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D(Atus) D(Ecreto) D(Ecurionum) Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN STORIA (INDIRIZZO STORIA ANTICA) Ciclo XXV L(OCUS) D(ATUS) D(ECRETO) D(ECURIONUM): LA CONCESSIONE DI SPAZI PUBBLICI NELLE COMUNITÀ CITTADINE DELL’ITALIA ROMANA Coordinatore Dottorato: Ch.mo Prof. MASSIMO MONTANARI Relatore: Ch.ma Prof. FRANCESCA CENERINI Settore Concorsuale di afferenza: 10/D1 (STORIA ANTICA) Settore Scientifico disciplinare: L-ANT/03 (STORIA ROMANA) Presentata da: VALENTINA EMANUELA PISTARINO Esame finale anno 2014 INDICE INTRODUZIONE p. 4 I. METODOLOGIA DELLA RACCOLTA p. 8 I.1. La selezione della documentazione p. 8 I.1.1. Le formule p. 9 I.1.2. Altri elementi contenutistici e formali p. 14 I.2. Tabelle p. 16 II. LE ISCRIZIONI DI AMBITO SACRO p. 19 I.1. La documentazione p. 19 II.2. Gli spazi p. 27 II.2.1. Pompei p. 29 II.2.2. Ostia p. 38 II.2.3. Praeneste p. 46 II.2.4. Tibur p. 50 II.3. Considerazioni generali p. 56 III. LE ISCRIZIONI DI AMBITO FUNERARIO p. 60 III.1. La documentazione p. 60 III.2. Gli spazi p. 73 III.2.1. Pompei p. 74 III.2.2. Ostia p. 88 III.3. Considerazioni generali p. 92 Tabelle p. 103 1. Senatori p. 103 2. Cavalieri p. 104 3. Magistrati cittadini e decurioni p. 108 4. Seviri Augustali e Augustali p. 111 5. Donne p. 112 2 IV. LE ISCRIZIONI DI AMBITO ONORARIO E COSTRUTTIVO p. 115 IV.1. Le iscrizioni di ambito onorario p. 115 IV.2. Gli spazi p. 132 IV.3 Considerazioni generali p. 135 IV.4. Le iscrizioni di ambito costruttivo p. 144 Tabelle p. 149 6.1 Senatori dedicatari p. 149 6.2 Senatori dedicanti p. 156 7.1 Cavalieri dedicatari p. 157 7.2 Cavalieri dedicanti p. 173 8.1 Magistrati cittadini dedicatari p. 174 8.2 Magistrati cittadini dedicanti p. 184 8.3 Decurioni dedicatari p. 185 9.1 Seviri, seviri Augustali e Augustali dedicatari p. 186 9.2 Seviri, seviri Augustali e Augustali dedicanti p. 188 10.1 Donne dedicatarie p. 189 10.2 Donne dedicanti p. 193 V. ANALISI GENERALE p. 194 V.1. La distribuzione geografica e cronologica p. 194 V.2. I concessionari e gli onorati p. 202 V.3. Le formule e le procedure burocratiche p. 203 Appendice: decreti decurionali concedenti spazi pubblici p. 219 CONCLUSIONI p. 231 TABELLA GENERALE p. 233 REFERENZE ICONOGRAFICHE p. 349 BIBLIOGRAFIA p. 350 3 INTRODUZIONE Nelle varie comunità cittadine dell’impero romano il senato locale espletava numerose attività: tra queste, la gestione del suolo pubblico non doveva costituire una funzione di secondaria importanza 1. Tuttavia, le leges municipali, per quanto è conservato dei loro testi, non trattano nello specifico la concessione di spazi pubblici tra le attività dell’ordo decurionale 2; le uniche fonti disponibili, pertanto, sono le epigrafi menzionanti la formula l(ocus) d(atus) d(ecreto) d(ecurionum) ed espressioni similari 3. Questa pratica della vita civica è stata cursoriamente oggetto di studio in diversi contributi, in conseguenza del rinnovato interesse nei riguardi del funzionamento delle amministrazioni locali in età romana 4. Si tratta, comunque, di articoli che circoscrivono il tema, analizzandolo in relazione a ristrette aree geografiche, oppure considerandone solo determinati aspetti (ad esempio l’ambito sacro o quello funerario) 5. Si è perciò ritenuto utile proseguire questa 1 Sulle attività e le funzioni dell’ ordo decurionum si veda in generale LANGHAMMER 1973, pp. 188-277. Una raccolta dei decreti decurionali d’Italia e delle province occidentali è fornita da SHERK 1970; è attualmente in fase di completamento un nuovo corpus dei decreta decurionum per lo stesso ambito territoriale (PARMA 2003, pp. 167-171). 