DOCSLIB.ORG

UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Globalized Humanitarianism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Globalized Humanitarianism UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Globalized Humanitarianism: U.S. Imperial Formation in Asia and the Pacific through the Indochinese Refugee Problem A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies by Ayako Sahara Committee in charge: Professor Yen Le Espiritu, Chair Professor Joseph Hankins Professor Adria Imada Professor Jin-Kyung Lee Professor Denise Ferreira da Silva 2012 Copyright Ayako Sahara, 2012 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Ayako Sahara is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2012 iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my mother. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE …………………………………..…………………………….…. iii DEDICATION …...…....................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………....................v LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………….……………......vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………...………… ………….……………….…..vii VITA…………………………..…………………….……………………………….….. ix ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION………………….…….......................................x INTRODUCTION…...……………….………………… …..…………...............................1 CHAPTER ONE: Theater of Rescue: Cultural Representations of US Evacuation from Vietnam…………………….………………………………....….....................................36 CHAPTER TWO: “Saigon Cowboys”: Fighting for Indochinese Refugees and Establishment of Refugee Act of 1980…………………..…..….……………………… .…....92 CHAPTER THREE: Surrogate Refuge: Internationalization and Institutionalization of the Indochinese Refugee Resettlement…...……………………………………...............…154 CHAPTER FOUR: Trans-Pacific Racisms: Development of Japan’s “Honorary White” Racial Identity….……………………………………………………………………….201 EPOLOGUE…………….………...……………………………………………………262 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………….…………………………………...266 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Fall of Saigon (1)…………….………………………………………............37 Figure 2: Fall of Saigon (2)……………………….…………………………….……...37 Figure 3: Robert Hedrix….………………… …....……………………………………….51 Figure 4: Operation Babylift……………………………………………………..…….61 Figure 5: Refugee Child………………………………………………………………..77 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to thank the Department of Ethnic Studies at UCSD for giving me the opportunity to study, learn and teach. It was physically and emotionally challenging for me to go through the program and I am so thankful for the faculty, staff, graduate students and undergrads who supported me. But most of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my committee for supporting my efforts to complete my dissertation. As a chairperson, Professor Yen Le Espiritu has always been there for me and encouraged me to write as an Ethnic Studies scholar. Her critical analysis of the U.S. as well as Vietnam transformed my project into the way it is now. Professor Denise Ferreira da Silva’s works helped me to engage with the concept of race. Professor Adria Imada was instrumental in guiding me from the earlier stages of my dissertation. Her seminar on U.S. empire allowed me to develop the idea of this dissertation. Professor Joseph Hankins gave me a tremendous amount of brilliant feedback on my project. His critical reading of my dissertation greatly helped me to explore my project. I appreciate Professor Jin-Kyung Lee’s comments on concepts of my project. Her work on Korea furthered my argument of U.S. imperial formation in Asia. Several other scholars have helped me in many ways and I would like to mention them here: Ross Frank, Lisa Yoneyama, Takashi Fujitani, Mimi T. Nguyen and Mariam B. Lam. Special thanks to Kimloan Hill, a wonderful Vietnamese scholar, for being patient with my Vietnamese and sharing her knowledge with me. Her experience provided me a lot of inspiration to write. I would love to show my gratitude to the members of my dissertation writing group—Long Bui, Cathy Kozen, Ma Vang, Angela Kong and Kit Myers—for their vii thoughtful comments and feedback. Ma and Kit have been my writing partners and I greatly appreciate working together with them. Tomoko Tsuchiya and Kyung-Hee Ha have been like sisters to me. I have learned a lot from their diligence. Their encouragement kept me writing. I am so lucky to have Rashne Limki in my cohort. Her critical understanding of my project helped me to build the foundation of my dissertation. Maile Arvin, Angela Morrill, Maria Cesena, Rebecca Kinney, and Steve Ruiz are amazing people for encouraging me to go through the writing process. I also thank Chien-tien Lin for sharing his difficulties of being a foreign student in the U.S. Talking on a shuttle with him was like a counseling session for me. Much appreciation to Andreas Theofilopoulos, for always being by my side and being patient to understand me. His wonderful family cheered me up so many times during my life at UCSD. I also owe many thanks to scholars, friends and family in Japan. Especially, Professor Endo Yasuo has been my mentor since I entered graduate school at the University of Tokyo. His brilliance has inspired me in so many ways and has allowed me to keep exploring intellectual endeavors. Special thanks to Matsuda Haruka and Mimaki Seiko for being amazing friends and scholars. And most of all, my mother, Akiko Sahara, has sacrificed herself to enable me to continue studying. My project is indebted to her experiences of being a first