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Home , Agoliinus, Anomala undulata, Anomalini, Aphodiinae, Aphodiini, Aphodius

Quick Guide for the Identification of

Maryland

Mallory Hagadorn Dr. Dana L. Price

Department of Biological Sciences Salisbury University

This document is a pictorial reference of Maryland Scarabaeoidea genera (and sometimes ) that was created to expedite the identification of Maryland Scarabs. Our current understanding of Maryland Scarabs comes from “An Annotated Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) of Maryland” (Staines 1984). Staines reported 266 species and subspecies using literature and review of several Maryland Museums. Dr. Price and her research students are currently conducting a bioinventory of Maryland Scarabs that will be used to create a “Taxonomic Guide to the Scarabaeoidea of Maryland”. This will include dichotomous keys to and species based on historical reports and collections from all 23 counties in Maryland.

This document should be cited as: Hagadorn, M.A. and D.L. Price. 2012. Quick Guide for the Identification of Maryland Scarabaeoidea. Salisbury University. Pp. 54.

Questions regarding this document should be sent to: Dr. Dana L. Price - [email protected]

**All pictures within are linked to their copyright holder.

Table of Contents

Families of Scarabaeoidea of Maryland……………………………………... 6

Geotrupidae……………………………………………………………………. 7 Subfamily ……………………………………………… 7 Bolbocerosoma………………………………………… 7 Genus ………………………………………………. 7 Subfamily ………………………………………………… 8 Genus ………………………………………………. 8 Genus ...……………………………………………… 9

Glaphyridae...... 9 Genus vulpina…………………………………….. 9

Hybosoridae…………………………………………………………………… 10 Genus Germarostes…………………………………………… 10

Lucanidae………………………………………………………………………. 10 Subfamily Aesalinae…………………………………………………… 10 Genus Nicagus…………………………………………………. 10 Subfamily Luncaninae…………………………………………………. 10 Genus Dorcus…………………………………………………... 10 Genus Lucanus………………………………………………… 11 Genus Platycerus………………………………………………. 12 Subfamily Syndesinae…………………………………………………. 12 Genus Ceruchus……………………………………………….. 12

Passalidae……………………………………………………………………… 12 Genus Odontotaenius…………………………………………. 12

Scarabaeidae………………………………………………………………….. 13 Subfamily …………………………………………………. 13 Aegialiini……………………………………………………… 13 Genus ………………………………………………… . 13 Genus Caelius………………………………………………..... 13 Tribe ……………………………………………………… 14 Genus ………………………………………………... 14 Genus ………………………………………………... 14 Genus ………………………………………………... 15 Genus Blackburneus…………………………………………... 15 Genus Calamosternus………………………………………… 15

*All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 2

Genus Chilothorax…………………………………………….. 16 Genus Colobopterus………………………………………….. 16 Genus Dialytellus……………………………………………… 16 Genus ………………………………………………… 17 Genus Flaviellus………………………………………………. 17 Genus Irrasinus……………………………………………….. 17 Genus ……………………………………………….. 18 Genus Lechorodius…………………………………………… 18 Genus Melinopterus………………………………………….. 18 Genus Oscarinus……………………………………………... 19 Genus Otophorus…………………………………………….. 19 Genus ……………………………………………… 19 Genus Pardalosus……………………………………………. 20 Genus Planolinellus………………………………………….. 20 Genus Planolinus…………………………………………….. 20 Genus Pseudagolius……………………………………….... 21 Genus Stenotothorax………………………………………... 21 Genus Strigodius…………………………………………….. 21 Genus Teuchestes…………………………………………... 22 Tribe Didactyliini………………………………………………….. 22 Genus Aidophus……………………………………………… 22 Tribe …………………………………………………….. 22 Genus ………………………………………….. 22 Genus ………………………………………………. 23 Genus ……………………………………….. 23 Genus Saprosites……………………………………………. 24 Tribe ……………………………………………….. 24 Genus Pammodius…………………………………………... 24 Genus …………………………………………... 25 Genus …………………………………………. 25 Subfamily Cetoniinae………………………………………………… 26 Tribe ……………………………………………………. 26 Genus ……………………………………………… 26 Tribe …………………………………………… 28 Genus …………………………………….. 28 Genus Psilocnemis………………………………………….. 28 Tribe …………………………………………………… 29 Genus ……………………………………………….... 29 Tribe ……………………………………………………… 29 Genus Gnorimella……………………………………………. 29 Genus ………………………………………….. 29 Genus …………………………………………… 30

