EuropeanBlackwell Publishing, Ltd. and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization PM 7/74 (1) Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes Diagnostics1 Diagnostic Popillia japonica Specific scope Specific approval and amendment This standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Popillia Approved in 2006-09. japonica. Vitis and Zea mays are the main host of concern in the Introduction EPPO area. Popillia japonica originates from Asia where it is native in Symptoms caused by adults of P. japonica are easily recog- northern China, Japan and the Far East of Russia. It was nizable (defoliation). The beetle skeletonizes the leaves by introduced into North America and has become a more serious chewing out the tissue between the veins and leaving a vein pest in the USA than in its area of origin. Further information skeleton. Leaves may turn brown and fall. On flower petals, the can be found in the EPPO data sheet on P. japonica (EPPO/ beetle consume large and irregularly shaped parts. Infestation CABI, 1997). of maize results in an increase in the number of embryonic and malformed kernels. The larvae simply cause feeding damage to the roots of host plants, and the symptoms caused are not all Identity specific. Name: Popillia japonica Newman Taxonomic position: Coleoptera Scarabaeoidea Rutelidae Identification [Nomenclature and taxonomy suggested by Fauna Europaea are used as the reference] Morphological identification with a binocular microscope is Common name: Japanese beetle the recommended diagnostic method. EPPO computer code: POPIJA For keys to Coleoptera families see Downie & Arnett (1996) Phytosanitary categorization: A1 pest recommended for (nearctic), Delvare & Aberlenc (1989) (afrotropical), Baraud regulation; EU annex: IA1. (1992) (west palearctic). For a key of Scarabaeoidea families and the Popillia genus see Appendix 1. Detection They are some limitations to this method as the genus Popillia Adults can be detected by visual examination of green parts is composed of more than 300 species, most of which are from of plants and larvae by visual examination of roots in soil. Africa and Asia. The probability of misidentifying specimens Traps containing food-type lures and/or sex attractants have coming from North America is very low but it does exist for been widely used in the USA to monitor populations and could individuals detected in imported consignments from Africa or be useful in warehouses with imported commodities. Asia, for example, for Popillia lewissi and Popillia sp. nr. taiwana Popilia japonica is a polyphagous species, feeding on at (http://micronesianinsects.com/IIR/2004.02.htm). least 295 species of plants. Acer, Malus, Prunus, Rosa, Rubus, For a check-list of oriental Popillia see http://www3.famille. ne.jp/~kazuo/popi.html. There are no exhaustive keys that will identify these species. Sabatinelli (1993, 1994) gives notes on several Asian species. 1The figures in this standard marked ‘Web Fig.’ are published on the EPPO Paulian (1958) gives keys for species from South-Eastern Website at: www.eppo.org. Asia. © 2006 OEPP/EPPO, Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 36, 447–450 447 448 Diagnostics Ku et al., 1999). For preparation see Appendix 2. Preparation Description of P. japonica stages (after USDA-APHIS-PPQ- should be compared with Web Fig. 5. CPHST-PERAL/NCSU): Eggs: Newly deposited eggs may be quite variable in size Reporting and documentation and shape: spheroids with a diameter of 1.5 mm, ellipsoids 1.5 mm long by 1.0 mm wide, or nearly cylindrical. Colour Guidance on reporting and documentation is given in EPPO may range from translucent to creamy white and the Standard PM 7/77 (1) Documentation and reporting on a external surface is marked with hexagonal areas. The eggs diagnosis. enlarge to nearly double their initial size and become more spherical as the embryo develops within the chorion. Acknowledgements Larvae (Web Fig. 1): Upon eclosion, the first larval instar is completely white, 1.5 mm in length with biting mouthparts, This protocol was originally drafted by Jean-François Germain. three pair of thoracic legs and 10 abdominal segments. The LNPV-Unité d’Entomologie, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier larval body is typically found in a C shape, which is referred Cedex 01, France; e-mail: [email protected]. to as scarabaeiform. Within a few hours after eclosion, the head and spiracles of the larvae sclerotize to a light yellow References brown colour. After initiation of feeding, a greyish to black colour may appear in the posterior region of the abdomen. Arnett RH, Thomas MC, Skelley PE & Frank JH (2002) American Beetle, The body of the larvae is covered with a scattering of long Vol. 2 Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea Through Curculionoidea. