĠNĠ GEÇMESĠ VE ĠMPARATORLUK ARAZĠSĠNĠ ĠġGALĠ (1048-49) ......................................................................... 82 2. PEÇENEK KRĠZĠ VE ĠMPARATORLUĞUN ÇARESĠZLĠĞĠ (1049-1052) 88 3. BALKANLAR‟DA PEÇENEK HÂKĠMĠYETĠNĠN ĠMPARATORLUK TARAFINDAN TANINMASI (1053) ............................................................... 95 4. SIRPLAR‟IN ĠSTĠKRARSIZ YAPISI ve BĠZANS‟IN BÖLGEYE MÜDAHALESĠ ............................................................................................... 100 5. IX. KONSTANTĠN MONOMAKHOS‟UN TACI ve I. ISAAKĠOS KOMNENOS‟UN BALKAN SEFERĠ TEMELĠNDE BĠZANS- MACARĠSTAN ĠLĠġKĠLERĠ .......................................................................... 101 6. UZ ĠSTĠLASI (1064) ........................................................................................ 105 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 1. ROMANOS DĠOGENES‟ĠN ĠSYAN TASARISI ve ĠÇERDĠĞĠ PROBLEMLER ............................................................................................... 109 2. MALAZGĠRT MAĞLUBĠYETĠNĠN ARDINDAN BALKANLAR‟DA GELĠġEN ĠLK HADĠSE .................................................................................. 111 3. ON BĠRĠNCĠ YÜZYILIN ĠKĠNCĠ YARISINDA ĠMPARATORLUK EKONOMĠSĠ ve BALKAN HADĠSELERĠNE YANSIMASI ........................ 115 4. BALKANLAR‟DA ĠKĠ YENĠ ĠSYAN ............................................................ 120 5. VII. MĠKHAEL, NORMANLAR ve PAPALIK .............................................. 125 6. VII. MĠKHAEL ve MACARLAR .................................................................... 131 SONUÇ .................................................................................................................... 134 KAYNAKÇA .......................................................................................................... 144 EKLER .................................................................................................................... 159 ÖZET....................................................................................................................... 168 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 170 II ÖNSÖZ Bizans Ġmparatorluğu, kuruluĢ ve yıkılıĢ yılı itibarıyla Ortaçağ Tarihi‟nin tamamını kapsayan ve hüküm sürdüğü coğrafyalar bakımından Avrupa ve Asya kıtasında derin izler bırakmıĢ olan siyasi bir yapıdır. Varlığını sürdürdüğü her yüzyılın ayrı bir ehemmiyet taĢıdığı bu yapının 976 ve 1076 yılları aralığında geliĢen hadiselerini araĢtırmamızın sebebi, bu dönemde Avrupa halklarının sosyo-ekonomik yönden belirgin bir Ģekilde inkiĢafa geçmiĢ olması ve öte yandan göçebe hayat tarzının sunduğu etkin kuvveti Ortadoğu‟nun devlet geleneği ile harmanlamayı baĢaran Oğuz Türkleri‟nin Anadolu‟daki yerleĢim sürecinin baĢlamıĢ olmasıdır. Bu iki olgunun layıkıyla açıklanabilmesi, Bizans Ġmparatorluğu‟nun bu dönemdeki tarihi ile birebir ilintilidir. Dolayısıyla Bizans Ġmparatorluğu‟nun bu kritik dönemde takip ettiği siyaseti saptamak hem Anadolu tarihi için hem de Avrupa tarihi için ziyadesiyle mühimdir. Tezimizde Bizans Ġmparatorluğu‟nun izlediği politikaları merkez-taĢra iliĢkisi temelinde inceleyerek bu konuya dair genel bir çerçeve oluĢtumaya gayret ettik. Devrin genel Bizans politikasını tespit için Anadolu‟da ve Ġtalya‟da geliĢen vakaları takip etmek yerine Balkan coğrafyasındaki hadiselere odaklandık. Böyle bir tercih yapmamızın ilk nedeni, I. Haçlı Seferi öncesi hem Ġtalya merkezli Batı-Bizans irtibatının hem de Anadolu‟da gerçekleĢen hadiselerin Fransız, Türk, Alman ve Ġngiliz tarihçileri tarafından detaylı bir Ģekilde incelenmiĢ olmasıdır. Bir diğer nedenimiz ise Ortaçağ araĢtırılmalarında fazla ehemmiyet atfedilmeyen Balkan coğrafyasının barındırdığı siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik hadiselerinin söz konusu dönem için kısıtlı kaynakların aydınlatamadığı Ġtalya ve Anadolu merkezli karmaĢık III hadiselerin tanımlanmasına yardımcı olabileceği düĢüncesine sahip olmamızdır. Zira on birinci yüzyıl içersinde Ġtalya‟da ve Anadolu‟da meydana gelen ivedi geliĢmelerin takibi ziyadesiyle zordur. Dolayısıyla bu iki bölgeye nazaran daha az karmaĢaya Ģahit olan Balkanlar‟ın incelenmesi vasıtasıyla Bizans Ġmparatorluğu‟nun izlediği politikaları ve imparatorluk mekanizmasının olağan ve sıradıĢı hadiselere verdiği tepkileri vazıh bir Ģekilde saptamak daha olasıdır. Bu çerçevede tezimizin ana gayesi, Balkan hadiselerinin anlatımı ile on ve on birinci yüzyıl süreci içersinde iç ve dıĢta geliĢen siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik ahvalle bağlantılı bir Ģekilde Bizans Ġmparatorluğu‟nun sahip olduğu istikrarlı politikaların genel bir taslağını oluĢturabilmektir. Hem Bizans Ġmparatorluğu hem de Balkan coğrafyası üzerine araĢtırma yapmamız hususunda bizlere yaptığı araĢtırmalar ve verdiği cesaret ile ilham kaynağı olan tez danıĢmanım saygı değer hocam Prof. Dr. Melek DelilbaĢı‟ya tezimizin her aĢamasında verdiği desteklerden dolayı teĢekkürü bir borç bilirim. Balkan coğrafyasının ehemmiyeti üzerinde duran ve bu durumu bizlere her fırsatta hatırlatan kıymetli hocam Doç. Dr. Hatice Oruç‟a Balkan bilgisini ve sevgisini bizlere aĢıladığı için Ģükranlarımı sunarım. Ayrıca Türk-Ġslam tarihi hakkındaki bilgilerini bizlerle paylaĢan ve bu konuda geniĢ bir perspektif kazanmamızı temin eden değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Ġlhan Erdem‟e teĢekkürlerimi sunarım. Törebey Günaydın Ankara-2016 IV KISALTMALAR a.g.e. : Adı geçen eser a.g.m. : Adı geçen makale AEMA : Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi (Wiesbaden, 1975). A.Ü.D.T.C.F.D. : Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi (Ankara,1943-). B : Byzantion (Brüksel, 1924-). BF : Byzantinische Forschungen (Amsterdam,1966-). BMGS : Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies (Oxford, 1975-83; Birmingham, 1984-). BS : Byzantinoslavica (Prag, 1929-). CFHB : Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae ( Washington Serisi, Washington, 1967-; Berlin Serisi, Berlin/New York, 1967-; Viyana Serisi, Viyana, 1975-; Ġtalya Serisi, Roma, 1975-; Brüksel Serisi, Brüksel, 1975-). Çev. : Çeviren. Ed. : Editör. E.H.B. : The Economic History of
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