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Genus …………………………………….. 31 Tribe ………………………………………………………. 31 Genus ……………………………………………….... 31 Subfamily ………………………………………………... 31 Tribe ……………………………………………... 31 Genus …………………………………………. 31 Genus ……………………………………………. 32 Tribe Dynastini…………………………………………………….. 32 Genus ……………………………………………… 32 Tribe Oryctini……………………………………………………… 32 Genus ……………………………………………… 32 Genus …………………………………………….. 33 Tribe ………………………………………………... 33 Genus ………………………………………………. 33 Genus …………………………………………….. 34 Genus ………………………………………………. 34 Tribe Phileurini……………………………………………………. 35 Genus ……………………………………………… 35 Subfamily …………………………………………….. 35 Tribe Diplotaxini…………………………………………………... 35 Genus ……………………………………………... 35 Tribe Hopliini………………………………………………………. 36 Genus ………………………………………………….. 36 Tribe ………………………………………………. 37 Genus …………………………………………….. 37 Genus ……………………………………….... 38 Tribe …………………………………………………. 38 Genus …………………………………………... 38 Genus ……………………………………………… 40 Tribe ………………………………………………………. 41 Genus ………………………………………………. 41 Genus ………………………………………… 41 Genus ………………………………………………….. 41 Subfamily …………………………………………………... 42 Tribe ...... 42 Genus ……………………………………………….. 42 Genus …………………………………………………. 44 Genus ………………………………………….... 45 Tribe ………………………………………………………. 45 Genus ………………………………………………… 45 Genus …………………………………………….. 45 Genus ………………………………………………. 46

*All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 4

Subfamily ……………………………………………... 46 Tribe …………………………………………………….. 46 Genus ……………………………………………..... 46 Tribe Canthonini…………………………………………………… 46 Genus ………………………………………………... 46 Genus ……………………………………….. 47 Tribe ……………………………………………………….. 47 Genus ………………………………………………….. 47 Genus …………………………………………... 48 Tribe ……………………………………………….. 48 Genus ………………………………………….. 48 Tribe Phanaeini…………………………………………………… 49 Genus ……………………………………………... 49

Trogidae……………………………………………………………………….. 50 Subfamily Troginae……………………………………………………. 50 Genus ……………………………………………….. 50 Genus …………………………………………………….. 51

References…………………………………………………………………….. 53

*All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 5

Families of the Scarabaeoidea of Maryland

Geotrupidae

Geotrupes hornii Lichnanthe vulpina Germarostes globosus

Lucanidae

Lucanus capreolus Odontotaenius disjunctus

Scarabaeidae

Canthon viridis Trox spinulosus

*All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 6

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GEOTRUPIDAE Subfamily Bolboceratinae

Genus: Bolbocerosoma Species: Bolbocerosoma farctum

Dichotomous Key: of South Carolina Key to Tribe Bolboceratini Page 51

http://bugguide.net/node/view/6814/bgimage?from=38

Genus: Bolbocerosoma Species: Bolbocerosoma tumefactum

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Tribe Bolboceratini Page 51

http://bugguide.net/node/view/429013/bgimage

Genus: Eucanthus Species: Eucanthus lazarus Similar to: E. impressus

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Tribe Bolboceratini Page 51; Skip to 9(5)

http://bugguide.net/node/view/345282/bgimage

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Genus: Eucanthus Species: Eucanthus subtropicus

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Tribe Bolboceratini Page 51; Skip to 9(5)

http://bugguide.net/node/view/209128/bgimage

Subfamily Geotrupinae Genus: Geotrupes Species: Geotrupes splendidus Similar to: G. balyi, G. semiopacus

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Tribe Geotrupini Page 56; Skip to 2(1)

http://bugguide.net/node/view/402659/bgimage

Genus: Geotrupes Species: Geotrupes blackburnii Similar to: G. egeriei

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Tribe Geotrupini Page 56; Skip to 2(1)

http://bugguide.net/node/view/358581/bgimage

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Genus: Geotrupes Species: Geotrupes hornii Similar to: G.ulkei (Cited in Literature)

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Tribe Geotrupini Page 56; Skip to 2(1)

http://bugguide.net/node/view/284669/bgimage

Genus: Odonteus (Bolboceras) Species: Odonteus ( Bolboceras) liebecki Simlar to: O. cornigerus (cited in Literature) O. darlingtoni, O. falli, O. thoracicornis Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Tribe Bolboceratini, Page 51; skip to 2(1) O. falli-The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Odonteus, Page 38

http://bugguide.net/node/view/19076/bgimage

GLAPHYRIDAE

Genus: Lichnanthe Species: Lichnanthe vulpina

Dichotomous Key: Species description in Scarab Beetles of South Carolina, Page 58

http://bugguide.net/node/view/547246/bgimage *All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 9

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HYBOSORIDAE Genus: Germarostes (Cloetous) Species: Germarostes (Cloetous) globosus Similar to: Germarostes (Cloetous) aphodioides

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska, Key to Germarostes, Page 130

http://bugguide.net/node/view/273801/bgimage http://bugguide.net/node/view/400347/bgimage

LUCANIDAE

Subfamily Aesalinae

Genus: Nicagus Species: Nicagus obscurus Dichotomous Key:

For Species Description see the link below

http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scaraba eoidea/Lucanidae/AES/NIC/obscurus.html

Subfamily Lucaninae

Genus: Dorcus Species: Dorcus brevis (Cited in Literature) Dichotomous Key: For Genus Description see Link Directly Below http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/S carabaeoidea/Lucanidae/LUC/DOR/brevis.html

http://bugguide.net/node/view/60176

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Genus: Dorcus Species: Dorcus parallelus Dichotomous Key: Species Description in The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska, Page 108

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http://bugguide.net/node/view/434738/bgimage

Genus: Lucanus (Pseudolucanus)

