THE AIRCRAFT PROPULSION Aircraft propulsion Contact: Ing. Miroslav Šplíchal, Ph.D. [email protected] Office: A1/0427 Aircraft propulsion Organization of the course Topics of the lectures: 1. History of AE, basic of thermodynamic of heat engines, 2-stroke and 4-stroke cycle 2. Basic parameters of piston engines, types of piston engines 3. Design of piston engines, crank mechanism, 4. Design of piston engines - auxiliary systems of piston engines, 5. Performance characteristics increase performance, propeller. 6. Turbine engines, introduction, input system, centrifugal compressor. 7. Turbine engines - axial compressor, combustion chamber. 8. Turbine engines – turbine, nozzles. 9. Turbine engines - increasing performance, construction of gas turbine engines, 10. Turbine engines - auxiliary systems, fuel-control system. 11. Turboprop engines, gearboxes, performance. 12. Maintenance of turbine engines 13. Ramjet engines and Rocket engines Aircraft propulsion Organization of the course Topics of the seminars: 1. Basic parameters of piston engine + presentation (1-7)- 3.10.2017 2. Parameters of centrifugal flow compressor + presentation(8-14) - 17.10.2017 3. Loading of turbine blade + presentation (15-21)- 31.10.2017 4. Jet engine cycle + presentation (22-28) - 14.11.2017 5. Presentation alternative date Seminar work: Aircraft engines presentation A short PowerPoint presentation, aprox. 10 minutes long. Content of presentation: - a brief history of the engine - the main innovation introduced by engine - engine drawing / cross-section - engine performance - operational use - derivate version - technical attractions Aircraft propulsion Organization of the course List of engines: • Wright Flyer (4-cyl): First engine to fly • Pratt & Whitney TF30 turbofan: First afterburning turbofan • Anzani Three-Cylinder Engine • Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 Engine • Anzani (6-cyl): First two-row radial engine • CFM56 Engine • Curtiss OX-5 Engine • Rolls-Royce Trent Engine • Continental A-40 (4-cyl): Ancestor of current opposed engines • General Electric GEnx Engine • Jendrassik Cs-1 Engine • SMA SR305-230 Engine • Allison V-1710 (12-cyl): Most highly developed U.S. V-12 • Daimler-Benz DB 605 Engine • Continental O-300 Engine • Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp • Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6 Engine • General Electric J35 turbojet: First U.S. production axial-flow • Garrett-Honeywell TPE331 Engine jet • Klimov VK-1F turbojet: Last large centrifugal-flow engine • Franklin Six-Cylinder Engines • Rolls-Royce Dart. • Williams FJ44 Engine • Bristol Centaurus (18-cyl): Last large British radial • Rolls-Royce Conway • Honeywell TFE731 Engine • Pratt & Whitney J57 • Pratt & Whitney Canada PW600 Engine Aircraft propulsion Organization of the course End of course: 1. Seminars syllabus and presentation complete. 2. Exam – written form – 15 test question 1 (select a,b,c,d) questions reflect the fundamentals working principles and terminology corresponds to ATPL theoretical question – one simple computational example ( for example computing engine power or thrust from given values) Only from memories no additional materials allowed – 45 minutes Exam terms: – First term: 12.12.2017 – Second term: 19.12.2017 Aircraft propulsion Materials Course materials: 1. File name: OLE-A_1, OLE-A_2, OLE-A_3 …etc Location: http://ulozto.cz Password: LU2017 Aircraft propulsion Source materials: WARD, Thomas A. Aerospace propulsion systems. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, c2010, xxvi, 527 s. ISBN 978-0-470-82497- 9. CUMPSTY, Nicholas. Jet propulsion: A simple guide tio the aerodynamic and thermodynamic design and performance of jet engines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 276 s. ISBN 0-521-59674-2 Rolls-Royce engineers "The Jet Engine, 5th Edition" Technical Publications Department, Rolls-Royce, Derby, England | 1996 | ISBN: 0902121235 https://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/ANASAGUIDETOENGINES[1].pdf Aircraft propulsion 1.Lecture History of aircraft propulsion The aircraft engines always want more power, more durability, and more efficiency. They also want it in the smallest, lightest package possible. And it should be easy to manufacture and not cost too much. More than 100 years to the engineers trying achieve this. History of aircraft engines Steam engines – first attempts at powered flight 1894: Hiram Maxim – 180hp Boiler weight steam engine+boiler aprox 1000kg Airplane TOW aprox 3200gr History of aircraft engines - piston • Application of Internal combustion engine • Flyer Wright - 1903 The engine was modern designed with valve gear Power - 18 hp , weight aprox 82 kg Historie leteckých motorů History of aircraft engines - piston 1908 Cooling was problem first generation of aero engine Rotary engine Gnome – 50hp at 1200 rpm Weight aprox. 