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida (US). brown hairs and interspersed short blunt spines. The ventral Baraud J (1992) Coléoptères Scarabaeoidea d’Europe. Faune de France 78. side of the tenth abdominal segment bears two medial rows Fédération française des Sociétés de Sciences naturelles et Société of six-seven spines in a characteristic V shape (Web Fig. 2). linnéenne de Lyon (FR). The V shape is unique to P. japonica and may be used to Delvare G & Aberlenc HP (1989) Les insectes d’Afrique et d’Amérique tropi- distinguish it from other species of scarab larvae (see cale. Clés pour la reconnaissance des familles. Prifas-Cirad, Montpellier (FR). Sim, 1934; Klausnitzer, 1978). The first larval instar is dis- Downie NM & Arnett RH (1996) Three Beetles of Northeastern North tinguishable from the subsequent instars by the presence of America, Vol. I. The Sandhill. Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida (US). EPPO/CABI (1997) Popillia japonica. Quarantine Pests for Europe, 2nd a rigidly pointed process on each side of the metathoracic edn, pp. 456–460. CAB International, Wallingford (GB). scutellum and lack of a concave respiratory plate surround- Kim JI (1995) Taxonomic study of Korean Rutelidae II. Genus. Popillia. ing a bulla with a curved spiracle slit. The second and third Korean Journal of Entomology 25, 209–217. instar larvae can be separated by head capsule size, the head Klausnitzer B (1978) Ordnung Coleoptera (Larven). Dr W. Junk b.v. capsule size of the second larval instar being 1.9 mm wide Publishers, The Hague (NL). and 1.2 mm long and the third instar being 3.1 mm wide and Ku DS, Ahn SB, Hong KI, Lee SH & Kim JI (1999) Does the Japanese beetle 2.1 mm long. (Popillia japonica Newman) distribute in Korea or not? Korean Journal of Applied Entomology 38, 171–176. Prepupa : The larva is mature, but feeding ceases, excrement is Paulian R (1958) Coléoptères Scarabéides de l’Indochine (Rutélines et evacuated and activity is reduced as internal changes occur. Cétonines). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 17, 73–105. Pupae: The pupae are 14 mm in length and 7 mm wide on Sabatinelli G (1993) [Taxonomic note on thirty oriental and paleoarctic average and exarate in form. Pupae resemble the adult, but species from the genus Popillia (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Rutelinae)]. wings, legs and antennae are held close to the body and Fragmenta Entomologica 25, 95–116 (in Italian). functionless. The colour changes from a cream colour to tan Sabatinelli G (1994) [Taxonomic note on oriental species from the genus Popilla with a description of eight new species (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, and eventually the metallic green observed in the adult. Only Rutelinae)]. Fragmenta Entomologica 25, 325–350 (in Italian). male have a three-lobed eruption covering the developing Sim RJ (1934) Characters useful in distinguishing larvae of Popillia genitalia on the posterior ventral abdominal segments so can japonica and other introduced Scarabaeidae from native species. Circular be distinguished from females. No. 334. United States Department of Agriculture (US). Adult (Web Fig. 3): The adult beetle is brightly colored metallic green and coppery bronze, oval in shape, and varies in Websites size from 8 to 11 mm in length and 5 to 7 mm wide. The female is typically larger than the male. Along each lateral Fauna Europaea: http://www.faunaeur.org/index.php side of the elytra there are five tufts of white hair present Jameson ML & Ratcliffe BC (2002). Key to the Families and and two dorsal spots of white hair on the last abdominal Subfamilies of Scarabaeoidea of the New World: http://www- segment. Male and female beetles can be differentiated museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scarabaeoidea/ from each other by the shape of the tibia and tarsus on the Scarabaeoidea-pages/Scarabaeoidea-Key/ScarabaeoideaK.html foreleg (Web Fig. 4). The male tibial spur is more sharply pointed and the tarsi are shorter and stouter than those of the Entomological dictionaries female. Examination of the male genitalia after preparation can Gordh G & Headrick D.H. (2001) A dictionary of entomology. supplement the visual identification of the habitus (Kim, 1995; CABI Publishing, Wallingford (GB) © 2006 OEPP/EPPO, Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 36, 447–450 Popillia japonica 449 Seguy E 1967 Dictionnaire des termes d’entomologie. Spiracles: a pore, hole or aperture in the integument which Editions P. Lechevalier, Paris (FR). serves as an adaptation to permit gas exchange between the body and the environment Sternite: the ventral part of a sclerotized, ring-like body Glossary segment which is separated by membrane from sclerotized Clypeus: anterior sclerite of the head below frons (face) and lateral or dorsal elements of the segment above the labrum Tergite: a dorsal sclerite which is part of a body segment or Pronotum: the upper or dorsal surface of the first thoracic sclerotized ring of a generalized body segment. segment (Prothorax) © 2006 OEPP/EPPO, Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 36, 447–450 450 Diagnostics Appendix 1 Seventeen families of Scarabaeoidea are present in Europe (see Fauna Europaea website). The parallel use of the keys proposed by Baraud (1992) and Arnett et al.