Cotter, Michael W

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Cotter, Michael W Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR MICHAEL W. COTTER Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: December 12, 1998 Copyri ht 2002 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born and raised in Wisconsin Georgeto n University; University of Barcelona, Spain Entered Foreign Service - 1968 State Department - FSI - ,ietnamese -anguage Training 1969 ,ietnam - .ORDS - 0ekong Delta 1910-1911 Hamlet Evaluation Survey Ben Tre District Ba Tri District Saigon, ,ietnam - Staff Aide 1911 Ambassador Bunker .ambodia incursion 419105 .orruption ,iet .ong Tet Offensives .IA 6,ietnami7ation8 0edia -a Pa7, Bolivia - Political Officer 1911-1913 .oup d:;tat Environment and narcotics AID .ommunism U.S. military assistance Allende & the Pinochet coup Foreign Religious groups .an Tho, ,ietnam - ,iet .ong 1913 .ease fire 1 International .ommission of .ontrol Fall of South ,ietnam 6,ietnami7ation8 State Department ? Honduras, El Salvador, Bolivia Desk Officer 1913-1915 AID AiBon resignation Stanford University - -atin American Studies 1915-1916 Dependency theory Cuito, Ecuador - Political Officer 1916-1919 U.S. and foreign military sales Government Environment 0ilitary staffing in embassies Peru border tensions Human rights State Department - FSI - Turkish -anguage Training 1919-1980 Ankara, Turkey - PoliticalD0ilitary Officer 1980-1982 0ilitary government Security D terrorism Environment U.S. basesDDE.A agreement AATO .oup d:;tat 0ilitary-to-military relations Greek-Turkish relations; .yprus State Department - Turkish Desk Officer 1982-1984 Armenians 0ilitary assistance Greek lobby Richard Perle 6Stovepipe8; conflicting U.S. military chains of command Intelligence sharing .yprus Ginshasa, Haire - PoliticalD.onsular Officer 1984-1988 Government; corruption and patronage system 0obutu Regional instability Economy AIDS 2 Dissidents Gamina Air Base Shaba region Belgians Shaba region Environment .IA Human rights 0issionaries African-American diplomats U.S. training programs Intern program State Department - Office of 0anagement Policy 1988-1990 State Department - PoliticalD0ilitary Bureau 1990-1992 Foreign Service vs. .ivil Service 0ilitary sales and assistance State-Defense EBchange Program Gold aterDAickles Act IraI-Gu ait Task Force Assistance to Israel 6Earmarking8 Turkey 0ilitary assistance programs Assistance budget preparation Gulf War I0ET Program Dick .larke Santiago, .hile - D.0 1992-1995 AAFTA 6Poisoned grapes8 issue Fruit eBportsDinspection Democratic tradition Pinochet era Society Government EBiles and terrorism Economy and eBports .hile Foundation 0ilitary Argentina relations Ae embassy construction Antarctica Relations ith Pinochet 3 Turkmenistan - Ambassador 1995-1998 AssignmentDconfirmation process Human rights Embassy creation Soviet colonialism Environment Russian minority Economy Gas and oil Aral Sea Agriculture Reforms U.S. Assistance to FSU USIA 0uslims and fundamentalism Embassy staffing AID Aeighbors .aspian Sea Unocal project Aiya7or Pipelines Iran Government .entral Asian 6unity8 INTERVIEW $: Well, can we start with, basically, tellin me when and where you were born, and then somethin about your family' .OTTER: I as born in 0adison, Wisconsin on August 1, 1943. I gre up in 0il aukee. 0y father is a la yer. 0y mother, as as common in her generation, raised us. I have t o brothers, one of hom orks for the American 0edical Association in .hicago, as an economist. The other is an assistant district attorney ith 0il aukee .ounty. $: (es, let)s talk about this, and can you give me a feel for the family' Did you read' What were the interests in the family' .OTTER: Yes, I read a lot. I read a lot more no than my brothers. I don:t kno hether this is a function of being a couple years pre-boomer versus being a boomer, but I as brought up reading ith my grandparents at a very young age. I al ays read a lot, 4 and still read a lot. I ent to parochial schools, .atholic grade school and Lesuit high school in 0il aukee. I played some sports, but my main activity in high school as drama and student government. $: Well, one hears those Catholic schools, fifty or so years before, could be very strict, and the nuns a very difficult group to deal with. How did you find this' .OTTER: It as very strict. Although I ceased being a practicing .atholic many years ago, I still give significant money to the high school, because I think the best education I had, in my entire education, through la school, as at that high school. As