DOCSLIB.ORG

Article Provides a Simple Explanation for 2-Stroke and 4-Stroke Engines

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

More Create Blog Sign In Daily Dose of Air Pollution Air pollution is a growing problem in most cities (big and small). The "Daily Dose" aims to disseminate the best available information on air pollution and engage in discussions to better understand the process of air quality management. For more details on the program, please visit http://www.urbanemissions.info MONDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2009 INFORMATION PORTALS Urban Emissions 2-Stroke vs. 4-Stroke Engines India Air Quality Information Delhi Air Quality Information Article provides a simple explanation for 2-Stroke and 4-Stroke engines MOST VISITED IN 7 DAYS 2 Stroke & 4-Stroke Cycle Engines 2-Stroke vs. 4-Stroke Engines Article provides a simple explanation for 2-Stroke and 4-Stroke engines (Source: Columbia Encyclopedia) The Two-Stroke Cycle Th... An MS-Excel Based Calculator to Estimate Air Quality Index The Air Quality Index (AQI) is an "index" determined by calculating the degree of pollution in the city or at the monitoring po... Journal Article - Long-term historical trends in air pollutant emissions in (Source: Columbia Encyclopedia) Asia: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 3 The Two-Stroke Cycle Journal Article - A miniature Portable The two-stroke engine is simpler mechanically than the Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) for real-driving monitoring of four-stroke engine. The two-stroke engine delivers one motorcycles power stroke every two strokes instead of one every four; thus it develops more power with the same displacement, Whats the Difference or can be lighter and yet deliver the same power. For this Between Air Quality and reason it is used in lawn mowers, chain saws, small Air Quality Index? automobiles, motorcycles, and outboard marine engines. However, there are several disadvantages that restrict its Modeling Tools for Air use. Since there are twice as many power strokes during Pollution Analysis & the operation of a two-stroke engine as there are during Management the operation of a four-stroke engine, the engine tends to A number of tools have heat up more, and thus is likely to have a shorter life. been developed to analyze air pollution and estimate Also, in the two-stroke engine lubricating oil must be costs and benefits of an array of mixed with the fuel. This causes a very high level of management options. A number... hydrocarbons in its exhaust, unless the fuel-air mixture is computer calculated to maximize combustion. A highly Journal Article - Ozone a persistent efficient, pollution-free two-stroke automobile engine is currently being developed by Orbital challenge to food security in India: Current status and policy implications Engineering, under arrangements with all the U.S. auto makers. Journal Article - How can Indian The Four-Stroke Cycle power plants cost-effectively meet the new sulfur emission standards? Policy evaluation using marginal abatement cost-curves Journal Article - A framework for analyzing trade-offs in cost and emissions in power sector Journal Article - Implication of emission regulation on cost and tariffs of coal-based power plants in India: A system modelling approach WHAT'S NEW ON DAILY DOSE ► 2020 (55) ► 2019 (11) ► 2018 (44) ► 2017 (60) ► 2016 (303) ► 2015 (122) ► 2014 (170) In most engines a single cycle of operation (intake, compression, power, and exhaust) takes place ► 2013 (122) over four strokes of a piston, made in two engine revolutions. When an engine has more than one ► 2012 (110) cylinder the cycles are evenly staggered for smooth operation, but each cylinder will go through a ► 2011 (194) full cycle in any two engine revolutions. When the piston is at the top of the cylinder at the ► 2010 (133) beginning of the intake stroke, the intake valve opens and the descending piston draws in the air- fuel mixture. ▼ 2009 (192) ▼ December 2009 (21) At the bottom of the stroke the intake valve closes and the piston starts upward on the compression Climate Change Unexplained stroke, during which it squeezes the air-fuel mixture into a small space at the top of the cylinder. (Guardian) The ratio of the volume of the cylinder when the piston is at the bottom to the volume when the Air Pollution Alerts - December piston is at the top is called the compression ratio. The higher the compression ratio, the more 27th, 2009 powerful the engine and the higher its efficiency. However, in order to accommodate air pollution ATMoS-4.0: Simplified control devices, manufacturers have had to lower compression ratios. Atmospheric Transport Disper... Just before the piston reaches the top again, the spark plug fires, igniting the air-fuel mixture Delhi Experiences ~10,900 (alternatively, the heat of compression ignites the mixture). The mixture on burning becomes a hot, Premature Deaths Annuall... expanding gas forcing the piston down on its power stroke. Burning should be smooth and Air Pollution Alerts - December controlled. Faster, uncontrolled burning sometimes occurs when hot spots in the cylinder preignite 20th, 2009 the mixture; these explosions are