El Teatro Chicano a Través De Los Siglos: Panorama Crítico

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El Teatro Chicano a Través De Los Siglos: Panorama Crítico El teatro chicano a través de los siglos: panorama crítico Manuel M. Martín Rodríguez p ocos géneros se asocian tan directamente con han compartido a lo largo de los siglos parte de su el Movimiento Chicano como el dramático. Con acervo cultural con los mexicanos y con otros gru- la creación en 1965 del Teatro Campesino, como pos hispanos. Muy especialmente, en el campo del arma de apoyo a los campesinos en huelga, el tea- teatro, la frecuente presencia en el suroeste de los tro cobró una visibilidad nacional e internacional Estados Unidos de compañías itinerantes mexica- inusitadas y una fase de intensa producción cul- nas y españolas conllevó una constante renovación tural, intervención social y creación colectiva co- de esos vínculos culturales, como documentan Ka- menzó a perfilar ciertas características como defi- nellos y Ramírez3. nitorias del quehacer dramático entre los chicanos1. Asimismo, esta reconstrucción histórica tendrá Como en otros ámbitos de la cultura chicana, sin que estar condicionada por la fugacidad inevitable embargo, este florecimiento de las artes dramáticas del elemento de representación propio del teatro: durante las décadas de 1960 y 1970 fue inseparable mientras que la recuperación de otros géneros li- de una posterior reflexión sobre las dimensiones terarios chicanos se ha basado en la existencia de históricas de un género que, por la propia euforia abundantes textos impresos o manuscritos, en el creativa del momento, algunos habían considerado caso del teatro anterior a 1965 mucho de lo que exento de precedentes. Así, con los estudios de crí- hoy tenemos son sólo citas de pasada, referencias ticos teatrales como Nicolás Kanellos y Elizabeth en diarios o periódicos, carteles y otros documentos C. Ramírez, y con otras exploraciones de folkloris- tangenciales acerca de representaciones teatrales tas, antropólogos y expertos en literatura colonial, que nos permiten reconstruir una imagen necesaria- a partir de 1980 se empezó a recuperar una visión mente parcial de la escena anterior al Movimiento más completa (y compleja) de lo que había sido el Chicano. Incluso después de esa fecha, numerosas teatro chicano a través de los siglos2. piezas chicanas permanecen inéditas y sin docu- Por tanto, y si bien el término “chicano” no se mentar gráficamente, lo que sigue dificultando la popularizó en su actual sentido hasta la década de labor del historiador teatral. En el lado positivo, es 1960, se puede ahora reconstruir una historia (par- preciso notar que en base a los documentos exis- cial) del teatro chicano atendiendo a las prácticas, tentes sería más fácil emprender un estudio de la escritos y crónicas teatrales asociadas con el gru- recepción del teatro chicano que de esos otros gé- po de población que hoy denominamos “chicano”. neros literarios más favorecidos por la permanencia Dicha historia tendrá, por fuerza, un alcance trans- de la letra impresa. nacional, ya que la separación política de España En cualquier caso, si para esbozar esta breve (primero) y de México (después) nunca conllevó historia del teatro chicano quisiéramos remontarnos un similar desarraigo cultural y, así, los chicanos a sus precedentes más antiguos, sería preciso aludir 27 a dramas rituales prehispánicos, como el Rabinal which is still played on Holy Cross Day within ten Achí maya-quiché, que aún hoy en día cautiva las miles of the location of its original performance”5. mentes de muchos teatristas chicanos y que aporta Existen también manuscritos más o menos fe- ya (sin intentarlo) uno de los temas principales del chables de pastorelas y otras obras anónimas, pero teatro chicano, la contienda bélica, que reaparecerá la transmisión de la mayoría de ellas parece haber periódicamente como una especie de leitmotiv: a sido predominantemente oral, como también lo ha partir de 1598 con las representaciones de moros sido la de los dramas Los comanches. Según Arthur y cristianos en Nuevo México (y, poco después, L. Campa, los dramas de comanches (reflejo teatral con Los comanches), a mediados del siglo xix con de una larga historia de escaramuzas, raptos y con- el anónimo nuevomexicano Los Tejanos, en 1970 flictos militares y sociales) son, por lo menos, dos con el Vietnam Campesino del Teatro Campesino, obras: una religiosa y otra secular. En la versión re- en 1988 con Teo’s Final Spin de Eulalio Cervan- ligiosa (y casi metateatral), los hispano-mexicanos tes y en 1990 con August 29th, entre otros muchos se disponen a representar una pastorela cuando los momentos. comanches atacan y secuestran al Niño Jesús. Los También tendríamos que mirar al teatro español hispanos siguen el rastro de las pisadas y, por fin, y, más concretamente, al que llevaron al suroeste encuentran el campamento comanche, en donde su los conquistadores y colonizadores. El 30 de abril jefe intenta un trueque comercial, ofreciendo unas de 1598 tuvo lugar la primera representación tea- mantas a cambio del niño. Los