is common in Lesuit schools, it had a demerit system. Every five demerits earned you a 6jug8, a jug being 45 minutes in a study hall, after class. No if you ere involved in a sport or anything else that reIuired practice right after class, your alternative to jug as five s ats. Five s ats meant that you got up in front of the jug, emptied your back pockets, put your hands on your knees, and took five hits ith the golf club. Actually, in those days, the parents certainly kne this as part of the rules. I don:t even kno many kids ho objected to it. So, yes it as a strict school. I liked a separate education in high school. While not having girls in school as a frustration, I suppose, it as also less of a distraction. In those days, you had sections in each class. I as in the honors program, and took four years of -atin and t o years of Homeric Greek. Greek as a lot tougher. The first year e didn:t have a really good teacher, and as a result I never learned to read ancient Greek that ell. By the time e took it the second year, e had a much more sensible teacher ho simply had us read ancient Greek plays in English, and then rite papers on them. This as probably as useful as memori7ing ancient Greek. The Lesuits, as is ell kno n by their detractors as ell as their supporters, do a great job of educating. I as in drama for three years. We did T elve Angry 0en one year, and There Were No Angels, or 0y Three Angels, the play has been called different things. In my senior year e did No Time for Sergeants, in hich I had the lead. $: The Andy -riffith role. .OTTER: I played the Andy Griffith role, that:s right. It as a lot of fun. The only problem ith being in drama, I discovered in high school, as that, particularly in that kind of situation, it:s mostly preparation. You do three performances, and the hole thing is over, unlike ith professionals. I read in the paper today here .ats is going into its 11th year. Even ith football or basketball seasons in high school, you have a certain number of games in hich to 6perform.8 But in drama you ork, and ork, and ork, and then have three days of glory, and it:s over. I as also in student government and as president of the student council in my senior year. I participated in hat as called the Badger Boys State. It:s a program run by the American -egion in every state to give student leaders some eBperience in the democratic process. One other thing I guess I ould comment on is, I as a Boy Scout and an Eagle Scout. -ater on, although I don:t have children of my o n, I did serve as Scout 0aster. I discovered hat I think a lot of fathers find, and that is, too many other people tend to see Scouts and other organi7ations as a ay to get rid of their kids for a hile. The greatest 5 frustration as a Scout leader is getting other parents to go along on camp outs and participate in other activities. I finally asked myself hy as I doing this. I didn:t have kids of my o n, but yet I as doing this, and I couldn:t get fathers to come out. The interesting thing about being a Boy Scout in the 1950s as that all of our leaders ere World War II vets. 0y father served in the Pacific in the Eleventh Airborne Division and actually as scheduled to be on the first element of the invasion of Lapan had it taken place, and as on the second plane that landed in Lapan after the armistice as signed. Anyho , he and the other fathers ere all World War II vets. So our scouting eBperience as very focused on the military. We learned to march in step. We learned all of the Army marching songs. We learned signals. We learned about a compass. It as much different from scouting no , I gather, here, of course, it has changed ith the times. The leaders today don:t have the same military background that all of our leaders did. I found scouting to be a lot of fun, and very interesting. We took some fascinating trips. The other day, I as going through an old boB, and came upon a patch, I guess it as from hen I as already an EBplorer. We built hat e called Glondike sleds, hich ere sort of like dog sleds. The eBercise as then to go out and do a simulated airline rescue. A plane had crashed, and then e ere to go out ith the sled, and find survivors, and haul them back. Well, e ent out to camp on this particular eekend. It as one of the coldest eekends ever, about 20 belo . So, e ere camping in various kinds of tents, incidentally this ould have been in 1951 or 1958, probably. We got up the neBt morning. If you hadn:t had your boots in your sleeping bag ith you, your boots ere fro7en. So, the first thing you had to do as tha your boots out.