Species: Lucanus capreolus Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Lucanus, Page 110

http://www.flickr.com/photos/pcoin/5914932906/in/set- 72057594074593321

Genus: Lucanus Species: Lucanus elaphus

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Lucanus, Page 110

http://www.flickr.com/photos/entomopixel/5098352100 /

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Genus: Platycerus Species: Platycerus virescens Similar to: Platycerus piceus Dichotomous Key: Species Description in The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Page 106

http://bugguide.net/node/view/390659/bgimage

Subfamily Syndesinae Genus: Ceruchus Species: Ceruchus piceus

Dichotomous Key: Species Description in The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Page 105

http://bugguide.net/node/view/278893/bgimage

PASSALIDAE

Genus: Odontotaenius (Popilius) Species: Odontotaenius disjunctus Dichotomous Key: Species Description in The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Page 25

http://bugguide.net/node/view/585405/bgimage

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SCARABAEIDAE Aphodiinae Tribe: Aegialiini

Genus: Aegialia Species: picture just representative of genus Similar to: Aegialia blanchardi (cited in literature) ***Species found in Maryland***

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Aegialia, Page 25

http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scarabaeoidea/S carabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes/Aegialiini/Aegialia/A egialia.html

Genus: Caelius (Aegialia) Species: picture just representative of genus Similar to: Caelius humeralis (Aegialia humeralis) (Cited in the Literature) ***Species found in Maryland*** Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Aegialia, Page 25 http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/S carabaeoidea/Scarabaeidae/Aphodiinae/Aphod iinaeTribes/Aegialiini/Caelius/Caelius.html

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Tribe Aphodiini Genus: Acrossus (Aphodius) Species: Acrossus rubripennis (Aphodius rubripennis) Dichotomous Key: Aphodiini of the United States and Canada, Key to Acrossus, page 254

http://bugguide.net/node/view/110525

Genus: Acrossus (Aphodius) Species: Acrossus rufipes () Dichotomous Key: Aphodiini of the United States and Canada, Key to Acrossus, page 254

http://typhaeus.chez-alice.fr/galaph.htm

Genus: Agoliinus (Aphodius) Species: picture just representative of genus Similar to: Agoliinus leopardus (Aphodius leopardus) Agoliinus manitobensis (A. manitobensis) ***Species found in Maryland*** Dichotomous Key: Aphodiini of the United States and Canada, Key to Agoliinus, Page 125 http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scarabaeoidea/S carabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes/Aphodiini/Agoliinus /Agoliinus.html

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Genus: Aphodius Species: Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Aphodiini of the United States and Canada, Page 106 The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska, Key to Aphodius, Page 147 http://bugguide.net/node/view/355100

Genus: Blackburneus (Aphodius) Species: Blackburneus aegrotus (A. campestris) Similar to: Blackburneus rubeolus (A. rubeolus) B. lentus (A. lentus) B. stercorosus (A. stercorosus) Dichotomous Key: Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Key to Blackburneus, page 351 The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska, Key to Aphodius, Page 147 http://bugguide.net/node/view/496691/bgpage

Genus: Calamosternus (Aphodius) Species: Calamosternus granarius (A. granarius) Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Page 258

The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska, Key to Aphodius, Page 147 http://bugguide.net/node/view/390683/bgimage *All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 15

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Genus: Chilothorax (Aphodius) Species: Chilothorax distinctus (Aphodius distinctus) Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Page 258

The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska, Key to Aphodius, Page 147 http://bugguide.net/node/view/436765/bgimage

Genus: Colobopterus (Aphodius) Species: Colobopterus erraticus (Aphodius erraticus) Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Page 92

The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska, Key to Aphodius, Page 147 http://bugguide.net/node/view/514473/bgimage

Genus: Dialytellus (moved from Tribe Eupariini) Species: Dialytellus dialytoides Similar to: Dialytellus tragicus (D. humeralis) Dichotomous Key: Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Key to Dialytellus, Page 78

http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scaraba eoidea/Scarabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes/A phodiini/Dialytellus/Dialytellus.html *All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 16

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Genus: Dialytes (moved from Tribe Eupariini) Species: Dialytes truncatus Similar to: Dialytes striatulus, D. ulkei Dichotomous Key: Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Key to Dialytes, Page 82

http://bugguide.net/node/view/565984/bgimage

Genus: Flaviellus (Aphodius) Species: Flaviellus phalerioides (A. phaleroides)

Dichotomous Key: Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Key to Flaviellus, Page 335

http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scarabaeoidea/S carabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes/Aphodiini/Flaviellus /Flaviellus.html

Genus: Irrasinus (Aphodius) Species: Irrasinus stupidus (Aphodius stupidus)

Dichotomous Key: Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Key to Irrasinus, Page 368

http://bugguide.net/node/view/369547/bgimage

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Genus: Labarrus (Aphodius) Species: Labarrus pseudolividus (Aphodius lividus)

Dichotomous Key: Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Key to Labarrus, Page 261

http://bugguide.net/node/view/550943/bgimage

Genus: Lechorodius (Aphodius) Species: picture just representative for genus Similar to: Lechorodius terminalis (A. terminalis) Lechorodius lutulentus (A. lutulentus) ***Species found in Maryland***

