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Gender and Sustainable Urban Mobility Gender and Sustainable Urban Mobility Deike Peters Thematic study prepared for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 Available from http://www.unhabitat.org/grhs/2013 Dr. Deike Peters teaches urban planning and development at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. From 2000 to 2011, she held various academic appointments at the Technical University Berlin in Germany – most recently as Director of the Center for Metropolitan Studies’ DFG Research Group on Urban Megaprojects. She has sixteen years of experience in sustainable transport advocacy and consulting for international development institutions. Her work has been published in numerous academic journals and edited volumes. From 2007 to 2011, she served on the HS-Net Advisory Board, reviewing several draft issues of the Global Report on Human Settlements. Comments may be sent to the author by email: [email protected]. Disclaimer: This case study is published as submitted by the consultant, and it has not been edited by the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations of the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme or its Member States. Nairobi, 2011 Contents 1. A Gendered Perspective on Sustainable Urban Transport.............................................. 1 2. A Gendered Perspective on Non-Motorized Transport.................................................... 3 2.1. Trends and conditions..................................................................................................... 3 2.2. Impacts and challenges................................................................................................... 7 3. A Gendered Perspective on Public Transport................................................................... 9 3.1. Trends and conditions..................................................................................................... 9 3.2. Impacts and challenges................................................................................................. 11 4. A Gendered Perspective on Informal Motorized Transport.......................................... 12 4.1. Trends and conditions................................................................................................... 12 4.2. Impacts and challenges................................................................................................. 14 5. A Gendered Perspective on Private Motorized Transport............................................. 15 5.1. Trends and conditions................................................................................................... 15 5.2. Impacts and challenges................................................................................................. 19 6. A Gendered Perspective on Commercial Goods Transport........................................... 20 6.1. Trends and conditions................................................................................................... 20 6.2. Impacts and challenges................................................................................................. 22 7. A Gendered Perspective on Land-Use and Transport Planning ................................... 23 7.1. Trends and conditions................................................................................................... 23 7.2. Impacts and challenges................................................................................................. 25 8. Policy Responses in Urban Transport.............................................................................. 27 8.1. Gender mainstreaming at the international and national levels.................................... 27 8.1.1. The World Bank’s Gender and Transport Resource Guide website..................... 28 8.1.2. EU recommendations on gender mainstreaming in transport............................... 28 8.2. From sex-disaggregated data sets to gender-sensitive stakeholder consultations ........ 28 8.3. Gender auditing for urban transport ............................................................................. 31 8.4. Local policy responses: ‘Women-only’ vs. gender-sensitive solutions ....................... 32 8.4.1. Women-only transit services and parking infrastructures .................................... 33 8.4.1.1. Women-only rail services ............................................................................. 33 8.4.1.2. Women-only bus services ............................................................................. 34 8.4.1.3. Women-only taxi services............................................................................. 34 8.4.1.4. Women-only and family parking spaces....................................................... 34 8.4.2. Designing gender-sensitive transit and transport infrastructures.......................... 35 8.4.3. Gender-balanced public signage: re-gendered traffic signs and signals............... 36 8.5. Increasing female employment in transport ................................................................. 36 8.6. Impacts of policy responses.......................................................................................... 37 8.7. Challenges for future policy development ................................................................... 40 9. Future Policy Directions: Towards Gender-Sensitive Urban Transport Policies, Plans and Projects ................................................................................................................... 41 9.1. Gender and sustainable urban transport and mobility: Evidence and responses.......... 41 9.2. Revisiting the transport and gender dimensions of the Millennium Development Goals41 9.3. The ‘9 Ps’ of gender-sensitive urban transport planning and additional resources...... 43 9.4. Concluding remarks...................................................................................................... 45 GRHS 2013: Thematic report Deike Peters iii Gender List of References ................................................................................................................... 46 Annex A. Overview of the World Bank Gender and Transport Resource Guide ........... 54 Annex B. Transport Policy Recommendations From the International Preparatory Conference ‘Gender Perspectives for Earth Summit 2002’ in Berlin...................... 57 Annex C. Gender Mainstreaming in Transport: EU Policy Recommendations.............. 59 Annex D. Sample ‘Women and Public Transport’ Gender Audit Checklist.................... 60 List of boxes Box 1. Women as a means of commercial goods transport in Accra, Ghana ............................ 6 Box 2. After the rickshaws ban, a Dhaka woman’s struggle to access public transport (Bangladesh) .............................................................................................................. 10 Box 3. Baltimore’s hacks: Gendered perspectives on using informal motorized transport in the US............................................................................................................................... 12 Box 4. Gender differences in using motorcycles as paratransit in Nigerian cities................... 14 Box 5. Motorbikes and maternal health ................................................................................... 17 Box 6. Practical necessity trumps legal ban against women drivers in Saudi Arabia.............. 18 Box 7. Truck and taxi divers’ wives’ advocacy for their husbands’ rights, Rwanda............... 22 Box 8. Gendered perspectives on life and travel in post-socialist suburban Sofia, Bulgaria... 24 Box 9. Using cognitive mapping and geographic information systems (GIS) for gender- sensitive transport prioritization: Results from a pilot study in Southern Lesotho.... 30 Box 10. The feminization of Peruvian traffic police: Ending corruption by hiring female officers ....................................................................................................................... 37 Box 11. The tangible impacts of teaching women how to ride: ITDP’s AfriBike pilot project39 Box 12. Key resources for mainstreaming gender into urban transport on the web................ 43 Box 13. The ‘9 Ps’ of gender-sensitive urban transport planning and policy making............. 44 List of figures Figure 1. Women’s share of bike trips in selected developed countries.................................... 4 Figure 2. Mode shares by gender and ethnicity in Johannesburg, South Africa........................ 5 Figure 3. Gendered car use in Germany, 2002 – 2008............................................................. 16 Figure 4. Female employment by transport sub-sector, EU27, 2001 and 2005 (per cent) ...... 20 Figure 5. ‘Twin-track’ gender mainstreaming ......................................................................... 27 Figure 6. Toward socially inclusive and gender-responsive transport planning: Stakeholder consultation for the Timor-Leste Road Sector Improvement Project ........................ 29 GRHS 2013: Thematic report
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