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Community Formation and the Emergence of the Inca
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2019 Assembling States: Community Formation And The meE rgence Of The ncI a Empire Thomas John Hardy University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Hardy, Thomas John, "Assembling States: Community Formation And The meE rgence Of The ncaI Empire" (2019). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 3245. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3245 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3245 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Assembling States: Community Formation And The meE rgence Of The Inca Empire Abstract This dissertation investigates the processes through which the Inca state emerged in the south-central Andes, ca. 1400 CE in Cusco, Peru, an area that was to become the political center of the largest indigenous empire in the Western hemisphere. Many approaches to this topic over the past several decades have framed state formation in a social evolutionary framework, a perspective that has come under increasing critique in recent years. I argue that theoretical attempts to overcome these problems have been ultimately confounded, and in order to resolve these contradictions, an ontological shift is needed. I adopt a relational perspective towards approaching the emergence of the Inca state – in particular, that of assemblage theory. Treating states and other complex social entities as assemblages means understanding them as open-ended and historically individuated phenomena, emerging from centuries or millennia of sociopolitical, cultural, and material engagements with the human and non-human world, and constituted over the longue durée. -
Ohio's State Tests
Ohio’s State Tests PRACTICE TEST GRADE 8 ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS Student Name The Ohio Department of Education does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, or disability in employment or the provision of services. Some items are reproduced with permission from the American Institutes for Research as copyright holder or under license from third parties. Copyright © 2017 by the Ohio Department of Education. All rights reserved. Directions: Today you will be taking the Ohio Grade 8 English Language Arts Practice Assessment. There are several important things to remember: 1. Read each question carefully. Think about what is being asked. Look carefully at graphs or diagrams because they will help you understand the question. Then, choose or write the answer you think is best in your Answer Document. 2. Use only a #2 pencil to answer questions on this test. 3. For questions with bubbled responses, choose the correct answer and then fill in the circle with the appropriate letter in your Answer Document. Make sure the number of the question in this Student Test Booklet matches the number in your Answer Document. If you change your answer, make sure you erase your old answer completely. Do not cross out or make any marks on the other choices. 4. For questions with response boxes, write your answer neatly, clearly and only in the space provided in your Answer Document. Any responses written in your Student Test Booklet will not be scored. Make sure the number of the question in this Student Test Booklet matches the number in your Answer Document. -
Guía De Identificación Y Registro Del Qhapaq Ñan 1.2
GUÍA DE IDENTIFICACIÓN Y REGISTRO DEL QHAPAQ ÑAN 2 3 ÍNDICE PRESENTACIÓN 9 INTRODUCCIÓN 11 MARCO LEGAL 13 Ministro de Cultura 1. NOCIONES BÁSICAS 17 Luis Peirano Falconí 1.1. El Tawantinsuyu 17 Viceministro de Patrimonio Cultural e Industrias Culturales 1.1.1. La ciudad del Cuzco y sus caminos 17 Rafael Varón Gabai 1.1.2. Los cuatro suyus y las provincias 17 Secretaría Técnica del Proyecto Qhapaq Ñan 1.1.3. Los funcionarios del sistema vial 18 Giancarlo Marcone Flores Guía de Identificación y Registro del Qhapaq Ñan 1.2. El significado del Qhapaq Ñan 20 Ministerio de Cultura 1.3. Antecedentes del Qhapaq Ñan 21 Av. Javier Prado Este N.