Dichotomous Key: Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Key to Lechorodius, Page 371

http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scaraba eoidea/Scarabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes/A phodiini/Lechorodius/Lechorodius.html

Genus: Melinopterus (Aphodius) Species: Melinopterus femoralis (Aphodius femoralis) Similar to: Melinopterus prodromus (A. prodromus)

Dichotomous Key: Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Key to Melinopterus, Page 320 http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scaraba eoidea/Scarabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes/A phodiini/Melinopterus/Melinopterus.html

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Genus: Oscarinus (Aphodius) Species: picture just representative of genus Similar to: Oscarinus silvanicus (Aphodius silvanicus) Oscarinus rusicola (A. ruricola) ***Species found in Maryland***

Dichotomous Key: Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Key to Oscarinus, Page 165 http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scarab aeoidea/Scarabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes /Aphodiini/Oscarinus/Oscarinus.html

Genus: Otophorus (Aphodius) Species: Otophorus haemorrihoidalis (A. haemorrihoidalis)

Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Page 89 The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Aphodius, Page 147

http://bugguide.net/node/view/496747

Genus: Oxyomus Species: (O. silvestris) (cited in literature) Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Page 87 http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scaraba eoidea/Scarabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes/A phodiini/Oxyomus/Oxyomus.html

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Genus: Pardalosus (Aphodius) Species: picture just representative for the genus Similar to: Pardalosus serval (Aphodius serval) ***Species found in Maryland***

Dichotomous Key: Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Key to Pardalosus, Page 377

http://bugguide.net/node/view/494555

Genus: Planolinellus (Aphodius) Species: Planolinellus vittatus (Aphodius vittatus) Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Page 122

The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Aphodius, Page 147 http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scaraba eoidea/Scarabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes/A phodiini/Planolinellus/Planolinellus.html

Genus: Planolinus (Aphodius) Species: Planolinus tenellus (Aphodius tenellus) (Cited in Literature) Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Page 117

The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Aphodius, Page 147

http://bugguide.net/node/view/496753/bgimage

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Genus: Pseudagolius (Aphodius) Species: Pseudagolius bicolor (Aphodius bicolor) Dichotomous Key: Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Key to Pseudagolius, Page 311

http://bugguide.net/node/view/262887/bgimage

Genus: Stenotothorax (Aphodius) Species: Stenotothorax badipes (A. badipes)

Dichotomous Key: Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Key to Stenotothorax, Page 189 http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/S carabaeoidea/Scarabaeidae/Aphodiinae/Aphod iinaeTribes/Aphodiini/Stenotothorax/Stenototho rax.html

Genus: Strigodius (Aphodius) Species: Strigodius robinsoni (A. robinsoni)

Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Page 237

The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Aphodius, Page 147

http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scaraba eoidea/Scarabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes/A phodiini/Strigodius/Strigodius.html

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Genus: Teuchestes (Aphodius) Species: Teuchestes fossor ()

Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Aphodiini of the United States and Canada Page 94

The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Aphodius, Page 147

http://www.galerie- insecte.org/galerie/view.php?adr=image%2Fdos6%2F temp%2Fteuchestes_fosso.jpg Tribe Didactyliini Genus: Aidophus (Aphodius) Species: Aidophus parcus (Aphodius parcus) (Cited in Literature) Dichotomous Key: Species Description in The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska, Page 225

http://bugguide.net/node/view/531667

Tribe Eupariini Genus: Aphotaenius (moved from Tribe Psammodiini) Species: Aphotaenius carolinus Dichotomous Key: The Scarbaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Species Description, Page 227

http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scaraba eoidea/Scarabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes/E upariini/Aphotaenius/Aphotaenius.html

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Genus: Ataenius Species: Similar to: Ataenius apicalis, A. brevis, A. exiguous, A. fattigi, A. glaseri, A. imbricatus, A. insculptus (cited in literature), A. ovatulus, A. spretulus, A. wenzelii ***Black/Really Dark Brown color*** Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Ataenius, Page 229

http://bugguide.net/node/view/306014/bgimage

Genus: Ataenius Species: Similar to: Ataenius alternates (cited in literature), A. abditus, A. cylindrus, A. glaseri, A. miamii ***Lighter Brown Color*** Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Ataenius, Page 229

http://bugguide.net/node/view/498543/bgimage -Species A. figulator and A. simulator found in Staines but not in current taxonomic classification-

Genus: Pseudataenius (Pseudoataenius) Species: picture just representative of genus Similar to: Pseudataenius contorus (cited in literature), P. walterhorni (cited in literature) ***Species found in Maryland*** Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Page 36 http://bugguide.net/node/view/496778/bgimage

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Genus: Saprosites (Moved from Tribe Psammodiini) Species: pictures just representative for genus Similar to: Saprosites ventralis ***Species found in Maryland*** Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Page 37 http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scarabae oidea/Scarabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes/Eup ariini/Saprosites/Saprosites.html

Tribe Psammodiini Genus: Species: Psammodius basalis

Link Below for Psammodius Description from the Generic Guide to Scarab Beetles http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scaraba eoidea/Scarabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes/P sammodiini/Psammodius/Psammodius.html