called engine knock and cause loss of power. As the piston Copenhagen's Carbon Debt = reaches the bottom, the exhaust valve opens, allowing the piston to force the combustion products GHG's of 100,000 Ethiop... —mainly carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbons—out of Space-Time Exposure Modelling the cylinder during the upward exhaust stroke. System in London Cooling and Lubrication of Engines Bye Bye Bajaj, Scooter In News.. China: Air Quality, Most small two-stroke engines are air-cooled. Air flows over cooling fins around the outside of the Energy & Transport cylinder and head, either by the natural motion of the vehicle or from a fan. Many aircraft four- Monitoring What We Want to stroke engines are also air-cooled; larger engines have the cylinders arranged radially so that all Manage & Mapping Urban ... cylinders are directly in the airstream. Most four-stroke engines, however, are water-cooled. A 2-Stroke vs. 4-Stroke Engines water jacket encloses the cylinders; a water pump forces water through the jacket, where it draws Air Pollution Alerts - December heat from the engine. Next, the water flows into a radiator where the heat is given off to the air; it 13th, 2009 then moves back into the jacket to repeat the cycle. During warm-up a thermostatic valve keeps Climate Change: What's the water from passing to the radiator until optimum operating temperatures are attained. Final Answer? Four-stroke engines are lubricated by oil from a separate oil reservoir, either in the crankcase, Beijing Cars = Four Million in December 2009 which is a pan attached to the underside of the engine, or in an external tank. In an automobile engine a gear pump delivers the oil at low pressure to the bearings. Some bearings may depend on A Climate Change Reading for oil splashed from the bottom of the crankcase by the turning crankshaft. In a two-stroke engine the Lay People (NPR) lubricating oil is mixed with the fuel. Air Pollution Alerts - December 6th, 2009 ******* Population, Energy, & Climate Change - An Interact... A case study from Dhaka, Bangladesh - Reducing Emissions from Baby-Taxis An Animated Journey Through Earth's Climate Histor... Emission factors for various vehicles SIM-air Paper No.28 - Measuring Autorickshaw Emiss... Posted by Sarath Guttikunda at 8:03 AM Public Awareness of Air Labels: Motorcycles, Pollution Impacts, Urban Emissions Pollution in Seoul, Korea The First Cuts (Indian Express) - No comments: Think Local & Si... Post a Comment ► November 2009 (10) ► October 2009 (12) ► September 2009 (21) Newer Post Home Older Post ► August 2009 (7) ► July 2009 (10) Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom) ► June 2009 (19) ► May 2009 (28) ► April 2009 (16) ► March 2009 (14) ► February 2009 (16) ► January 2009 (18) ► 2008 (34) AIR POLLUTION TODAY IN Abu Dhabi, Saudi Arabia Bangkok, Thailand Beijing, China Beijing, China (US Emb. Twitter) Bruxelles, Belgium Cyprus Czech Republic Delhi, India (CPCB) Delhi, India (DPCC) Finland and Baltic Region Hong Kong Kolkata, India Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Lombardia, Italy London, UK Madrid, Spain Mexico City, Mexico Milano, Italy Multiple Cities, Austria Multiple Cities, Belgium Multiple Cities, Canada Multiple Cities, China Multiple Cities, Cyprus Multiple Cities, Europe Multiple Cities, Germany Multiple Cities, Norway Multiple Cities, South Korea Multiple Cities, USA Multiple Regions, Italy Mumbai, India Netherlands Oslo, Norway Paris, France Pune, India Quebec, Canada Roma, Italy Sao Paulo, Brazil Shanghai, China Singapore Starsborg, Germany Switzerland Sydney, Australia Taiwan Tokyo, Japan Toronto, Canada Turino, Italy Victoria, Australia REVELANT LINKS Clean Air Asia (CAI-Asia before) Climate Daily Debate Climate Revolution (India) Daily Dump Green Essentials Green Idea Factory Health Effects Institute In These Times India Together Live from Beijing Peak Energy Pollution Free Cities Rapid Uplift Reinventing Parking Roger Pielke Jr. Roger Pielke Sr. Scientific American TED The City Fix The Daily Climate The Delhi Walla Watts Up With That World Change Cafe World-O-Meters AIR POLLUTION JOURNALS Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Atmospheric Environment Atmospheric Pollution Research Economic and Political Weekly Energy Policy Environmental Modeling and Software Environmental Science and Policy Environmental Science and Technology Evironmental Development Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Journal of Geophysical Research Transportation and Research - Part D MORE ON URBANEMISSIONS Sarath Guttikunda Sudhir Gota FOLLOW BY EMAIL Email address... Submit FOLLOW ME @ Posts Comments Picture Window theme. Powered by Blogger. HowStuffWorks / Science / Transportation / Engines & Equipment How Two-stroke Engines Work BY MARSHALL BRAIN Disadvantages of the Two-stroke PREV UP NEXT You can now see that two-stroke engines have two important advantages over four-stroke engines: They are simpler and lighter, and they produce about twice as much power. So why do cars and trucks use four-stroke engines? There are four main reasons: Two-stroke engines don't last nearly as long as four-stroke engines.
Recommended publications
  • Bakrutan-1984-01.Pdf