° 2465, San Borja, Lima 41 Teléfono: (+51-1) 6189393 Anexo 2320 1.4. La construcción del Qhapaq Ñan 22 [email protected] 1.4.1. En la sierra 24 www.mcultura.gob.pe 1.4.2. En la costa 24 Coordinación, investigación y registro del Qhapaq Ñan 1.4.3. En la selva alta 27 Guido Casaverde Ríos Textos y redacción Segisfredo López Vargas 1.5. Etapas de construcción 27 Edición y diseño 1.5.1. El trazado 27 José Luis Díaz Carranza 1.5.2. La cimentación 27 Equipo de investigación 1.5.3. La pavimentación 27 Alfredo Bar, Miguel Cabrera, José Luis Díaz, Segisfredo López y Guido Casaverde 1.5.4. El drenaje 28 Fotos 1.5.5. El mantenimiento 28 Archivo Fotográfico del Proyecto Qhapaq Ñan, Alfredo Bar, Joseph Bernabé, Jimmy Bouroncle, Miguel Cabrera, Tomas Campos, Yuri Cavero, Luis Díaz, Julio Fernández, 1.6. -
Lost Ancient Technology of Peru and Bolivia
Lost Ancient Technology Of Peru And Bolivia Copyright Brien Foerster 2012 All photos in this book as well as text other than that of the author are assumed to be copyright free; obtained from internet free file sharing sites. Dedication To those that came before us and left a legacy in stone that we are trying to comprehend. Although many archaeologists don’t like people outside of their field “digging into the past” so to speak when conventional explanations don’t satisfy, I feel it is essential. If the engineering feats of the Ancient Ones cannot or indeed are not answered satisfactorily, if the age of these stone works don’t include consultation from geologists, and if the oral traditions of those that are supposedly descendants of the master builders are not taken into account, then the full story is not present. One of the best examples of this regards the great Sphinx of Egypt, dated by most Egyptologists at about 4500 years. It took the insight and questioning mind of John Anthony West, veteran student of the history of that great land to invite a geologist to study the weathering patterns of the Sphinx and make an estimate of when and how such degradation took place. In stepped Dr. Robert Schoch, PhD at Boston University, who claimed, and still holds to the theory that such an effect was the result of rain, which could have only occurred prior to the time when the Pharaoh, the presumed builders, had existed. And it has taken the keen observations of an engineer, Christopher Dunn, to look at the Great Pyramid on the Giza Plateau and develop a very potent theory that it was indeed not the tomb of an egotistical Egyptian ruler, as in Khufu, but an electrical power plant that functioned on a grand scale thousands of years before Khufu (also known as Cheops) was born. -
Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor
Silva Collins, Gabriel 2019 Anthropology Thesis Title: Making the Mountains: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor: Antonia Foias Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: No Contains Copyrighted Material: No MAKING THE MOUNTAINS: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads by GABRIEL SILVA COLLINS Antonia Foias, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Anthropology WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts May 19, 2019 Introduction Peru is famous for its Pre-Hispanic archaeological sites: places like Machu Picchu, the Nazca lines, and the city of Chan Chan. Ranging from the earliest cities in the Americas to Inca metropolises, millennia of urban human history along the Andes have left large and striking sites scattered across the country. But cities and monuments do not exist in solitude. Peru’s ancient sites are connected by a vast circulatory system of roads that connected every corner of the country, and thousands of square miles beyond its current borders. The Inca road system, or Qhapaq Ñan, is particularly famous; thousands of miles of trails linked the empire from modern- day Colombia to central Chile, crossing some of the world’s tallest mountain ranges and driest deserts. The Inca state recognized the importance of its road system, and dotted the trails with rest stops, granaries, and religious shrines. Inca roads even served directly religious purposes in pilgrimages and a system of ritual pathways that divided the empire (Ogburn 2010). This project contributes to scholarly knowledge about the Inca and Pre-Hispanic Andean civilizations by studying the roads which stitched together the Inca state. -