Genus: Psammodius Species: Psammodius pierotti (P. sulcicollis) (cited in literature) Link Below for Psammodius Description from the Generic Guide to New World Scarab Beetles http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scaraba eoidea/Scarabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes/P sammodiini/Psammodius/Psammodius.html

http://coleoptera.ksib.pl/kfp/search.php?img=6954

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Genus: Psammodius Species: Psammodius laevipennis Link Below for Psammodius Description from the Generic Guide to New World Scarab Beetles http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scaraba eoidea/Scarabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes/P sammodiini/Psammodius/Psammodius.html

http://www.entomologiitaliani.net/public/forum/phpBB3 /viewtopic.php?t=29232 -Species P.bidens and P. interruptus found in Staines but not in current taxonomic classification-

Genus: Rhyssemus Species: picture just representative for the genus Similar to: Rhyssemus scaber ***Species found in Maryland*** Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Species of Psammodiini, Page 44

http://bugguide.net/node/view/357036

Genus: Pleurophorus Species: Dichotomous Key: Species Description in The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska, Page 244

Link below for addition Species Description

http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scaraba eoidea/Scarabaeidae/Aphodiinae/AphodiinaeTribes/P sammodiini/Pleurophorus/Pleurophorus.html

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Genus: Pleurophorus Species: Pleurophorus atlanticus (cited in literature) Dichotomous Key: Genus Description in The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska, Page 244

http://unibio.unam.mx/irekani/bitstream/123456789/25 622/1/9310.jpg

Cetoniinae Tribe Cetoniini Genus: Euphoria Species: Euphoria areata (Stephanucha areata)

Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Scarab Beetles of South Carolina, Page 116

http://bugguide.net/node/view/57375

Genus: Euphoria Species: Euphoria flugida

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Euphoria, Page 469

http://bugguide.net/node/view/28508/bgimage

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Genus: Euphoria Species: Euphoria herbacea

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Euphoria, Page 117

http://bugguide.net/node/view/24068/bgimage

Genus: Euphoria Species: Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Euphoria, Page 469 Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Euphoria, Page 117

http://bugguide.net/node/view/634709/bgimage

Genus: Euphoria Species: Euphoria sepulchralis

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Euphoria, Page 469 Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Euphoria, Page 117

http://bugguide.net/node/view/152750/bgimage

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Tribe Cremastocheilini

Genus: Cremastocheilus Species: Cremastocheilus canaliculatus Similar to: Cremastocheilus castaneae, C. variolosus Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Species of Cremastocheilini , Page 118

http://bugguide.net/node/view/641649/bgimage

Genus: Cremastocheilus Species: Cremastocheilus harrisii

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Species of Cremastocheilini , Page 118

http://bugguide.net/node/view/360964/bgimage

Genus: Psilocnemis Species: Psilocnemis leucosticte (cite in literature) Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Species of Cremastocheilini , Page 118

http://bugguide.net/node/view/499282/bgimage

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Tribe Gymnetini Genus: Cotinis Species:

Dichotomous Key: Species Description in The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Page 466

http://bugguide.net/node/view/44539/bgimage

Tribe Trichiini Genus: Gnorimella Species: Gnorimella maculosa Dichotomous Key: Species Description in The Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Page 122

http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/environment/NHR/Images 3/Gnorimella_maculosa1.jpg

Genus: Osmoderma Species: Osmoderma eremicola Similar to: Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Osmoderma, Page 121

http://www.entomology.umn.edu/museum/links/course files/JPEG%20images/Coleoptera%20web%20jpeg/P olyphaga/Scarabaeoidea/Scarabaeidae/Cetoninae/Os moderma.jpg

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Genus: Trichiotinus Species: Trichiotinus affinis Similar to: Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Trichiotinus, Page 122

http://bugguide.net/node/view/534025/bgimage

Genus: Trichiotinus Species: Trichiotinus bibens

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Trichiotinus, Page 122

http://bugguide.net/node/view/57332

Genus: Trichiotinus Species: Trichiotinus lunulatus

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Trichiotinus, Page 122

http://bugguide.net/node/view/448300/bgimage *All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 30

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Genus: Trigonopeltastes Species: Trigonopeltastes delta

Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Scarabs Beetles of South Carolina Page 122

http://bugguide.net/node/view/277919/bgimage

Tribe Valgini

Genus: Valgus Species: Valgus canaliculatus Similar to: Valgus squamiger Dichotomous Key The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Valgus, Page 502

http://bugguide.net/node/view/477528/bgimage http://bugguide.net/node/view/514769/bgimage

Dynastinae Tribe Cyclocephalini Genus: Cyclocephala Species: Similar to: Cyclocephala immaculata Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Cyclocephala, Page106

http://bugguide.net/node/view/427813/bgimage *All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 31

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Genus: Dyscinetus Species: Dyscinetus morator Similar to: Dyscinetus trachypygus Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Dyscinetus, Page 443

http://bugguide.net/node/view/269765/bgimage

Tribe Dynastini

Genus: Dynastes Species: Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Page 113

http://bugguide.net/node/view/44808/bgimage http://bugguide.net/node/view/535056/bgimage