visitantes, sin em- tral europea en la zona cuando los soldados de Juan bargo, explican quién es este niño y el jefe coman- de Oñate representaron una obra en acción de gra- che entonces le rinde pleitesía y le ofrece regalos6. cias tras haber llegado al Río Grande. Gaspar Pérez La versión secular, por contra, recrea el enfrenta- de Villagrá, miembro destacado de la expedición, miento militar entre los comanches liderados por recuerda así la fecha en su Historia de la Nueva el jefe Cuerno Verde y los españoles al mando de México: don Carlos Fernández, una figura histórica del siglo xviii, en un momento que podemos considerar el Y luego que acabaron los oficios, punto álgido de las operaciones militares contra los Repreſentaron vna gran comedia, comanches. La representación de esta pieza incluye Que el noble Capitan Farfan conpuſo, caballos y escaramuzas al aire libre y, por tanto, pa- Cuio argumento ſolo fue moſtrarnos rece continuar la tradición escénica de las fiestas de El gran recibimiento que à la Igleſia, moros y cristianos7. 4 Toda la nueua Mexico hazia (I, 76) . Asimismo, Campa ha documentado y editado varias otras obras religioso-folklóricas que se re- La “comedia” de Farfán, que más parece ser un presentan a lo largo del ciclo litúrgico en Nuevo auto sacramental según la descripción de Villagrá, México (y, algunas de ellas, en otras partes de los no se ha encontrado hasta ahora. Lo que sí encon- Estados Unidos y México también). Este conjunto tramos todavía son celebraciones rituales de piezas incluye piezas inspiradas en el Antiguo Testamen- que probablemente también trajeron al suroeste de to (Adán y Eva y Caín y Abel), así como las más Estados Unidos los soldados de Oñate, como las re- numerosas de inspiración en el Nuevo Testamen- presentaciones de moros y cristianos y las pastore- to. Además de Las Posadas y los autos de pasto- las, firmemente enraizadas en el calendario de cele- res, este segundo grupo incluye el Coloquio de braciones nuevomexicanas. Todavía en 1929, Mary San José, el Auto de Los Reyes Magos y El Niño Austin escribía que prácticamente en cada pueblo Perdido. Como señala el destacado estudioso nue- nuevomexicano había una agrupación dramática, e vomexicano, la inspiración original de estas obras informaba de que muchos de los textos no estaban habría que buscarla en los autos españoles del siglo escritos, sino que los papeles se memorizaban y xvi, pero el lenguaje y la forma utilizados en estos se transmitían de generación en generación dentro descendientes americanos sugiere una composición de una misma familia. La autora resumía después más propia del siglo xvii, con obvias reelabora- sus esfuerzos por compilar por escrito algunas de ciones (podríamos añadir) durante el siglo xviii y estas obras y se felicitaba por tener en su poder constante adaptación popular hasta nuestros días8. “the manuscript of the first play ever performed on Fuera ya del contexto religioso, de mediados the soil of the United States, July 10th, 1598, and del siglo xix conocemos también otra obra anóni- 28 ma centrada en un conflicto bélico más reciente. Casi inmediatamente después, aunque con una Se trata de Los Tejanos, cuyo original encontró estética, público y formación claramente diferentes, Aurelio M. Espinosa en 1931, que recrea el falli- entra también en escena Josephina Niggli. Nacida do intento de invasión de Nuevo México por parte en Monterrey, México, Niggli se formó en escuelas de expedicionarios tejanos en 1841, cuando la Re- estadounidenses y en 1935 se matriculó en la Uni- pública de Texas intentó ampliar militarmente sus versity of North Carolina, en el programa de teatro. fronteras antes de su anexión a la Unión America- Allí el grupo The Carolina Playmakers puso en es- na9. En esta pieza, el enemigo deja de ser el vecino cena siete de sus obras (con ella misma de actriz en comanche y, por primera vez, es ahora el invasor varios casos). Como su obra narrativa, sus piezas angloamericano (que reaparecerá como antagonis- teatrales están marcadas por un cierto pintoresquis- ta principal de personajes chicanos desde entonces mo, pero Niggli no deja de tocar aspectos sociales y hasta nuestros días), encabezado por el histórico míticos. En la versión publicada de sus obras16, Ni- general Hugh McLeod10. ggli cuida al extremo la inclusión de acotaciones y A estas representaciones sacras y seculares más otras direcciones escénicas, sugiriendo el comienzo o menos autóctonas (a las que habría que sumar las de una labor más puramente didáctica que se mate- danzas de matachines y otras manifestaciones que rializaría después en la publicación de sus manua- no hay espacio para explorar aquí), tenemos que les Pointers on Playwriting y New Pointers on Pla- añadir las numerosas piezas teatrales y espectácu- ywriting17. Niggli trabajó también como guionista los traídos por las compañías itinerantes mexicanas para la compañía cinematográfica Metro Goldwyn y, en algunos casos, españolas que visitaban el su- Mayer y escribió otro manual sobre cómo escribir roeste estadounidense durante sus giras11.
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