PROGRAMA MULTIANUAL DE INVERSIONES 2022-2024 SECTOR CULTURA Febrero 2021
PROGRAMA MULTIANUAL DE INVERSIONES 2022-2024 SECTOR CULTURA Febrero 2021 Firmado digitalmente por TAM MALDONADO Mary Ysabel FAU 20537630222 soft Motivo: Doy V° B° Fecha: 19.02.2021 15:48:54 -05:00 CARTERA DE INVERSIONES DEL PROGRAMA MULTIANUAL DE INVERSIONES 2022 - 2024 PRIOR.1 OPMI de la Entidad: OPMI DEL MINISTERIO DE CULTURA Pág. 1 de 44 Nivel de Gobierno: GOBIERNO NACIONAL Fecha de Generación de Último Reporte de Cartera: 18/02/2021 22.43.09 COSTO INVERS. DEVENGADO SALDO SALDO ACUMULADO PROGRAMACIÓN DEL MONTO DE INVERSIÓN CÓDIGO CÓDIGO CÓDIGO TIPO DE PLIEGO / U.E. CICLO DE ORDEN DE ACTUALIZADO PIM 2021 PROGRAMABLE PENDIENTE PRIOR. NOMBRE INVERSIÓN FUNCIÓN PUNT. (al 31 dic. 2020) (S/) COFIN ÚNICO IDEA PROG. INVERSIÓN PRESUPUESTAL INVERSIÓN PRELACIÓN (S/) (S/) (S/) (S/) (S/) 2022 2023 2024 RESTAURACIÓN Y PUESTA EN VALOR DEL MONUMENTO PROYECTO DE CULTURA Y 1 2133733 PREHISPÁNICO ZONA M. DE CULTURA EJECUCIÓN E 67.720 13,285,545 13,136,907 51,000 97,638 96,639 0 0 999 NO INVERSION DEPORTE ARQUEOLÓGICA DE QOTAKALLI PUESTA EN VALOR DEL COMPLEJO ARQUEOLOGICO EL PROYECTO DE CULTURA Y 2 2112674 M. DE CULTURA EJECUCIÓN E 67.300 4,695,047 4,317,823 0 377,224 377,223 0 0 1 NO PARAISO - DISTRITO SAN INVERSION DEPORTE MARTIN DE PORRES - LIMA MURO PERIMETRICO DEL PROYECTO DE CULTURA Y 3 2026996 SANTUARIO ARQUEOLOGICO M. DE CULTURA EJECUCIÓN E 64.800 2,753,335 2,701,741 10,738 40,856 40,856 0 0 0 NO INVERSION DEPORTE PACHACAMAC RESTAURACION DE LA CAPILLA PROYECTO DE CULTURA Y 4 2061980 DE SAN PEDRO DE M. -
Proyectos De Inversión Pública - Abril 2021
Proyectos de Inversión Pública - abril 2021 EJECUCIÓN MONTO TOTAL DEL EJECUCIÓN DEL MES ACUMULADA DEL AVANCE DEL CÓDIGO ÚNICO DENOMINACIÓN EJECUCIÓN AL AÑO 2020* EJECUCIÓN ACUMULADA** PIM - 2021 PROYECTO DE ABRIL 01.01.2021 al PROYECTO (%) 30.04.2021 PLIEGO 003: MINISTERIO DE CULTURA 2,136,320,275 1,071,744,364 7,966,440 21,726,851 1,093,471,215 144,889,084 UNIDAD EJECUTORA 001-MC/ ADMINISTRACIÓN GENERAL 309,744,464 289,483,807 621,015 737,015 290,220,822 8,134,452 2026996 MURO PERIMETRICO DEL SANTUARIO ARQUEOLOGICO PACHACAMAC 2,753,335 2,701,741 4,956 4,956 2,706,697 10,738 98.31 2077871 REMODELACION DEL AREA EXPOSITIVA DEL MUSEO DE LA NACION 4,500,563 1,743,813 0 9,000 1,752,813 9,000 38.95 MEJORAMIENTO DE LOS SERVICIOS ARCHIVISTICOS DEL ARCHIVO CENTRAL- MINISTERIO DE 2091094 4,344,417 599,541 45,900 145,800 745,341 494,100 17.16 CULTURA, DISTRITO DE SAN BORJA, PROVINCIA Y DEPARTAMENTO DE LIMA 2112489 1,685,831 1,627,134 0 0 1,627,134 26,074 96.52 PUESTA EN VALOR DEL SECTOR I DE LA HUACA MONTERREY EN EL DISTRITO DE ATE - LIMA 2112674 PUESTA EN VALOR DEL COMPLEJO ARQUEOLOGICO EL PARAISO - DISTRITO SAN MARTIN DE PORRES - 4,695,047 4,317,823 9,196 9,196 4,327,019 377,223 92.16 LIMA 2129856 CONSTRUCCION DE INFRAESTRUCTURA NUEVA E IMPLEMENTACION DEL GRAN TEATRO NACIONAL 269,950,671 267,340,043 0 0 267,340,043 2,320,000 99.03 COMO EJE DE LA CULTURA NACIONAL - LIMA - LIMA - SAN BORJA ACONDICIONAMIENTO TURISTICO DEL COMPLEJO ARQUEOLOGICO EL BRUJO DE MAGDALENA DE 2133720 6,437,041 3,090,614 374,273 374,273 3,464,887 1,050,457 53.83 CAO, DISTRITO -
Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) and Alberite Dolmen (Southern Spain) Ritual “Ears” Celtic, Iberian, Aymara and Basque Languages
61 International Journal of Modern Anthropology Int. J. Mod. Anthrop. (2013) 6: 61 - 76 Available online at: www.ata.org.tn ; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v1i6.3 Original Synthetic Report Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) and Alberite Dolmen (Southern Spain) ritual “ears” Celtic, Iberian, Aymara and Basque languages Antonio Arnaiz-Villena, Javier Alonso-Rubio and Valentín Ruiz-del-Valle Antonio Arnaiz-Villena is presently Head of Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Complutense University, Madrid, Spain. He has been as Research Fellow in the Middlesex Hospital and The London Hospital, London, UK for 9 years. He has