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Greater Jakarta Foodscape Transition

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Greater Jakarta Foodscape Transition Land Use Planning Group - Wageningen University and Research Center Greater Jakarta Foodscape Transition The Issue of Social Capital in Metropolitan Governance Dika Fajri Fiisabiilillah 930720240060 LUP-80436 MSc Major Thesis Land Use Planning Greater Jakarta Foodscape Transition: The Issue of Social Capital in Metropolitan Governance This thesis is written as a final assignment for the master Landscape Architecture and Planning, specialization Spatial Planning, at Wageningen University. Droevendaalsesteeg 3 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands Supervision: dr. GBM (Bas) Pedroli Examination: prof. dr. TJM (Tejo) Spit Author: Dika Fajri Fiisabiilillah Reg. No. 930720240060 [email protected] Course: MSc Thesis Land Use Planning (LUP-80436), 36 ECTS. 1 “I’ve always believed, there are moments in our lives which can be defined as a transition between the before and after, between the cause and the effect.” -Benjamin X. Wretlind- I would like to thank my supervisor (Bas Pedroli, Helena Chaja Heyning, and Arnold van der Valk) for the guidance and constructive comments given throughout the thesis’s process. I would also like to thank the interviewees (the JMR Cooperation Board, the local governments in JMR, and the food suppliers in JMR) who shared their time and provided me with valuable information. Last but not least, I would like thank to my supporters of life: my family (Mamah, Papah, Kiki, Dede), Reaca, StuNed scholarship, my teachers, study advisors, and my friends at Wageningen University, and my friends in the Netherlands, Indonesia, and elsewhere for making me believe that the process too shall pass. 2 Abstract Recent research findings indicate that the non-agricultural aspects of metropolitan food systems, which are also often rooted in the urban areas, are frequently neglected in the food planning because of the strong orientation to the functioning agricultural sector. The negligence of social capital in the metropolitan cooperation often jeopardizes the potential social, economic, and ecological benefits of the metropolitan foodscape. To optimize these benefits, a transition towards a comprehensive metropolitan food system would be needed. This thesis demonstrates how social capital influences the initiation of a metropolitan food system transition and takes Jakarta Metropolitan Region as the case study where in recent years the development of agribusiness distribution centres has been introduced as a first step. This study uses policy documents and the result of semi-structured interviews with the key representatives of Jakarta Metropolitan Region food system actors: the cooperation board, the local policy makers, and the big food retailers. In a qualitative approach, content analysis, grounded theory, and narrative analysis are combined to answer the research questions. It is observed that the initiation of agribusiness distribution centres in greater Jakarta does lead to the establishment of a certain level of structural food chain integration. However, the initiation was seriously hampered by not building upon social capital between stakeholders. The study concludes that a successful transition to an efficient and equitable metropolitan foodscape needs more emphasis on the stimulation of social capital to allow for an effective collaborative planning. Keywords: metropolitan food system, social capital, transition theory 3 Summary Recent research findings indicate that the non-agricultural aspects of the metropolitan food system, which are also often in the urban areas, are frequently neglected in the food planning because of the strong orientation to the functioning agricultural sector. The negligence of social capital in the metropolitan cooperation often jeopardizes the potential social, economic, and ecological benefits of the metropolitan foodscape. To optimize these benefits, a transition towards a comprehensive metropolitan food system would be needed. This study focuses on the role social capital plays in the initiation of a metropolitan food system transition, taking Jakarta Metropolitan Region as a sample case: here the development of agribusiness distribution centres has been introduced in 2014 as a first step. To conduct the study, the developed elements of metropolitan foodscape integration in the initiation, the influence of the social capital to the initiation, and the reflection on the transition framework, are analyzed to describe how the social capital stands in the foodscape transition. Therefore, this study builds upon the theoretical frameworks of metropolitan food system integration: the elements of metropolitan food system integration, the components of social capital, regional governance, and multi-level perspective (MLP) for the transition framework. The main research question to be answered is: has social capital been addressed to play a role in the initiation of the metropolitan food system transition? Therefore, the aim of this study is to understand the role of social capital in the introduction of metropolitan food system transition. The sub-research questions are derived as the steps to answer the main question. Which element(s) of food system integration have been taken into consideration in the initiation, what were the consequences of the consideration of social capital in constructing the element(s), and can social capital be a consideration in the initiation of metropolitan food system transition, are the sub-research questions that are conducted on this study. Taking a case study approach as the basic research design, this study uses policy documents and the result of semi-structured interviews with the key representatives of Jakarta Metropolitan Region food system actors: the cooperation board, the local policy makers, and the big food retailers. In a qualitative approach, content analysis, grounded theory, and narrative analysis are combined to answer the research questions. It is observed that the initiation of agribusiness distribution centres in greater Jakarta does lead to the establishment of a certain level of structural food chain integration. However, the initiation was seriously hampered by not building on social capital between stakeholders. Given the fact that the food security issue is not considered as current issue, this issue, however, could be a large challenge ahead because of the decreasing amount of agricultural land-use in JMR. Therefore, an emphasis in building social capital in the metropolitan foodscape transition is urgently needed. It requires an engagement of all stakeholders in the collaborative planning and can be started from the strategic public sectors to trigger and develop a planning framework (the green paper and white paper) for the metropolitan foodscape integration. 4 Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................3 Summary ...........................................................................................................................................4 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................9 Research Background................................................................................................................................ 9 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................................. 11 Research Questions ................................................................................................................................ 12 Reading Guide ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................................... 14 City-Region Foodscape ............................................................................................................................ 14 Foodscape Definition and Scope ......................................................................................................... 14 City Region Foodscape Concept .......................................................................................................... 15 Challenges in City-Region Foodscape .................................................................................................. 16 Metropolitan Food Clusters .................................................................................................................... 17 Agroparks and Metropolitan Food Clusters ........................................................................................ 18 Metropolitan Food Clusters Elements ................................................................................................. 19 Social Capital ........................................................................................................................................... 20 Social Capital Components .................................................................................................................. 20 Social Capital and Metropolitan Governance ..................................................................................... 22 Regional Governance .............................................................................................................................. 22 Form & Mechanism of Regional
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