    Bakrutan-1984-01.Pdf

    En vy Över utställningen på Saabs familjedag på Gustafsvik, Kristinehamn. Fotograf: Anita-Maria Karlsson. Saab. Ett mycket lyckat foto från årets ölandsträff Kai Perssons ombyggda 93/59. kycklinggul och soltak! Deltog i Sveriges snyggaste Bil - 83. Visst är den snygg! Fotograf: Gunnar Samuelsson. Linkopng. SVENSKA 0££M1111920Ulia32 21[18 c/o Lennart FrostelidFryxellsgatan 1 680 71 BJÖRNEBORG 0550/26062 PC. 476 52 46 - 6 • BAKRUTAN, - organ för Svenska Saabregistret, 680 71 BJÖRNEBORG Nr 1 1984 årgång 8 start 1976. Medlemsavgift 1984 50:- som skall betalas in på PC. 476 52 46 - 6 ---------- Som fullvärdig medlem räknas den som erlagt full avgift till Registret. Medlemsavgiften betalas per år, alltså till årets slut. Krav på tvåtaktsägande finns ej för att få medlemsskap i Registret SVENSKA SAABREGISTRETS mål är att bevara tvåtaktaren i originalskick att verka för god reservdelsförsörjning till medlemmarna till rimliga priser, att öka kunskapen om Saabens intressanta historia, samt att samarbeta med tillbehörsfirmor i syfte att pressa priser och ge medlem- marna god service. Annonsering i BAKRUTAN, är gratis för privatpersoner. Firmor och företag skall kontakta redaktören för kostnadsförslag. INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING: 1. Framsidan SAAB 95159 22. GUSTAFSVIK öppet hus på Saab - 2. Bilder från sommarens träffar 55. TEMA SAAB 95 3. Redaktionellt 34. TEMA SAAB 95 4. Nya medlemmar 35. TEMA SAAB 95 / Klubbshoppen 5. Nya Medlemmar 56. Min Bil HANS EKLUND, Enköping 93F/60 6. Nya Medlemmar 37. Min Bil HANS EKLUND, -"- 7. Nya Medlemmar 38. Besök på Saabs museum i Trolghättan 8. BELLtIvuE TRADINGANNONS 39. -"- 40. Saabreklam 1954 9. NORGETRÄFF I LOEN 17BYt-&-f-ijällri- RAKRUTAN har jag gläd - 10.NORGETRÄFF I LOEN jen att få bifoga den nya datoriserade 11.SAAB 92/47 Medlemsmatrikeln.
  • Trade Mission Booklet