published more than 300 papers in international magazines and 8 books in Immunology, Immunogenetics and Human and Bird Population Genetics. He has directed 48 PhD theses. E-mail: [email protected]. Web page: http://chopo.pntic.mec.es/biolmol/ Population genetics and linguistics, Dpt. Immunology, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain. Abstract - There are indications of transatlantic cultural contacts in Prehistoric Times: Solutrean artifacts (about 20,000 years ago) are found in United States archeological sites and also cave wall inscriptions which may be a early alphabet and are identical all over the World are abundant in southern France and northern Spain. In the present paper, close similarities of a Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) “ritual ear” and another “ritual ears” observed in Alberite Dolmen (southern Spain, 7,000 years ago) are described. Functionality of these stone carved “ears” is related to amplifying voice and communication between shaman/priest and prayers. Thus, a religious role is put forward for these “ears”, but not excluding other functionalities. -
The Metrological Research of Machu Picchu Site. Application of a Cosine Quantogram Method for 3D Laser Data
IMEKO International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Torino, Italy, October 19-21, 2016 The metrological research of Machu Picchu site. Application of a cosine quantogram method for 3D laser data. Anna Kubicka 1 1 Wroclaw University of Technology, ul. Bolesława Prusa 53/55 50 -317 Wrocław , [email protected] The aim of research and metrological analysis of the Machu Picchu site is to verify the hypothesis on the functioning of the imperial system of length measurement, which were used by Incas during measurement and construction process. The results of 3D laser scanning of the Machu Picchu site provides crucial, precise output for metrological analysis. Main objective is to verify the hypothesis assuming the existence and usage of one, common imperial unit. As far as the research method is concerned, I propose using statistical model of cosine quantogram, which has successfully been employed during the analysis of architectural sites of Mediterranean culture as well as European medieval urbanism. The questions and problems of research concerning the existence and usage of base unit or units of measure are formed on the foregoing assumptions pertaining to current phenomenon of outlining and measuring Inca urban planning. I. MACHU PICCHU – IMPERIAL INVESTMENT andenes (agricultural terraces). Water system had to be During expansion of the Inca empire from about planed before in order to create a water channel 1430 to the Spanish conquest in 1532 (chronology system to all sacred structure on Machu Picchu. based on John Rowe [1]) Inca created infrastructure as well as small and large settlements like a read network, vast irrigation system, agricultural terraces, suspension bridges and many more to lunched a massive construction program which mark their presents across Andean region. -
CALLAO, PERU Onboard: 1800 Saturday November 26
Arrive: 0800 Tuesday November 22 CALLAO, PERU Onboard: 1800 Saturday November 26 Brief Overview: A traveler’s paradise, the warm arms of Peru envelope some of the world’s most timeless traditions and greatest ancient treasures! From its immense biodiversity, the breathtaking beauty of the Andes Mountains (the longest in the world!) and the Sacred Valley, to relics of the Incan Empire, like Machu Picchu, and the rich cultural diversity that populates the country today – Peru has an experience for everyone. Located in the Lima Metropolitan Area, the port of Callao is just a stone’s throw away from the dazzling sights and sounds of Peru’s capital and largest city, Lima. With its colorful buildings teeming with colonial architecture and verdant coastline cliffs, this vibrant city makes for a home-away-from-home during your port stay in Peru. Nearby: Explore Lima’s most iconic neighborhoods - Miraflores and Barranco – by foot, bike (PER 104-201 Biking Lima), and even Segway (PER 121-101 Lima by Segway). Be sure to hit up one of the local markets (PER 114-201 Culinary Lima) and try out Peruvian fare – you can’t go wrong with picarones (fried pumpkin dough with anis seeds and honey - pictured above), cuy (guinea pig), or huge ears of roast corn! Worth the travel: Cusco, the former capital of Incan civilization, is a short flight from Lima. From this ancient city, you can access a multitude of Andean wonders. Explore the ruins of the famed Machu Picchu, the city of Ollantaytambo – which still thrives to this day, Lake Titcaca and its many islands, and the culture of the Quechua people. -