Tribe Oryctini Genus: Strategus Species: Strategus antaeus Dichtomous Key: Scarab Beetles from South Carolina Key to Strategus, Page 113

http://bugguide.net/node/view/535056/bgimage http://bugguide.net/node/view/44808/bgimage

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Genus: Xyloryctes Species:

Dichotomous Key: Species Description in The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Page 460

Species Description in Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Page 112

http://bugguide.net/node/view/318374/bgimage http://bugguide.net/node/view/318382/bgimage

Tribe Pentodontini

Genus: Aphonus (moved from Tribe Oryctini) Species: Aphonus castaneus

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Aphonus, Page 111

http://www.pbase.com/tmurray74/image/125304612

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Genus: Aphonus (moved from Tribe Oryctini) Species: Aphonus densicauda Dichotomous Key: Aphonus Discription in Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Page 111

http://bugguide.net/node/view/454441/bgimage

Genus: Euetheola Species: picture just a representative for genus Similar to: Euetheola rugiceps ***Species found in Maryland*** Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Page 112

http://bugguide.net/node/view/275139/bgimage

Genus: Tomarus(Ligyrus) (moved from Tribe Oryctini) Species: Tomarus gibbosus Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Tomarus, Page 455

http://bugguide.net/node/view/431585/bgimage

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Genus: Tomarus(Ligyrus) (moved from Tribe Oryctini) Species: Tomarus relictus Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Tomarus, Page 455

http://bugguide.net/node/view/161979/bgimage

Tribe Phileurini Genus: Phileurus Species: (P. castaneus) Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Phileurus, Page 115

Species Description in The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska, Page 463 http://bugguide.net/node/view/285911/bgimage

Melolonthinae Tribe Diplotaxini

Genus: Diplotaxis Species: Diplotaxis frondicola Similar to: Diplotaxis fulva, D. subcostata (cited in literature) Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Diplotaxis, Page 73

http://bugguide.net/node/view/269786/bgimage

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Genus: Diplotaxis Species: Diplotaxis harperi Similar to: Diplotaxis atlantis, D. bidentata (cited in literature), D. liberta, D. punctatorugosa (cited in literature), D. sordid, D. tristis Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Diplotaxis, Page 73

http://bugguide.net/node/view/449283/bgimage

Tribe Hopliini

Genus: Hoplia Species: Hoplia trifasciata Similar: Hoplia equina, H. modesta

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Hoplia, Page 96

http://bugguide.net/node/view/50872/bgimage

Genus: Hoplia Species: Hoplia trivialis Similar to: Hoplia equina

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Hoplia, Page 96

http://bugguide.net/node/view/263075/bgimage

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Tribe Macrodactylini Genus: Dichelonyx Species: Dichelonyx albicollis Similar to: Dichelonyx fuscula Diochotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Dichelonyx, Page 94 D. albbicollis-Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Dichelonyx, Page 321 http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scarabaeoi dea/Scarabaeidae/Melolonthinae/Melolonthinae-Generic- pages/Macrodactylini/Dichelonyx/Dichelonyx.html

Genus: Dichelonyx Species: Dichelonyx diluta Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Dichelonyx, Page 94

http://bugguide.net/node/view/405821/bgimage

Genus: Dichelonyx Species: Dichelonyx elongatula (Dichelonyx elongata) Similar to: Dichelonyx subvittata Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Dichelonyx, Page 321

http://bugguide.net/node/view/532932/bgimage *All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 37

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Genus: Macrodactylus Species: Macrodactylus angustatus

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Macrodactylus, Page 95

http://bugguide.net/node/view/8041/bgimage

Genus: Macrodactylus Species: Macrodactylus subspinosus Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Macrodactylus, Page 95 Species Description in The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska, Page 319 http://bugguide.net/node/view/192123/bgimage

Tribe Melolonthini

Genus: Phyllophaga Species: Phyllophaga crenulata Similar to: Phyllophaga aemula Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Phyllophaga, Page 75 P. crenulata Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Phyllophaga, Page 332

http://bugguide.net/node/view/525168/bgimage *All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 38

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Genus: Phyllophaga Species: Phyllophaga implicita (cited in literature) Similar to: Phyllophaga balia, P. ephilida, P. fraterna P. forsteri, P. fusca, P. futillis, P. hirticula, P. ilicis, P. inversa, P. marginalis, P. rugosa,

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Phyllophaga, Page 332 Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Phyllophaga, Page 75 http://bugguide.net/node/view/270548/bgimage

Genus: Phyllophaga Species: Phyllophaga tristis Similar to: Phyllophaga glaberrima (cited in the literature), P. gracilis, P. prununculina (cited in literature), P. quercus

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Phyllophaga, Page 75

http://bugguide.net/node/view/537952/bgimage

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Genus: Phyllophaga Species: Phyllophaga hornii Similar to: Phyllophaga anxia, P. diffinis, P. drakii, P. foxii, P. hirsuta, P. latifrons, P. luctuosa, P. mican, P. subtonsa, P. sylvatica

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Phyllophaga, Page 75 The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Phyllophaga, Page 332 http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scaraba eoidea/Scarabaeidae/Melolonthinae/Melolonthinae- Generic- pages/Melolonthini/Phyllophaga/Phyllophaga- species/P-hornii/P-hornii.html