    Trade Mission Booklet

    DC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TRADE MISSION TO THE BAHAMAS APRIL 29– MAY 2, 2019 TRADE MISSION PROGRAMME BOOKLET DC Chamber of Commerce 1133 21st Street, NW M 200 Washington, DC 20036 Phone: 202-347-7201 Email: [email protected] Stay Connected! twitter.com/dcchamber Page 34 Page 3 Message from Vincent B. Orange, Sr. President & CEO DC Chamber of Commerce April 29, 2019 Greetings: It is an honor and privilege to lead the District of Columbia Chamber of Commerce Delegation to the Commonwealth of the Bahamas for this historic trade mission. We are extremely delighted to be here in Nassau, Bahamas for four days to explore, learn, invest and develop meaningful business and partnership relations, and to have a little fun as well. Our Chamber was elated to receive the Bahamas Chamber of Commerce and Employers’ Confederation (BCCEC) and the Dignitaries of the Bahamas in the eightieth anniversary year of the DC Chamber of Commerce which was founded on June 20, 1938. As the “Voice of Business” in the Nation’s Capital, Washington, D.C., we stand proud in representing small, medium and large businesses through advocating, connecting and educating while delivering the capital on behalf of our members. The DC Chamber Delegation is here today pursuant to the memorandum of understanding between our Chambers and the pursuit of further strengthening business relations and developing reciprocal cooperation for opportunities to conduct business together. Developing and establishing a practical framework for stronger business engagement and the enhancement of reciprocal economic objectives are our mutual goals. The joint efforts of our Chambers have made our missions rewarding, promising, developing and growing to bear fruit for our members, countries, communities and cultural engagement.
  • Gender and Sustainable Urban Mobility

    Gender and Sustainable Urban Mobility

    Gender and Sustainable Urban Mobility Deike Peters Thematic study prepared for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 Available from http://www.unhabitat.org/grhs/2013 Dr. Deike Peters teaches urban planning and development at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. From 2000 to 2011, she held various academic appointments at the Technical University Berlin in Germany – most recently as Director of the Center for Metropolitan Studies’ DFG Research Group on Urban Megaprojects. She has sixteen years of experience in sustainable transport advocacy and consulting for international development institutions. Her work has been published in numerous academic journals and edited volumes. From 2007 to 2011, she served on the HS-Net Advisory Board, reviewing several draft issues of the Global Report on Human Settlements. Comments may be sent to the author by email: [email protected]. Disclaimer: This case study is published as submitted by the consultant, and it has not been edited by the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations of the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme or its Member States.
  • Modernizing the Opposed-Piston, Two-Stroke Engine For