2 Al riguardo si veda il capitolo V. 3 RAOSS 1964-1967, pp. 1545-1554 e 1669-1676. 4 L’intensificarsi degli studi è evidente in particolare a partire dagli ultimi anni del secolo scorso (si vedano studi e riedizioni di leggi municipali, come CRAWFORD 1996, I, pp. 393-454 e LAMBERTI 1993, nonché sintesi e riesami di diverse tematiche, come quelle comprese in Gli statuti municipali 2006), fino ad arrivare ai giorni nostri, con la recentissima pubblicazione Senados municipales 2013 . Da ricordare, inoltre, i diversi convegni organizzati nell’ambito del progetto internazionale “ Le quotidien institutionnel des cités municipales dans le monde romain, IIIe s. av. J.-C.- IIIe s. ” (UMR 8585) - responsabili prof. M. Cébeillac-Gervasoni, prof. C. Berrendonner, già “E.M.I.R.E.” (“Élites Municipales Italiennes de la République et de l'Empire ”): tra i principali, Les “Bourgeoisies” municipales 1983; Les élites municipales des Gracques à Néron 1996; Les élites municipales de la mort de César à la mort de Domitien 2000; Le Quotidien Municipal 2008; Gérer les territoires 2013). 5 Per l’ambito funerario si vedano ANTICO GALLINA 1997 e, limitatamente all’Italia romana, MILANO - P ISTARINO 2008; sugli spazi sacri in ambito italico GRANINO CECERE - M ENNELLA 2008, sui santuari laziali di Praeneste e Tibur GRANINO CECERE 2007. Trattano la concessione di spazio pubblico per realtà territoriale CAMODECA 2003, pp. 175-182 (Campania ); CALDELLI 2008, pp. 278-284 (Ostia); CHELOTTI 2007, pp. 349-350, CHELOTTI 4 linea di ricerca affrontandola in uno studio di più ampio raggio, che comprenda la documentazione epigrafica dell’intero territorio italico (costituito dalle undici regioni augustee ad esclusione di Roma), per tutte le tipologie testuali (iscrizioni sacre, funerarie, onorarie, su opera costruttiva, exempla decreti )6. Pur con tutti i limiti noti a chi affronti questo genere di indagine (dispersione delle iscrizioni, casualità di ritrovamento e conservazione, frequente carenza di informazioni, incertezza della tradizione, ecc.) - cui va ad aggiungersi il problema dell’effettivo rispecchiamento della quotidianità amministrativa nel materiale epigrafico 7 - il presente studio ha comunque potuto prefiggersi alcuni ragionevoli obbiettivi, nel tentativo di formulare osservazioni più precise e puntuali sulla procedura burocratica in esame. Lo scopo ultimo è tentare di far luce su alcune questioni finora irrisolte: era sempre prevista, ad esempio, una richiesta formale per ottenere il suolo pubblico in concessione, e da parte di chi doveva essere inoltrata? Ci sarà stato un regolamento municipale o ci si sarà orientati sulla prassi? Oppure, ancora, quale significato aveva precisamente l’avverbio publice a volte espresso in coda alla formula LDDD ? Si dovrebbe, inoltre, arrivare a chiarire le dinamiche di individuazione dei “concessionari” e degli onorati da parte dell’ ordo decurionum , evidenziando eventuali differenze nei vari ambiti territoriali e nel corso dei secoli; è, inoltre, interessante verificare l’associazione di altre forme di omaggio a privati (ad esempio il funus publicum ). Casi specifici meritano un adeguato 2006, SILVESTRINI 2003, pp. 187-191 ( regio II ). Da menzionare, al di fuori dell’ambito italico, lo studio sulle iscrizioni LDDD di due centri africani, Cuicul e Thamugadi (ZIMMER 1989). Si occupa della concessione del locus sepulturae , pur essendo, in realtà, ben distinta dal funus publicum , anche WESCH -KLEIN 1993. 