--Could not find species descriptions on P. barda & P. vilifrons--

Genus: Polyphylla Species: Polyphylla variolosa Dichotomous Key: Genus Description in The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Page 385

Genus Description in the Scarab Beetles of South Carolina, Page 92

http://bugguide.net/node/view/195786/bgimage

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Tribe Sericini Genus: Maladera Species: Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Page 72

http://bugguide.net/node/view/302886/bgimage

Genus: Nipponoserica (Serica) Species: Nipponoserica peregrine

For Species information visit the link below

http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scaraba eoidea/Scarabaeidae/Melolonthinae/Melolonthinae- Generic- pages/Sericini/Nipponoserica/Nipponoserica.html

Genus: Serica Species: Serica intermixta Similar to: Serica georgiana, S. mystaca, S. parallela, S. vespertina

Dichtomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Serica, Page 66 The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Serica, Page 390

http://bugguide.net/node/view/612175/bgimage

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Genus: Serica Species: Serica iricolor

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Serica, Page 66

http://bugguide.net/node/view/19892/bgimage

Genus: Serica Species: Similar to: Serica blatchleyi, S. loxia (cited in literature), S. opposita (cited in literature) Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Serica, Page 66 http://www- museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scarabaeoidea/S carabaeidae/Melolonthinae/Melolonthinae-Generic- pages/Sericini/Serica/Serica.html --Could not find species descriptions on S. atracapilla (atricapilla), S. floridana, & S. imitans—

Rutelinae Tribe Anomalini

Genus: Anomala Species: Anomala binotata

Dichotomous Key: The Scarbaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Anomala, Page 414

4 black spots 2 on each elytra http://bugguide.net/node/view/393759/bgimage

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Genus: Anomala Species: flavipennis Similar to: Anomala marginata, A. semilivida Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Anomala, Page 98

A. flavipennis-The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska, Key to Anomala, Page 414 http://bugguide.net/node/view/416361/bgimage

Genus: Anomala Species: Anomala innuba, A. oblivia

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Anomala, Page 98

A. innuba-The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska, Key to Anomala, Page 414 http://bugguide.net/node/view/448799/bgimage

Genus: Anomala Species: Anomala lucicola Similar to: Anomala umbra

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Anomala, Page 98

http://bugguide.net/node/view/14141/bgimage

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Genus: Anomala Species: Anomala orientalis

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Anomala, Page 98

http://bugguide.net/node/view/290796/bgimage

Genus: Anomala Species:

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Anomala, Page 414 Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Anomala, Page 98 http://bugguide.net/node/view/183542/bgimage

Genus: Popillia Species: Popillia japonica

Dichotomous Key: Species Description in The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Page 427 Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Page 103 http://bugguide.net/node/view/565927/bgimage *All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 44

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Genus: Strigoderma Species: Strigoderma pygmaea Similar to: Strigoderma arbicola Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Strigoderma, Page 102 S. arbicola-Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Page 429 http://bugguide.net/node/view/307068/bgimage

Tribe Rutelini

Genus: Cotalpa Species:

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Cotalpa, Page 405 Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Tribe Rutelini, Page 103 http://bugguide.net/node/view/504037/bgimage

Genus: Parastasia Species: Parastasia brevipes

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Tribe Rutelini, Page 103

http://bugguide.net/node/view/8644/bgimage

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Genus: Pelidnota Species: Pelidnota punctata

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Tribe Rutelini, Page 103 The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Species Description, Page 409 http://bugguide.net/node/view/545190/bgimage

Scarabaeinae Tribe Ateuchini Genus: Ateuchus Species: Ateuchus histeroides Similar to: A. lecontei (cited in literature)

Dichotomous Key: Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Ateuchus, Page 16 A. histeroides-The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Species Description, Page 268

http://bugguide.net/node/view/638383/bgimage

Tribe Canthonini

Genus: Canthon Species: Canthon vigilans Similar to: C. chalcites, C. pilularius, C. () probus

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Canthon, Page 283

http://bugguide.net/node/view/27924/bgimage

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Genus: Canthon Species: Similar to: C. pilularius

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Canthon, Page 283 http://bugguide.net/node/view/626455/bgimage

Genus: Melanocanthon Species: Melanocanthon bispinatus

Dichotomous Key: Species Description in Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Page 15

http://bugguide.net/node/view/189719/bgimage

Tribe Coprini

Genus: Copris Species: Copris minutis Similar to: C. fricator

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Copris, Page 270

http://bugguide.net/node/view/604087/bgimage http://bugguide.net/node/view/93153/bgimage

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Genus: Dichotomius Species:

Dichotomous Key: Species Description in The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Page 274 Species Description in Scarab Beetles of South Carolina, Page 17 http://bugguide.net/node/view/281178

Tribe Onthophagini Genus: Onthophagus Species: Onthophagus concinnus

Dichotomous Key: Genus Onthophagus—Howden, Cartwright Key to Onthophagus, Page 10

http://bugguide.net/node/view/522918/bgimage

Genus: Onthophagus Species: Similar to: O. pennsylvanicus, O. striatulus, O. taurus O. tuberculifrons Dichotomous Key: Beetle Genus Onthophagus—Howden, Cartwright Key to Onthophagus, Page 10 The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Onthophagus, Page 253 http://bugguide.net/node/view/353332/bgimage http://bugguide.net/node/view/353335/bgimage *All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 48

