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Cahier De Voyage En Campanie

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Cahier De Voyage En Campanie Collège Jean Giono Le Beausset Rome Pompéi Herculanum Paestum Elisabeth Le Coq CAHIER DE VOYAGE EN CAMPANIE 2 au 7 avril 2017 NOMEN : ………………………….. Praenomen : ……………………….. (Cognomen) : ……………………… 1 Programme du voyage Jour Date Repas Nuit Excursions et visites prévues au programme matin midi soir 1 02/04/17 - - - Car Départ de l’établissement vers 18h – trajet vers ROME 2 03/04/17 L R H H Immobilisation de 9h00 de l’autocar sur Rome – journée accompagnée d’un guide francophone (équipé d’écouteurs) – visite de la Rome Antique (Colisée, Forum Romain, Palatin…) – départ de Rome vers 16h00 pour la Campanie – Installation le soir à l’hôtel région CAMPANIE 3 04/04/17 H R H H Journée accompagnée d’un guide francophone – visite du musée archéologique de NAPLES – visite de la SOLFATARE 4 05/04/17 H PR H H Journée accompagnée d’un guide francophone – visite d’HERCULANUM – visite de PAESTUM (fouilles et musée) 5 06/04/17 H R R Car Journée accompagnée d’un guide francophone – visite de la villa Boscoreale - Immobilisation de 9h00 de l’autocar sur POMPEI – visite du site archéologique – départ le soir après l’immobilisation pour LE BEAUSSET 6 08/04/17 L - - - Trajet retour à votre établissement PR : panier-repas L : libre H : hôtel R : restaurant 2 FORUM Centre économique, politique, judiciaire, financier et religieux, le Forum Romain, appelé sous l'Empire Forum Romanum ou Forum Magnum, a été, pendant plus de douze siècles, le cœur même de l'antique cité. A l'origine, le Forum, s'étendant entre le ………….., le …………….. et ………………., était un vallon marécageux. Il devint peu à peu le centre de la vie urbaine et le lieu de réunion habituel des Romains. A l'origine, le terme de forum était donné à la place principale, sur laquelle se réunissait la population. Les Anciens pensaient que le mot forum venait du verbe ………. qui signifie "apporter". C'était là, en effet, l'endroit où les gens apportaient leurs marchandises pour en faire le commerce, mais il est probable que le nom forum a la même étymologie que le terme fores qui signifie "portes" et qu'il est une forme neutre d'un adjectif forus, signifiant "à l'extérieur". Le forum était en effet situé, dans les premiers temps, en dehors de la ville. Cependant, même aux temps anciens, il existait à Rome d'autres forums où l'on vendait les bœufs, les porcs, les poissons, les légumes. Dès la fin de la République et surtout sous l'Empire, le Forum étant devenu trop exigu, les Fora Impériaux virent le jour. Quoi qu'il en soit, le véritable forum de la ville fut toujours le Forum Romanum. Le Forum était à l'origine une zone inhospitalière. Ce fut le champ de bataille des Romains et des Sabins, selon la légende. Ce n'est qu'à la fin du VIe siècle av. J.C. que le roi étrusque Tarquinius Priscus (dit Tarquin l'Ancien) assainit la vallée en construisant l'immense égoût de la …………… ……………….. Il permettra l’assèchement de ces terres marécageuses, en drainant les eaux vers le Tibre, près du Forum Boarium. Selon la légende, ce serait le roi de Rome Tarquin l’Ancien, à l’époque de la domination étrusque, qui le fit construire, poussé par les besoins d’urbanisme d’une ville en forte expansion. Une fois la plaine marécageuse asséchée, il était désormais possible de construire un forum digne de Rome, traversé par la Via …………., la Voie …………., où défilaient les généraux vainqueurs. 3 Le Forum subit d'importantes modifications au cours de son histoire. A la fin de l'époque royale, s'éleva une ligne de boutiques sur le flanc sud du Forum, construites par Tarquin l'Ancien : les Tabernae Veteres. Elles furent détruites en 54 av. J.C. lors de la construction de la Basilique Julia. Au cours du IVème siècle av. J.C. les bouchers furent éloignés et remplacés par des orfèvres, des bijoutiers, des marchands de perles et d'objets précieux, des changeurs, des usuriers. Le Forum fut dès lors réservé au commerce de luxe. Au début de la République, symétriquement aux Tabernae Veteres, s'élevaient les Tabernae Nouae qui disparurent au début de l'Empire. Ces boutiques étaient primitivement connues sous le nom de Tabernae Argentariae, incendiées en 210 av. J.C. et reconstruites en 192 av. J.C. par les édiles plébéiens M. Junius Brutus et L. Oppius. Certains bâtiments du Forum furent détruits et jamais reconstruits. C'est le cas de la Basilique Porcia, incendiée en 52 av. J.C. lors des troubles qui suivirent la mort de Clodius. Mais, si le Forum fut d'abord un lieu de transactions commerciales, il ne faut pas oublier sa fonction ……………….. symbolisée par les différents temples : celui de V…….., le sanctuaire de V………., le Temple de S…………., le Temple de C……….. et de P………….. La C……….., la tribune des R……….. témoignent de la fonction ………….. du Forum qui resta prédominante jusqu'à l'avènement de l'Empire. La tribune des Rostres, située devant la Curie, puis déplacée par César devant le temple de la Concorde, était l’endroit privilégié par les politiques pour s’adresser aux romains. Pour décorer cette tribune, les romains utilisèrent les ……………… des navires du peuple Volsque, ennemis de Rome à l’époque des guerres latines. Quant à la fonction ……………… du Forum, elle était assurée par les Basiliques ………………. et ………….. qui se substitua, à l'époque césarienne à la basilique ……………... C’est au ………………….. qu’étaient les archives de l’Etat. C’est le dernier monument de la période républicaine du Forum qui nous soit parvenu. Il fermait le côté Ouest du Forum. On peut toujours en apercevoir aujourd’hui les ruines, sur lesquelles on a construit le Palais des Sénateurs, la Mairie de Rome. Sous l'Empire, le Forum n'est plus le centre de la vie quotidienne et perd en grande partie sa dimension politique, pour devenir, dès le règne d'Auguste, une sorte de monument historique. C'est sous l'Empire que furent construits le Temple de V………….., l'Arc de S……………………, le Temple de R………….., la Basilique de M……………… et de C……………... L’Arc de Septime Sévère, construit tout en marbre en l’an 203 tout près de la Curie, fête les victoires de l’empereur éponyme sur les P………… et de ses deux fils, Caracalla et Geta. Le style architectural de ce célèbre arc de triomphe fut repris pour l’Arc de Constantin, et bien plus tard, pour l’Arc du Carrousel à Paris. Il nous est parvenu quasiment intact, si on l’excepte le quadrige 4 de bronze qui coiffait l’Arc. Si vous ne trouvez pas de représentation de Geta sur l’Arc, c’est normal : son frère Caracalla les a fait toutes retirer. Il l’avait fait assassiner pour ne plus avoir à partager le pouvoir. Le Forum fut dévasté par plusieurs incendies. En 390 av. J.C. une reconstruction générale fut nécessaire, suite à l'invasion des Gaulois (c'est du moins ce que la tradition admet alors que les traces archéologiques de cette destruction n'ont pas été retrouvées). Le Forum subit d'ailleurs une transformation complète sous César et sous Auguste. Puis l'incendie de Néron, en 64 de notre ère, détruisit la Maison des Vestales, le Temple de Vesta, la Regia et la Curia Iulia. Ce furent Néron lui-même, puis Vespasien et Domitien qui en relevèrent les ruines. En 80 ap. J.C., l'incendie qui eut lieu sous Titus provoqua peu de dégâts. En revanche, l'incendie de Commode, en 191 ap. J.C., dévasta tout le côté est. Septime-Sévère et son fils Caracalla reconstruisirent les monuments détruits. Enfin l'incendie de 283 anéantit la Basilique Julia, le Temple de Saturne, la Curie. Dioclétien se chargea des dommages subis par les différents monuments. De plan sensiblement rectangulaire, bordé de portiques, décoré de statues et de monuments votifs, le Forum réunissait sur son pourtour les différents bâtiments de l'administration et de la vie publique ainsi que des temples. Le Forum était donc bien plus qu'une place publique où l'on venait faire son marché. En effet, bien qu'il soit un lieu de rendez-vous et d'intrigues, le lieu où l'on flâne, le Forum est avant tout le lieu où l'on se presse pour assister aux grands événements. C'est là que se réunissaient les assemblées du peuple, que se déroulaient les procès (ceux de Scipion, de Jugurtha, de Verrès, de Milon notamment), les jeux et les spectacles (on y donnait des combats de bêtes féroces) et les cérémonies religieuses. C'est aussi le lieu où s'affrontaient les orateurs : Cicéron y mit son éloquence au service de la République, menacée par des profiteurs (Verrès) ou des agitateurs (Clodius). Malgré sa qualité de centre du monde, le Forum fut également le lieu de mêlées sanglantes. C'est là que se déroulèrent les soulèvements qui mirent fin à la Royauté et à la tyrannie des decemvirs. Au dernier siècle de la République, de nombreux massacres et des proscriptions eurent lieu sur le Forum. Marius, Sylla et Antoine y firent égorger leurs ennemis. Jules César y fut incinéré en 44 av. J.C. Le Forum fut aussi le lieu des luttes politiques. En effet quelques-uns des épisodes les plus saillants de la rivalité de Marius et Sylla, de Clodius et Milon, d'Antoine et Octave eurent pour théâtre le Forum. A l'époque impériale, bien que l'on n'y donne plus de combats de bêtes féroces, le Forum reste le témoin d'événements horribles : en 69 ap. J.C.
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