Recommended publications
  • The Last Chapter of the Vietnam War: Normalization, Nongovernmental Actors and the Politics of Human Rights, 1975-1995
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 2017 The Last Chapter of the Vietnam War: Normalization, Nongovernmental Actors and the Politics of Human Rights, 1975-1995 Amanda C. Demmer University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Demmer, Amanda C., "The Last Chapter of the Vietnam War: Normalization, Nongovernmental Actors and the Politics of Human Rights, 1975-1995" (2017). Doctoral Dissertations. 153. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/153 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE LAST CHAPTER OF THE VIETNAM WAR: NORMALIZATION, NONGOVERNMENTAL ACTORS AND THE POLITICS OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 1975-1995 BY AMANDA C. DEMMER B.A., State University of New York at Fredonia, 2010 M.A., University of New Hampshire, 2012 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History May, 2017 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © 2017 Amanda C. Demmer ii This dissertation has been examined and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in History by: Dissertation Director, Kurkpatrick Dorsey, Professor of History and History Graduate Program Director Lucy E. Salyer, Associate Professor of History Jessica M. Lepler, Associate Professor of History Lien-Hang T.
    [Show full text]
  • ROBERT BURNS and PASTORAL This Page Intentionally Left Blank Robert Burns and Pastoral
    ROBERT BURNS AND PASTORAL This page intentionally left blank Robert Burns and Pastoral Poetry and Improvement in Late Eighteenth-Century Scotland NIGEL LEASK 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX26DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # Nigel Leask 2010 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn ISBN 978–0–19–957261–8 13579108642 In Memory of Joseph Macleod (1903–84), poet and broadcaster This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements This book has been of long gestation.
    [Show full text]
  • Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination
    Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination Anglophone Writing from 1600 to 1900 Silke Stroh northwestern university press evanston, illinois Northwestern University Press www .nupress.northwestern .edu Copyright © 2017 by Northwestern University Press. Published 2017. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data are available from the Library of Congress. Except where otherwise noted, this book is licensed under a Creative Commons At- tribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. In all cases attribution should include the following information: Stroh, Silke. Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination: Anglophone Writing from 1600 to 1900. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2017. For permissions beyond the scope of this license, visit www.nupress.northwestern.edu An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books open access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the open-access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction 3 Chapter 1 The Modern Nation- State and Its Others: Civilizing Missions at Home and Abroad, ca. 1600 to 1800 33 Chapter 2 Anglophone Literature of Civilization and the Hybridized Gaelic Subject: Martin Martin’s Travel Writings 77 Chapter 3 The Reemergence of the Primitive Other? Noble Savagery and the Romantic Age 113 Chapter 4 From Flirtations with Romantic Otherness to a More Integrated National Synthesis: “Gentleman Savages” in Walter Scott’s Novel Waverley 141 Chapter 5 Of Celts and Teutons: Racial Biology and Anti- Gaelic Discourse, ca.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Art Criticism
