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Chapter 1: Terrorism: an Introduction © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEpart OR DISTRIBUTION oneone NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONUnderstandingNOT FOR Terrorism SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and Terrorists’ Mindset © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The success of counterterrorism largely depends on the understanding of terrorism and terrorists’ objectives. Therefore, it is imperative that one comprehend how and why individual terrorists and terrorist groups do what they do. Accordingly, the © Jones & Bartlettfocus of this Learning, part is on analyzing LLC the way that terrorist© actors Jones think & in Bartlett order to be Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEable to ORbetter DISTRIBUTION understand, explain, and possibly predictNOT actions FOR and nonactionsSALE OR of DISTRIBUTION terrorists in future situations. To achieve this, first, this part explores what terrorism is and what terrorists do (Chapter 1). It also introduces different types of terrorism. Here, particular emphasis is placed on area of operation, tactics, and targets of terrorists. Spe- © Jones & Bartlett Learning,cial attention LLC is paid to the most prominent© Jones domestic & Bartlett and international Learning, terrorist LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONgroups in Europe, Asia, Africa, SouthNOT America, FOR North SALE America, OR DISTRIBUTION and the Middle East. Second, it seeks to determine the primary reasons why individuals and groups commit a terrorist attack by focusing on existing theories and hypotheses (Chapter 2). Third, it examines the strategic, social, and individual goals of terrorists (Chapter© Jones 3). It & further Bartlett assesses Learning, the factors LLCthat are conducive to the sustainability© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC of certain groups and those that led to the demise of other groups. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION n 1 n © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEchapter OR DISTRIBUTIONone one NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONTerrorism: AnNOT Introduction FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OnNOT September FOR 11, SALE 2001, OR four DISTRIBUTIONU.S. commercial airliners loaded with jet NOTfuel were FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION hijacked by 19 Islamic terrorists, who used the planes as missiles. The attacks tar- geted the two towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and an unidentified building in Washington, DC (possibly the U.S. Capitol Building or the White House), although the fourth plane never © Jones & Bartlettreached its Learning, target due to LLCpassengers attacking the hijackers© Jones and causing & Bartlett the plane Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEto crash OR into DISTRIBUTION a field in southwestern Pennsylvania. TheseNOT events, FOR which SALE resulted OR in DISTRIBUTION approximately 3,000 deaths and more than $17 billion in damages, were covered worldwide by media and were universally labeled as acts of terrorism. On the fifth anniversary of 9/11 (September 11, 2006), David McMenemy crashed his vehicle, which was doused in gasoline, into the Egerton Women’s Health Center © Jones & Bartlett Learning,in Davenport, LLC Iowa, with the intent of© causing Jones an & explosion. Bartlett McMenemy Learning, attacked LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONthe facility because he believed that NOTthe center FOR was SALE providing OR abortionDISTRIBUTION services to women. No national newspaper, magazine, or network newscast covered the incident (with the exception of an Associated Press wire story).1 Even when this incident was covered, it was not labeled an act of terrorism. ©Between Jones 1997 & Bartlett and 2010, Learning, there have been LLC 6,349 incidents of violence© againstJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC abortion providers in the United States and Canada.2 Of these incidents, 41 were NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 Pozner, J. L. 2006, October 8.The terrorists who aren’t in the news: Anti-abortion fanatics spread fear by bombings, murders and assaults, but the media take little notice. Women in News and Media. http://www.wimnonline.org/WIMNsVoicesBlog/?p=286 2 National Abortion Federation. 2011. NAF violence and disruption statistics: Incidents of violence © Jones & Bartlettand disruption Learning, against abortion LLC providers in the U.S. and Canada.© http://www.prochoice.org/pubs Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE_research/publications/downloads/about_abortion/stats_table2010.pdf. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION n 3 n © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4 n CHAPTER 1 TERRORISM: AN INTRODUCTION bombings,© Jones 662 & were Bartlett anthrax Learning, threats, and LLC100 were butyric acid attacks.© Despite Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC this,NOT the mediaFOR and SALE certain OR politicians DISTRIBUTION refer to the perpetrators of these incidentsNOT FOR as SALE OR DISTRIBUTION activists and not terrorists.3 This occurrence may in part be due to misperceptions of what constitutes terrorism. What further complicates matters is the lack of a universally accepted definition of terrorism. This following text seeks to shed some light on this issue by examining definitions of terrorism, identifying the different © Jones & Bartletttypes of terrorism Learning, worldwide, LLC and determining the viability© Jones of creating & Bartlett a univer Learning,- LLC NOT FOR SALEsally accepted OR DISTRIBUTION definition of terrorism. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION DEFINING TERRORISM Numerous definitions of terrorism exist. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) © Jones & Bartlett Learning,defines LLCterrorism as the “unlawful use© of Jones force or &violence Bartlett to intimidate Learning, or coerce LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONa government, the civilian population,NOT or any FOR segment SALE thereof, OR inDISTRIBUTION furtherance of political or social objectives or goals.”4 Terrorism is also defined in national legisla- tion. In the United States, federal law defines terrorism as activities that involve . violation(s) of the criminal laws of the United States or ©of Jones any State & and Bartlett . appear Learning, to be intended LLC (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coer- NOTcion; FORor (iii) toSALE affect theOR conduct DISTRIBUTION of a government by mass destruction, assasNOT- FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION sination, or kidnapping.3 In addition, the Code of Federal Regulations defined it as “the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the © Jones & Bartlettcivilian population, Learning, or any LLC segment thereof, in furtherance© of Jones political &or Bartlettsocial objec Learning,- LLC NOT FOR SALEtives” (28 OR CFR DISTRIBUTION Section 0.85). Other countries, such
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