80kg Crankshaft with cylinders rotate for good cooling History of aircraft engines - piston Antoinette Engine 1909 - 1910 50hp weight. 50kg. Liquid cooled Engine with very good weight /power ratio, but the reliability was not good. History of aircraft engines - piston Liberty (Curtiss J2 „Jenny“) 1917 First engine for serial production History of aircraft engines - piston modular design allowed create engines with different outputs power Many manufacturers use the same strategy Liberty engine 12V – 400Hp 1919 Engine of many WWI airplane. Currtis „Jenny „ is most known. More than 30 000 unit was made History of aircraft engines - piston Pratt &Whitney - Double Wasp engine – 1943 The end of 2250 hp – 2800hp piston engines 45883 ccm,18 cylinders era. For large aircraft it has been difficult to design more powerful engines History of aircraft engines - piston Allison Division engine V-1710 engine : maximum power 1325 hp at 3000 rpm and 51,0 in Hg nominal power 1150 hp at 3000 rpm and 42,0 in Hg 28021 ccm, 725 kg The large piston engines have two major groups - radial air-cooled engines and ordinary liquid cooled engines first run 1930 History of aircraft engines - piston The Lycoming XR-7755 was the Low TBO of large engines caused the rapidly transition to largest piston-driven aircraft turbine engines after technology engine ever produced, with 36 maturing cylinders totaling about 7,750 in³ (127 L) of displacement and a power output of 5,000 horsepower (3,700 kilowatts). History of aircraft engines - turbine First jet engine Heinkel-Strahltriebwerk 1, engine prototype 1936. First flight at 1939. Fuel was hygrogen based gas. The principles of jet propulsion had been known, but there was no technology required for the construction of up to thirty-20th century Improved engine was HS3 – Weight 360kg Thrust 450 kg History of aircraft engines - turbine Jet engine Rolls-Royce Nene: thrust 22600N at 12 400 rpm weight 726 kg , first run 1944 Successful engine, manufactured under license in many countries History of aircraft engines - turbine First turboprop engine Jendrassik Cs-1 (1937) First run at 1940 Power: 400hp Efforts to overcome the weaknesses of powerful piston engines Development was not completed due to war. History of aircraft engines - turbine Turboshaft engine - Garrett TPE331 (1961) Power: 575hp at 2000 rpm (shaft), gen 41700 rpm Dry weight: 153kg Turboprop engines are dominated in category of regional aircraft History of aircraft engines - turbine Turbofan - first commercial motor low bypass ratio Rolls-Royce RB.80 Conway Turbo fan represents a certain combination of advantages of Trust 50 – 70 kN efficient propeller propulsion Bypass ratio 3:1 with speed of jet propulsion weight 2000 kg Build year.1950 B707,DC-8 History of aircraft engines - turbine General Electric CF6 ( 2000) – High bypass ratio engine Thrust 234 – 274 kN Higher fuel efficiency, low emissions Fan diameter 2,6m Bypass ratio 4,4 First high bypass ratio engine was Pratt & Whitney JT9D on Galaxy C-5 prototype build year 1968 History of aircraft engines - turbine General Electric Genx ( 2000) – High bypass ratio engine Thrust 240 – 330 kN Higher fuel efficiency, low emissions Fan diameter 2,8m Bypass ratio 19:2 First high bypass ratio engine was General Electric CF6 on DC 10-10 prototype build year 1971 Airlines JET development SUBSONIC ENGINE SFC TRENDS (35,000 ft. 0.8 Mach Number, Standard Day [Wisler]) Future …..??? Still looking for the perfect propulsion unit History of aircraft engines in the Czech rep. Walter - traditional Czech manufacturer of aircraft engines from 1923 Scolar 1936 Power: 180 hp at 2200 rpm volume: 7800 ccm weight: 155kg History of aircraft engines in the Czech rep. Mikron III – 1938 Power: 65 hp at 2600 rpm Volume: 2400 ccm Weight (dry): 60kg For light aircraft or motorgliders like L- 13SW History of aircraft engines in the Czech rep. 1951 Minor 4-III Power: 80hp volume: 3981 ccm Light training airplanes - Zlín Z-126 History of aircraft engines in the Czech rep. Walter M337 – 1959 Power 210 hp at 2700 ot.min-1, stroke volume 5970 ccm History of aircraft engines in the Czech rep. Walter M 601 - successful turboprop for L410 airplane family Types of engines and working principles Type of power plants for airplane • Piston engines + propeller • Turbine-powered • Ramjet • Pulse jets • Rocket engines Speed range and applications of different types of engines Aircraft propulsion - terms • Thrust is the force which moves an aircraft through the air. Thrust is used to overcome the drag of an airplane. • Thrust is generated by the engines of the aircraft through some kind of propulsion system. • Thrust is generated most often through the reaction of accelerating a mass of gas. Aircraft propulsion - terms Propulsion • Propulsion means to drive forward.