    Modernizing the Opposed-Piston, Two-Stroke Engine For

    Modernizing the Opposed-Piston, Two-Stroke Engine 2013-26-0114 for Clean, Efficient Transportation Published on 9th -12 th January 2013, SIAT, India Dr. Gerhard Regner, Laurence Fromm, David Johnson, John Kosz ewnik, Eric Dion, Fabien Redon Achates Power, Inc. Copyright © 2013 SAE International and Copyright@ 2013 SIAT, India ABSTRACT Opposed-piston (OP) engines were once widely used in Over the last eight years, Achates Power has perfected the OP ground and aviation applications and continue to be used engine architecture, demonstrating substantial breakthroughs today on ships. Offering both fuel efficiency and cost benefits in combustion and thermal efficiency after more than 3,300 over conventional, four-stroke engines, the OP architecture hours of dynamometer testing. While these breakthroughs also features size and weight advantages. Despite these will initially benefit the commercial and passenger vehicle advantages, however, historical OP engines have struggled markets—the focus of the company’s current development with emissions and oil consumption. Using modern efforts—the Achates Power OP engine is also a good fit for technology, science and engineering, Achates Power has other applications due to its high thermal efficiency, high overcome these challenges. The result: an opposed-piston, specific power and low heat rejection. two-stroke diesel engine design that provides a step-function improvement in brake thermal efficiency compared to conventional engines while meeting the most stringent, DESIGN ATTRIBUTES mandated emissions
  • District of Columbia Board of Elections Candidates - April 1, 2014 Primary Election

    District of Columbia Board of Elections Candidates - April 1, 2014 Primary Election

    District of Columbia Board of Elections Candidates - April 1, 2014 Primary Election DEMOCRATIC Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives Pick-up Date Candidate's Name Contact Person Candidate's Address Phone Number Date Filed Email Address Eleanor H. Norton Jacqueline Pelt P.O. Box 70626 20024 202-207-8829 11/8/13 12/20/13 [email protected] Mayor of the District of Columbia Pick-up Date Candidate's Name Contact Person Candidate's Address Phone Number Date Filed Email Address Carlos Allen 1715 Kilborne Place, NW 20010 240-678-9846 12/5/13 1/2/14 [email protected] Muriel E. Bowser Muriel Bowser/Bo ShuffP.O. Box 60385 20039 202-832-0403 11/8/13 12/9/13 [email protected] Christian Carter (withdrew 1/27/14) Christian Carter 2509 Branch Ave., SE 20020 202-699-2626 11/8/13 1/2/14 [email protected] Jack Evans Josh Brown 2213 14th Street, NW 20009 202-503-9671 11/8/13 1/2/14 [email protected] Vincent C. Gray Chuck Thies 2619 Branch Ave, SE, 20020 202-957-0873 12/2/13 12/31/13 [email protected] Reta Lewis Larry Decker 1050 Conn. Ave, NW 10th Fl. 20036 202-733-3050 11/8/13 1/2/14 larry@retalewis for mayor.com Vincent Orange 1540 Taylor Street, NE 20017 202-723-0113 11/8/13 12/9/13 [email protected] Andy Shallal 1831 Kalorama Road, NW 20009 202-903-7006 11/8/13 12/9/13 [email protected] Tommy Wells Daniel Conner 317 Pennsylvania Ave., SE 20003 202-656-7053 11/8/13 12/31/13 [email protected] Chairman of the Council Pick-up Date Candidate's Name Contact Person Candidate's Address Phone Number Date Filed Email Address Calvin H.
  • International Business Guide

    International Business Guide

    WASHINGTON, DC INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS GUIDE Contents 1 Welcome Letter — Mayor Muriel Bowser 2 Welcome Letter — DC Chamber of Commerce President & CEO Vincent Orange 3 Introduction 5 Why Washington, DC? 6 A Powerful Economy Infographic8 Awards and Recognition 9 Washington, DC — Demographics 11 Washington, DC — Economy 12 Federal Government 12 Retail and Federal Contractors 13 Real Estate and Construction 12 Professional and Business Services 13 Higher Education and Healthcare 12 Technology and Innovation 13 Creative Economy 12 Hospitality and Tourism 15 Washington, DC — An Obvious Choice For International Companies 16 The District — Map 19 Washington, DC — Wards 25 Establishing A Business in Washington, DC 25 Business Registration 27 Office Space 27 Permits and Licenses 27 Business and Professional Services 27 Finding Talent 27 Small Business Services 27 Taxes 27 Employment-related Visas 29 Business Resources 31 Business Incentives and Assistance 32 DC Government by the Letter / Acknowledgements D C C H A M B E R O F C O M M E R C E Dear Investor: Washington, DC, is a thriving global marketplace. With one of the most educated workforces in the country, stable economic growth, established research institutions, and a business-friendly government, it is no surprise the District of Columbia has experienced significant growth and transformation over the past decade. I am excited to present you with the second edition of the Washington, DC International Business Guide. This book highlights specific business justifications for expanding into the nation’s capital and guides foreign companies on how to establish a presence in Washington, DC. In these pages, you will find background on our strongest business sectors, economic indicators, and foreign direct investment trends.
  • 92-96 Fakta, Page 1