    Page 1 The State of Art Criticism Art criticism is spurned by universities, but widely produced and read. It is seldom theorized, and its history has hardly been investigated. The State of Art Criticism presents an international conversation among art historians and critics that considers the relation between criticism and art history, and poses the question of whether criticism may become a university subject. Participants include Dave Hickey, James Panero, Stephen Melville, Lynne Cook, Michael Newman, Whitney Davis, Irit Rogoff, Guy Brett, and Boris Groys. James Elkins is E.C. Chadbourne Chair in the Department of Art History, Theory, and Criticism at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. His many books include Pictures and Tears, How to Use Your Eyes, and What Painting Is, all published by Routledge. Michael Newman teaches in the Department of Art History, Theory, and Criticism at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, and is Professor of Art Writing at Goldsmiths College in the University of London. His publications include the books Richard Prince: Untitled (couple) and Jeff Wall, and he is co-editor with Jon Bird of Rewriting Conceptual Art. 08:52:27:10:07 Page 1 Page 2 The Art Seminar Volume 1 Art History versus Aesthetics Volume 2 Photography Theory Volume 3 Is Art History Global? Volume 4 The State of Art Criticism Volume 5 The Renaissance Volume 6 Landscape Theory Volume 7 Re-Enchantment Sponsored by the University College Cork, Ireland; the Burren College of Art, Ballyvaughan, Ireland; and the School of the Art Institute, Chicago. 08:52:27:10:07 Page 2 Page 3 The State of Art Criticism EDITED BY JAMES ELKINS AND MICHAEL NEWMAN 08:52:27:10:07 Page 3 Page 4 First published 2008 by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • The Record of the Class
    The 1943 EAX C O R D P6)**t\ "OHJ0WNNY,H0WY0U "ALL ^THINGS YOU ARE" can LovrU "TONlQHT,MY "AMAPOLA,MY PRETTY LITTLE POP PY" "BLUFS IN THFNIQHT" "I KNOW WHY AMD SO 00 YOU REMEMBER, "THEYC/UL ITTHf JFR5EY BOUNCE OMEBODY EISF STAKING MY PLACE ilNQLF Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/recordofclass1943have THE 1943 RECORD / voatch the waves and quiet walls Of willows in the setting sun And know as night in silence falls My day is done. I see the scarlet fading where The shadows sink to stir the breeze And greet the dark which waits me there With memories. Two ^~* FOREWORD The Class o! 1943 stands ai the doors <>l life, unique in the history of Haver- ford College. It is a sadly depleted group. Ol the 87 original members, almost one-quarter now serve their nation all over the world. Because ol the acceleration and the war. the RECORD has frozen llie (lass as it stood last April 25. Some of the men who appear in these pages are now in Libya, China, or even India. Others are in Tennessee and New Hampshire. Perhaps/more are with the A. E. F. in Britain and Iceland. Many members of '43 will never receive their diplomas. Some may never see their classmates again. The Class of '43 is disintegrated and disintegrating. We are a (lass united through memories alone. As far back as the fall ol 1911. the war began to pull us apart.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Sophocles: the Hero's Evolution in Electra, Philoctetes, and Oedipus
    0/-*/&4637&: *ODPMMBCPSBUJPOXJUI6OHMVFJU XFIBWFTFUVQBTVSWFZ POMZUFORVFTUJPOT UP MFBSONPSFBCPVUIPXPQFOBDDFTTFCPPLTBSFEJTDPWFSFEBOEVTFE 8FSFBMMZWBMVFZPVSQBSUJDJQBUJPOQMFBTFUBLFQBSU $-*$,)&3& "OFMFDUSPOJDWFSTJPOPGUIJTCPPLJTGSFFMZBWBJMBCMF UIBOLTUP UIFTVQQPSUPGMJCSBSJFTXPSLJOHXJUI,OPXMFEHF6OMBUDIFE ,6JTBDPMMBCPSBUJWFJOJUJBUJWFEFTJHOFEUPNBLFIJHIRVBMJUZ CPPLT0QFO"DDFTTGPSUIFQVCMJDHPPE Late Sophocles Late Sophocles The Hero’s Evolution in Electra, Philoctetes, and Oedipus at Colonus Thomas Van Nortwick University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor Copyright © Thomas Van Nortwick 2015 All rights reserved This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and ex- cept by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. Published in the United States of America by the University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid- free paper 2018 2017 2016 2015 4 3 2 1 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Van Nortwick, Thomas, 1946– . Late Sophocles : the hero’s evolution in Electra, Philoctetes, and Oedipus at Colonus / Thomas Van Nortwick. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 472- 11956- 1 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 978- 0- 472- 12108- 3 (ebook) 1. Sophocles— Criticism and interpretation. 2. Sophocles. Electra. 3. Sophocles. Oedipus at Colonus. 4. Sophocles. Philoctetes. I. Title. PA4417.V36 2015 882'.01— dc23 2014049364 For Nathan Greenberg colleague, mentor, and friend Preface Oh children, follow me. I am your new leader, as once you were for me. (Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1542– 431) Sophocles’s Oedipus at Colonus ends with his most famous character walking serenely through the central doors of the stage building (skēnē) in the Theater of Dionysus and into the grove of the Eumenides.