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Genus: Onthophagus Species:

Dichotomous Key: Beetle Genus Onthophagus—Howden, Cartwright Key to Onthophagus, Page 10

http://bugguide.net/node/view/564461/bgimage

Genus: Onthophagus Species: Onthophagus orpheus

Dichotomous Key: Beetle Genus Onthophagus—Howden, Cartwright Key to Onthophagus, Page 10

The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Onthophagus, Page 253

http://bugguide.net/node/view/613227/bgimage

Tribe Phanaeini

Genus: Phanaeus (Moved from Tribe Coprini) Species:

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Phanaeus, Page276

http://scarabaeoidea.lifedesks.org/pages/1228

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TROGIDAE Troginae

Genus: Omorgus (Trox) Species: Omorgus (Trox) monachus Similar to: Omorgus (Trox) asper, O. (Trox) tytus

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Omorgus, Page 92 Scarab Beetles of South Carolina Key to Species of Troginae (Trogidae), Page 61 http://bugguide.net/node/view/169337/bgimage

Genus: Omorgus (Trox) Species: Omorgus (Trox) scabrosus Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Omorgus, Page 92

http://bugguide.net/node/view/207686/bgimage

Genus: Omorgus (Trox) Species: Omorgus (Trox) suberosus

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Omorgus, Page 92

http://bugguide.net/node/view/420122/bgimage *All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 50

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Genus: Trox Species: Similar to: Trox aequalis, T. affinis, T. capillaris, T. hamatus, T. laticollis, T. sordidus, T. terrestris, T. tuberculatus

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Trox, Page 69 T. affinis & T. terrestris- Scarab Beetles of South Carolina, Key to Troginae (Trogidae), Page 61

http://bugguide.net/node/view/168449/bgimage

Genus: Trox Species: Trox spinulosus Similar to: Trox foveicollis

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Trox, Page 69

http://bugguide.net/node/view/351715/bgimage

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Genus: Trox Species: Trox striatus Similar to: Trox unistriatus

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Trox, Page 69

http://bugguide.net/node/view/642925/bgimage

Genus: Trox Species: Trox variolatus

Dichotomous Key: The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska Key to Trox, Page 69

http://bugguide.net/node/view/176768/bgimage

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References

BugGuide. Iowa State University Entomology. http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740

Borowiec, Lech. “Psammodius sulcicollis (Illiger, 1801)”. Iconographia Coleopterorum Poloniae. http://coleoptera.ksib.pl/kfp/search.php?img=6954

Cartwright, O.L. and H.F. Howden. “Scarab Beetles of the Genus Onthophagus Latreille North of Mexico (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)”. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 114(3467): 1-135, 11 figures, 9 plates.

Dabry, Julien. “Acrossus rufipes”. Portraits d’éboueurs. Last Visited July 25, 2012. http://typhaeus.chez-alice.fr/images/Acrossus_rufipes.jpg

Gordon, R. D. and P. E. Skelley. 2007. A monograph of the Aphodiini inhabiting the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 79: 580 p.

Guzman, David. “Lucanus elaphus”. Flickr from Yahoo. Last Visited July 25, 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/entomopixel/5098352100/

Harpootlian, P.J. 2001. Scarab Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of South Carolina. Biota of South Carolina. Volume 2. Clemson University Public Service Publishing.

Jameson, M.L. and B.C. Ratcliffe. “Generic Guide to New World Scarab Beetles”. University of Nebraska State Museum Division of Entomology. http://museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Guide-introduction/Guideintro.html

Majka, Christopher. “Gnorimella maculosa (Knoch)”. Empty Mirrors Press. Last Visited July 25, 2012. http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/environment/NHR/Gnorimella_maculosa.html

Manci, Cosmin-Ovidiu. “Psammodius laevipennis (A. Costa, 1844—Aphodiinae)”. Forum Entomologi Italiani.

Murray, Tom. “Aphonus castaneus”. PBase. Last Visited July 25, 2012. http://www.pbase.com/tmurray74/image/125304612

Picture of Pleurophorus atlanticus taken from http://unibio.unam.mx/irekani/bitstream/123456789/25622/1/9310.jpg Last Visited July 25, 2012

Picture of Teuchestes fossor taken from http://www.galerie- insecte.org/galerie/view.php?adr=image%2Fdos6%2Ftemp%2Fteuchestes_fosso.jpg Last Visited July 25, 2012.

Price, Dana L. “Phanaeus vindex (MacLeay)”. eScarab LifeDesks. Last Visited July 25, 2012. http://scarabaeoidea.lifedesks.org/pages/1228

*All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 53

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Ratcliffe, B.C. and M.J. Paulsen. 2008. The Scarabaeoid Beetles of Nebraska (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). University of Nebraska State Museum Bulletin 22: 1-570.

Staines, C. L., “An Annotated Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) of Maryland”. 1984. Maryland Entomologist 2(4): 79-89.

*All photographs are linked to their copyright holder. 54