RETABLOS Y PIEDRAS SANTOS La Materialidad De Las Wak’As
RETABLOS Y PIEDRAS SANTOS La materialidad de las wak’as Varinia Oros Rodríguez Museo Nacional de Etnografía y Folklore Fundación Cultural del Banco Central de Bolivia La Paz, Bolivia. 2015 3 Oros Rodríguez, Varinia Retablos y Piedras Santos. La materialidad de las wak’as.-- Varinia Oros Rodríguez.-- La Paz: MUSEF, 2015.-- 1a. ed. 248 p: 318 fotos; 30 cm. D. L.: 4-1-358-15 P.O. ISBN: 978-99974-853-4-2 / RETABLOS / ESTRUCTURA ARQUITECTÓNICA / CREACIÓN DE OBJETOS DE ARTE RELIGIOSO / ICONOGRAFÍA / SANTOS / VÍRGENES / PIEDRAS SANTOS / CRUCES / FIESTAS RELIGIOSAS / CALENDARIO FESTIVO - BOLIVIA / CONSERVACIÓN Y RESTAURACIÓN DE COLECCIONES MUSEOGRÁFICAS / PERÍODOS DE LA HISTORIA / CALENDARIOS / BOLIVIA / 1. TÍTULO CDD 704.948 RETABLOS Y PIEDRAS SANTOS. La materialidad de las wak’as Varinia Oros Rodríguez BANCO CENTRAL DE BOLIVIA Marcelo Zabalaga Estrada: Presidente Abraham Pérez Alandia: Vicepresidente Álvaro Rodríguez Rojas: Director Sergio Velarde Vera: Director Reynaldo Yujra Segales: Director Ronald Polo Rivero: Director Álvaro Romero Villavicencio: Secretario FUNDACIÓN CULTURAL DEL BANCO CENTRAL DE BOLIVIA Homero Carvalho Oliva: Presidente Iris Villegas Borjes: Vicepresidente Cergio Prudencio Bilbao: Consejero Orlando Pozo Tapia: Consejero Óscar Vega Camacho: Consejero Ignacio Mendoza Pizarro: Consejero Derecho editorial: © Musef Editores La Paz: Calle Ingavi 916, teléfonos: (591-2) 2408640, Fax: (591-2) 2406642, Casilla Postal 5817, www.musef.org.bo, [email protected] • Sucre: Calle España 74, teléfono y fax: (591-4) 6455293 © Varinia Oros Rodríguez Directora del MUSEF: Elvira Espejo Ayca Curadora: Varinia Oros Rodríguez Colaboración: Juan Villanueva, Jose Alfredo Campos, Primitivo Alanoca, Tatiana Suarez y Caitlin Cowlen. Autora: Varinia Oros Rodríguez Fotos: Colección Retablos del MUSEF con las excepciones anotadas. -
Groundwater Management in the 300 Bce-1100Ce Pre-Columbian City of Tiwanaku (Bolivia)
urren : C t R gy e o s l e o r a r d c Ortloff, Hydrol Current Res 2014, 5:2 y h H Hydrology DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000168 Current Research ISSN: 2157-7587 Case Report Open Access Groundwater Management in the 300 bce-1100ce Pre-Columbian City of Tiwanaku (Bolivia) Charles R Ortloff* CFD Consultants International Ltd., 18310 Southview Avenue, Los Gatos, CA 95033, USA Historical Background Tiwanaku Hydraulic Analysis The ancient (300 BCE-1100 CE) city of Tiwanaku, capital of a vast To illustrate the perimeter canal’s hydrologic functions, multiple South American empire, has been the subject of research starting from data assemblages used to construct a computational fluid dynamics early 20th century scholars and continuing to the present day [1-10]. (CFD) hydrological model (Figure 5) include results of archaeological The city, located at the southern edge of the Lake Titicaca Basin in the mapping and excavation [11-15], Google Earth imagery and aerial south-central portion of the South American Andes at an altitude of photos taken over the site of Tiwanaku. These recently discovered 3800-3900 masl incorporated an elite area bounded by an encompassing photographs reveal the site decades before urbanization and perimeter canal that supported temple complexes, palace architecture monumental reconstruction began to transform it into a tourist and a stepped-pyramid (the Akapana) designed to serve ceremonial destination and were taken at a time of year when many features held functions and provide residential structures for Tiwanaku’s rulers. water, thus providing a clear view of Tiwanaku’s hydrological features.