    [Show full text]
  • Región De MAGALLANES Y LA Antártica CHILENA 2020 OBRAS PÚBLICAS P a R a E L D E S a R R O L L O
    REGIÓN DE MAGALLANES Y LA ANTÁRTICA CHILENA 2020 OBRAS PÚBLICAS P A R A E L D E S A R R O L L O GOBIERNO DECHILE MINISTERIO DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS Este documento corresponde a un extracto del libro: “CHILE 2020. Obras Públicas para el Desarrollo”, cuya versión digital está disponible en la siguiente dirección: www.mop.cl/2020 Prólogo de la Presidenta de la República En los últimos 20 años, Chile ha caminado a paso firme hacia el desarro- llo. La democracia chilena ha sabido combinar certeramente políticas de crecimiento económico con políticas de inclusión social, lo que ha signifi- cado un enorme progreso para el país y para todos sus habitantes. Y, pre- cisamente, uno de los sectores que más se ha desarrollado en estas dos décadas son las obras públicas. El trabajo serio y la moderna visión que hemos impreso a este esfuerzo han significado que el país haya vivido la más grande revolución en infraestructura en toda su historia. Basta mencionar sólo un par de ejemplos: en agua potable rural, el país invertía $ 2.230 millones en 1994, mientras que para 2008 la inversión alcanzó $34.960 millones, es decir, un aumento superior al 1.500%. En embalses, mientras en el período 1970-1990 se embalsaron 40 millones de metros cúbicos de agua, en el período 1990-2011 se embalsarán 860 millones de metros cúbicos, esto es, 21 veces más de agua embalsada. Cifras igualmente impresionantes se aprecian en la red de caminos básicos y carre- teras, que se extiende en miles de kilómetros por el país, o en las obras portuarias y aeroportuarias que nos conectan con el mundo.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Globalized Humanitarianism
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Globalized Humanitarianism: U.S. Imperial Formation in Asia and the Pacific through the Indochinese Refugee Problem A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies by Ayako Sahara Committee in charge: Professor Yen Le Espiritu, Chair Professor Joseph Hankins Professor Adria Imada Professor Jin-Kyung Lee Professor Denise Ferreira da Silva 2012 Copyright Ayako Sahara, 2012 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Ayako Sahara is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2012 iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my mother. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE …………………………………..…………………………….…. iii DEDICATION …...…....................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………....................v LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………….……………......vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………...………… ………….……………….…..vii VITA…………………………..…………………….……………………………….….. ix ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION………………….…….......................................x INTRODUCTION…...……………….………………… …..…………...............................1 CHAPTER ONE: Theater of Rescue: Cultural Representations of US Evacuation from Vietnam…………………….………………………………....….....................................36 CHAPTER TWO: “Saigon Cowboys”: Fighting for Indochinese Refugees and Establishment of Refugee Act of 1980…………………..…..….………………………
    [Show full text]
  • Macrocystis Pyrifera) of Puerto Toro, Navarino Island, Chile
    - Vol. 19: 55-63. 1984 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published August 30 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Distributional patterns and diets of four species of sea urchins in giant kelp forest (Macrocystis pyrifera) of Puerto Toro, Navarino Island, Chile J. A. Vasquez, J. C. Castilla and B. Santelices Departamento de Biologia Ambiental y de Poblaciones, Facultad de Ciencias Biol6gicas. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile ABSTRACT: The distribution pattern of microhabitat and diet was studied in 4 species of sea urchins (Loxechinus albus, Pseudechinus magellanicus, Arbacia dufresnei, Austrocidaris canaliculata) in a forest of Macrocystis pyrifera in southern Chile. We conclude that: (1) There is no overlap in space utilization (microhabitat) except for the species pair P. magellanicus -A, canaliculata. (2) All 4 species of sea urchins feed on M. pynfera in different percentages; this results in a high diet overlap in at least 3 of them; however, this resource does not appear to be limiting. (3) Neither competition among adults nor predation on adults appears to be a key factor in regulating the present population densities of the four species of sea urchins in the habitat studied. Our results further indicate that differences in intensity of water movement, correlated with bathymetric distribution, regulate population density, size of test and biomass in these four species. INTRODUCTION Puerto Toro, Navarino Island, in the Beagle Channel there are 4 species of sea urchins: Loxechinus albus Sea urchins are among the major grazers structuring (Molina), Arbacia dufresnei (Blainville), Pseudechinus communities of kelps in shallow waters of the Northern magellanicus (Philippi), Austrocidaris canaliculata Hemisphere (Leighton et al., 1965; Jones and Kain, (Agassiz).