    92-96 Fakta, Page 1

    92-96_fakta, Page 1 Förord Detta dokument handlar om vad SAAB, så vitt jag vet, sysslade med fram till tidigt sjuttiotal. Tyngdpunkten ligger på SAABs bilar och då både produktionsmodeller och konceptbilar. Egentligen skulle det bara handla om tvåtaktsmodellerna men det vore opraktiskt att inte ta med även SAAB 95/96 med V4-motorer. Dock avhandlas ej flygsektionen utom som information om hur SAAB tillkom. Bilmodellerna beskrivs så noga som möjligt. Det har inte alltid varit lätt att få tag på pålitliga specifikationer på vissa modeller, t.ex. GT 750 och GT 850. Mer än 50% av de internetsidor som påstod sig ha specifikationer på dessa påstod att motorn hade 6 ventiler !!!!! (Båda modellerna är ju 2-taktare) Behöver jag tala om att jag försvann ”som en avlöning” från dessa sidor. Dock går jag inte in på detaljspecifikationer när det gäller motorerna då jag planerar ett särskilt dokument om SAABs motorer men det projektet har ännu inte tagit form. Med i detta dokument finns, i så god kronologisk ordning som är praktiskt möjligt, kortfattade beskrivningar av annan produktion och projekt som försiggick under 50-, 60- och 70-tal. SAAB gör ett försök att producera en liten aluminiumbåt 1944, när krigslutet kunde skönjas, formades planerna att man skulle starta tillverkning av en liten aluminiumbåt. 1946 inleddes produktionen. Båtmodellen kallades för Saalina och var en nitad aluminiumkonstruktion, man hade ju gott om aluminiumplåt och nitar från flygplans- tillverkningen. I första hand var den avsedd att ros men kunde även ha en utombordsmotor. Båten var öppen men åtminstone ett exemplar blev halvdäckat och fick vindruta.
  • Gynecology & Obstetrics

    Gynecology & Obstetrics

    International Journal of GYNECOLOGY & OBSTETRICS Volume 107, Supplement 1, (2009) Amsterdam • Boston • London • New York • Oxford • Paris • Philadelphia • San Diego • St. Louis International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Officers President: D. Shaw (Canada) Vice-President: S. Zaidi (Pakistan) President-Elect: G. Serour (Egypt) Past-President: A. Acosta (Paraguay) Honorary Treasurer: J. Liljestrand (Sweden) Honorary Secretary: I. Fraser (Australia) FIGO Chief Executive H. Rushwan (Sudan/UK) Executive Board Australia & New Zealand K. Clark Japan T. Kamura Belgium J.-M. Foidart Jordan A. Abdelwahed Brazil N. R. de Melo Lebanon G. El-Kehdy Canada A. Lalonde Malaysia A. A. Yahya Chile E. Suarez Pacheco Pakistan F. Zaman Costa Rica G. M. Larios Palestine I. Tawfiq-Arafat France B. Carbonne Slovenia B. Kralj Germany R. Kreienberg South Africa F. Guidozzi Greece I. E. Messinis Spain J. Bajo Arenas Ghana K. Apea-Kubi Sweden E. Persson India B. S. Anklesaria Turkey I. M. Itil Italy M. Campogrande United States of America R. Hale International Editions and Collaborations IJGO India Editor-in-Chief: Dr Rohit V. Bhatt ([email protected]) Editorial Office: Medical Communication Network A-39, South Extension–2 New Delhi 110 049, India E-mail: [email protected] IJGO China Editor-in-Chief: Dr Zhenyu Zhang E-mail: [email protected] Giornale Italiano di Ostetricia e Ginecologia Scientific Editor: Dr A.R. Genazzani Managing Editor: Andrea Salvati Editorial Office: CIC Edizioni Internazionali s.r.l, Corso Trieste 42, 00198 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] For information about The Secretariat of FIGO is at FIGO House, Suite 3, FIGO: Waterloo Court, 10 Theed Street, London, SE1 8ST UK.
  • The Aircraft Propulsion the Aircraft Propulsion