6 La consistenza del materiale epigrafico raccolto ha reso evidente come la documentazione epigrafica italica LDDD sia un campione ampiamente rappresentativo dal punto di vista statistico, portando ad escludere, anche per gli ovvi limiti temporali, un ulteriore ampliamento della ricerca in ambito provinciale. 7 CAMODECA 2003, pp. 173-174. 5 approfondimento: Pompei, ad esempio, offre la possibilità, grazie alle iscrizioni in situ , di determinare con relativa certezza quali fossero effettivamente le aree pubbliche menzionate dalle epigrafi, portando a chiarire alcuni interrogativi relativi alle modalità di assegnazione e alle caratteristiche degli spazi concessi a privati. Una delle difficoltà dello studio è certamente consistita nell’affrontare un materiale composito per tipologia testuale: la classificazione di una dedica come onoraria o funeraria non è una questione di ordine meramente teorico, dato che nei diversi casi la formula LDDD può indicare uno spazio per una statua, verosimilmente all’interno della città, oppure un locus sepulturae necropolare. Ora, l’individuazione della categoria testuale cui appartiene un’epigrafe non è sempre meccanica; al contrario in molti casi vi è adito al dubbio 8: dediche di genitori al filius piissimus o di un marito alla optima uxor , senza sicuri elementi funerari, potevano ben figurare sia su una base onoraria, sia su un segnacolo sepolcrale. L’esigenza di operare una scelta metodologica mi ha portato a considerare come iscrizioni funerarie solo quelle che possono essere classificate come tali con certezza (ad esempio per l’ adprecatio agli Dei Mani, la formula sibi et , la forma a stele o ad ara del supporto, ecc.), inserendo nelle dediche onorarie tutti gli altri testi. Un altro problema, d’altra parte, è rappresentato dalla mancata coincidenza, chiaramente riscontrabile in taluni casi, tra la tipologia dell’iscrizione e la natura dello spazio concesso: un’epigrafe onoraria, ad esempio, può menzionare la concessione di un locus sepulturae in un elenco di omaggi tributati ad un personaggio. Con tutta evidenza non è dunque sufficiente considerare solo la classificazione testuale, ma occorre valutare anche il tipo di spazio menzionato nel documento, se noto: pertanto ho scelto di articolare la 8 Sulla difficoltà di distinguere in alcuni casi la natura onoraria o funeraria dell’iscrizione, si vedano RAOSS 1964-1967, p. 1508; CHRISTOL 1986, pp. 90-92 e ECK 1996b, pp. 309-310. 6 trattazione per ambiti (sacro, funerario, onorario e costruttivo), specificando ogni volta quale documentazione viene esaminata. La tesi si compone di cinque capitoli: il primo è relativo alla metodologia della raccolta del materiale (il catalogo delle epigrafi, sintetizzato in una tabella sinottica generale, è proposto in apparato alla tesi a causa della sua corposità); i capitoli centrali, dal secondo al quarto, sono relativi ai diversi ambiti di utilizzo della formula LDDD , come già anticipato; segue una panoramica sui vari aspetti della pratica burocratica, con un’analisi generale territoriale e cronologica, cui fanno seguito le conclusioni.
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