    [Show full text]
  • After the Fall of Saigon
    AFTER THE FALL OF SAIGON THE RESCUE EFFORT IN INDOCHINA PREAH VIHEAR FOUNDATION OVERVIEW SYNOPSIS ................................................................................. 03 MARKETABILITY ......................................................................... 05 FILM STYLE ............................................................................... 05 CREATIVE TEAM ........................................................................ 07 DOCUMENTARY UPDATE .............................................................. 08 TIMELINE ..................................................................................10 BUDGET .................................................................................... 11 GET IN TOUCH ........................................................................... 12 TOLD FOR THE FIRST TIME In the small country of Cambodia, the fall of the Khmer Rouge marked the end of a horrific genocide. Years later in America, Bunseng, a 21-year old Khmer Rouge concentration camp survivor, dreams of meeting the people who saved him. But in his search to find their names, he discovers that history has forgotten these individuals… until one day… while on a job, Bunseng finds the hero he never knew – as he by mere chance was painting the home of one of his rescuers. PREAH VIHEAR FOUNDATION 01 GOING IN THE WATER, “ YOU’LL FACE HUNGRY CROCODILES; BY LAND, YOU’LL MEET TIGERS. The khmer refugees [from nong chan refugee camp] were forcefully herded onto hundreds of buses And transported to a mountain range bordering
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Irish Famine in History-Writing and Prose Fiction ”The Mutual Interplay of Two Narrative Genres”
    This interdisciplinary study analyses three 20th century fictional representa- tions of the Great Irish Famine in relation to nationalist, revisionist, and post-revisionist historical interpretations of the event. It examines how writers of history and fiction respectively portray the causes and consequences of the famine, and particularly how they view the question of responsibility, which is still a matter of contention. Gunilla Bexar asks to what extent the fictional representations reflect or resist | 2016 in History-Writing Fiction Irish and Prose Great The Famine Gunilla Bexar | the interpretations of the historians, and how the two genres attempt to make the experiences of the victims visible to readers. The study provides further Gunilla Bexar historical context by incorporating contemporary eye-witness accounts, offi- cial correspondence, and newspaper reports in the analyses. Drawing on Paul Ricoeur’s theory of the interweaving of history and fiction, Bex- The Great Irish Famine in ar argues that literature plays an important part in the shaping of historical con- sciousness. History and fiction should not be seen as mutually antithetical dis- History-Writing and Prose Fiction courses in the representation of the past since fiction, through its focus on the vic- tims, who are often reduced to statistics in history-writing, can mediate a deeper “The Mutual Interplay of Two Narrative Genres” understanding of the human tragedy that epitomizes the Great Irish Famine. 9 789517 658249 ISBN 978-951-765-824-9 Gunilla Bexar has an MA degree in English literature from San Francisco State University. Recently retired, she has worked as a language teacher in adult education.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Sarah Sharp Exporting 'The Cotter's Saturday Night': Robert Burns
    1 Sarah Sharp Exporting ‘The Cotter’s Saturday Night’: Robert Burns, Scottish Romantic Nationalism and Colonial Settler Identity Abstract: A Scottish literary icon of the nineteenth century, Burns’s ‘The Cotter’s Saturday Night’ was a key component of the cultural baggage carried by emigrant Scots seeking a new life abroad. The myth of the thrifty, humble and pious Scottish cottager is a recurrent figure in Scottish colonial writing whether that cottage is situated in the South African veld or the Otago bush. This article examines the way in which Burns’s cotter informed the myth of the self-sufficient Scottish peasant in the poetry of John Barr and Thomas Pringle. It will argue that, just as ‘The Cotter’ could be used to reinforce a particular set of ideas about Scottish identity at home, Scottish settlers used Burns’s poem to respond to and cement new identities abroad. Keywords: Scottish Romanticism, Settler Colonialism, Robert Burns, Thomas Pringle, John Barr, John Wilson. 2 Exporting ‘The Cotter’s Saturday Night’: Robert Burns, Scottish Romantic Nationalism and Colonial Settler Identity. In 1787, reviewer John Logan commented of Robert Burns’s Kilmarnock edition that ‘“The Cotter’s Saturday Night” is, without exception, the best poem in the collection’.1 His opinion was echoed by many contemporary and subsequent reviewers. In 1812 George Gleig was able to confidently assert that ‘The “Saturday Night” is indeed universally felt as the most interesting of all the author’s poems’ (Bold, 217). This view of Burns’s poem of common life has not endured. The image of Scotland presented in the poem has become at best a stereotype and at worst a source of cultural cringe.
    [Show full text]