    The Aircraft Propulsion the Aircraft Propulsion

    THE AIRCRAFT PROPULSION Aircraft propulsion Contact: Ing. Miroslav Šplíchal, Ph.D. [email protected] Office: A1/0427 Aircraft propulsion Organization of the course Topics of the lectures: 1. History of AE, basic of thermodynamic of heat engines, 2-stroke and 4-stroke cycle 2. Basic parameters of piston engines, types of piston engines 3. Design of piston engines, crank mechanism, 4. Design of piston engines - auxiliary systems of piston engines, 5. Performance characteristics increase performance, propeller. 6. Turbine engines, introduction, input system, centrifugal compressor. 7. Turbine engines - axial compressor, combustion chamber. 8. Turbine engines – turbine, nozzles. 9. Turbine engines - increasing performance, construction of gas turbine engines, 10. Turbine engines - auxiliary systems, fuel-control system. 11. Turboprop engines, gearboxes, performance. 12. Maintenance of turbine engines 13. Ramjet engines and Rocket engines Aircraft propulsion Organization of the course Topics of the seminars: 1. Basic parameters of piston engine + presentation (1-7)- 3.10.2017 2. Parameters of centrifugal flow compressor + presentation(8-14) - 17.10.2017 3. Loading of turbine blade + presentation (15-21)- 31.10.2017 4. Jet engine cycle + presentation (22-28) - 14.11.2017 5. Presentation alternative date Seminar work: Aircraft engines presentation A short PowerPoint presentation, aprox. 10 minutes long. Content of presentation: - a brief history of the engine - the main innovation introduced by engine - engine drawing / cross-section -
  • Development of Quality Indicators to Measure Pre-Hospital Emergency

    Development of Quality Indicators to Measure Pre-Hospital Emergency

    Azami-Aghdash et al. BMC Health Services Research (2021) 21:235 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06238-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Development of quality indicators to measure pre-hospital emergency medical services for road traffic injury Saber Azami-Aghdash1,2, Ahmad Moosavi3, Hojatolah Gharaee4, Ghader Sadeghi2, Haleh Mousavi Isfahani5, Alireza Ghasemi Dastgerdi6 and Mohammad Mohseni7* Abstracts Background: Pre-Hospital Emergency Care (PEC) is a fundamental property of prevention of Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs). Thus, this sector requires a system for evaluation and performance improvement. This study aimed to develop quality indicators to measure PEC for RTIs. Methods: Following the related literature review, 14 experts were interviewed through semi-structured interviews to identify Quality Measurement Indicators (QMIs). The extracted indicators were then categorized into three domains: structure, performance, and management. Finally, the identified QMIs were confirmed through two rounds of the Delphi technique. Results: Using literature review 11 structural, 13 performance, and four managerial indicators (A total of 28 indicators) were identified. Also, four structural, four performance, and three managerial indicators (A total of 11indicators) were extracted from interviews with experts. Two indicators were excluded after two rounds of Delphi’s technics. Finally, 14 structural, 16 performance and, seven managerial indicators (A total of 37indicators) were finalized. Conclusion: Due to the importance and high proportion of RTIs compared to other types of injuries, this study set out to design and evaluate the QMIs of PEC delivered for RTIs. The findings of this research contribute to measuring and planning aimed at improving the performance of PEC. Keywords: Quality measurement indicators, Pre-hospital, Emergency care, Road traffic injuries Background monitoring reports of Millennium Development Goals Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) is one of the major public (MDGs), RTIs account for around a quarter (24%) of all health concerns worldwide [1–3].
  • Karl E. Ludvigsen Papers, 1905-2011. Archival Collection 26

    Karl E. Ludvigsen Papers, 1905-2011. Archival Collection 26

    Karl E. Ludvigsen papers, 1905-2011. Archival Collection 26 Karl E. Ludvigsen papers, 1905-2011. Archival Collection 26 Miles Collier Collections Page 1 of 203 Karl E. Ludvigsen papers, 1905-2011. Archival Collection 26 Title: Karl E. Ludvigsen papers, 1905-2011. Creator: Ludvigsen, Karl E. Call Number: Archival Collection 26 Quantity: 931 cubic feet (514 flat archival boxes, 98 clamshell boxes, 29 filing cabinets, 18 record center cartons, 15 glass plate boxes, 8 oversize boxes). Abstract: The Karl E. Ludvigsen papers 1905-2011 contain his extensive research files, photographs, and prints on a wide variety of automotive topics. The papers reflect the complexity and breadth of Ludvigsen’s work as an author, researcher, and consultant. Approximately 70,000 of his photographic negatives have been digitized and are available on the Revs Digital Library. Thousands of undigitized prints in several series are also available but the copyright of the prints is unclear for many of the images. Ludvigsen’s research files are divided into two series: Subjects and Marques, each focusing on technical aspects, and were clipped or copied from newspapers, trade publications, and manufacturer’s literature, but there are occasional blueprints and photographs. Some of the files include Ludvigsen’s consulting research and the records of his Ludvigsen Library. Scope and Content Note: The Karl E. Ludvigsen papers are organized into eight series. The series largely reflects Ludvigsen’s original filing structure for paper and photographic materials. Series 1. Subject Files [11 filing cabinets and 18 record center cartons] The Subject Files contain documents compiled by Ludvigsen on a wide variety of automotive topics, and are in general alphabetical order.
  • Transforming Rural Access: Motorcycles, Low-Cost Infrastructure and Appropriate Standards

    Transforming Rural Access: Motorcycles, Low-Cost Infrastructure and Appropriate Standards

    Transforming rural access: motorcycles, low-cost infrastructure and appropriate standards Transforming rural access: motorcycles, low-cost infrastructure and appropriate standards Introduction Victor Simfukwe Project Manager, Transaid Agenda • Workshop overview and objectives • Recent ReCAP activities concerning motorcycle taxis - (Caroline Barber – Transaid) • Transforming community access to the rural road network: motorcycle infrastructure to connect all villages in Liberia – (Paul Starkey – ReCAP) • Strengthening rural access through transport associations – a case study from Uganda – Victor Simfukwe • Group work to discuss: • Key issues • Policy implications • Research needs Workshop Objectives 1. To raise awareness about the many issues of motorcycle taxis in rural areas 2. To share information concerning the recent April 2017 motorcycle webinar 3. To stimulate discussion on ‘best practices’ relating to motorcycle taxis in rural areas, including issues relating to improving safety, training, operator associations, regulation and infrastructure provision 4. To stimulate discussion on the policy implications and research needs arising from the issues raised during the workshop Motorcycle taxis… • There are clearly some legitimate safety concerns relating to motorcycles and motorcycle taxis • However in rural areas they can provide a vital service (and bridge a gap) regarding accessing essential services (health, markets, education….) • In some countries there been explosion in their use (examples) • Countries have reacted differently