generation female college student in 1970s Japan. Scholarships provided by the Fulbright and the Rotary Foundation enabled me to study at UCSD. Through both scholarships, I have met so many wonderful people. I also thank the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Foundation and the Konosuke Matsushita Memorial Foundation for enabling me to conduct archival research. Lastly, I appreciate everyone who engages in Ethnic Studies. Thank you so very much to everyone. viii VITA 2001 B.A., History, Ritsumeikan University 2004 M.A., Area Studies, The University of Tokyo 2007-2010 Teaching Assistant, Department of History, University of California, San Diego 2009 M.A., Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego 2011 Teaching Assistant, Department of Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego 2012 Lecturer, Department of Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego 2012 Ph.D., Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego FIELDS OF STUDY History, Area Studies, Vietnamese American Studies, Asian American Studies, Ethnic Studies ix ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Globalized Humanitarianism: U.S. Imperial Formation in Asia and the Pacific through the Indochinese Refugee Problem by Ayako Sahara Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies University of California, San Diego, 2012 Professor Yen Le Espiritu, Chair Deploying globalized humanitarianism as a frame of analysis, my dissertation (re)conceptualizes the U.S. Indochinese refugee resettlement as an involvement which exemplified the U.S.’s policy objective of trying to sustain its global power in the region during the Cold War. Engaging in a transnational discourse analysis by citing published materials from both the U.S. and Japan, this dissertation elucidates the ways in which the U.S. employed humanitarianism to carry on its resettlement plan and pressure other countries to participate. The evacuation and resettlement of Indochinese refugees was not necessary an act of forgetting the war, but rather an act of rescuing the “wounded,” enabling the U.S. to be a savior in Asia and the Pacific. This rescuer image of the U.S. is historically rooted in the U.S.’s presence there. Even though the war in Vietnam could not display the mightiness of the U.S., the rescue of the refugees and orphans at the end of the war x allowed the U.S. public to differentiate the U.S.’s evacuation from the act of war. The theater of rescue had enormous effects on changing the image of the failure of the war. The act of rescue did not stop with the U.S.’s evacuation from the region. A small group of officers from the State Department propelled Indochinese refugee admissions on a large scale by collaborating with the media and mobilizing various organizations. This dissertation points out that the people involved in the resettlement effort had a humanitarian impulse to help the refugees, but they also upheld the larger context of an anticommunistic understanding of the righteousness of U.S. power in Asia. At the same time, the Indochinese refugee problem became an international burden sharing project. Internationalization of the resettlement efforts allowed the U.S. to act as a leader in Asia, while Asia, especially the first asylum countries, played the role of surrogate refuges to the U.S. This process was also an externalization of the refugee processing to Asia to secure the U.S. border. The U.S. government honed the concept of extraterritoriality, blurring the concept of territory by furthering their association with Asian countries. This internationalization was made possible through the cooperation of other countries. This dissertation examines the relationship between the U.S. and Japan in particular, because I want to show that U.S. hegemony in Asia is not a simple form of domination in which the U.S. coerces other countries to collaborate, but rather an intricate complex of power that enables the U.S. to act as a leader. Japan for the first time opened its doors to the refugees and funded the UNHCR with enormous amounts of money to assist the U.S. in the Indochinese refugee resettlement. By
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Revisionist History of Regulatory Capture WILLIAM J
    This chapter will appear in: Preventing Regulatory Capture: Special Interest . Influence and How to Limit it. Edited by Daniel Carpenter and David Moss. Copyright © 2013 The Tobin Project. Reproduced with the permission of Cambridge University Press. Please note that the final chapter from the Cambridge University Press volume may differ slightly from this text. A Revisionist History of Regulatory Capture WILLIAM J. NOVAK A Revisionist History of Regulatory Capture WILLIAM J. NOVAK PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SCHOOL OF LAW The idea of regulatory capture has controlled discussions of economic regulation and regulatory reform for more than two generations. Originating soon after World War II, the so-called “capture thesis” was an early harbinger of the more general critique of the American regulatory state that dominated the closing decades of the 20th century. The political ramifications of that broad critique of government continue to be felt today both in the resilient influence of neoliberal policies like deregulation and privatization as well as in the rise of more virulent and populist forms of anti-statism. Indeed, the capture thesis has so pervaded recent assessments of regulation that it has assumed something of the status of a ground norm – a taken-for-granted term of art and an all-purpose social-scientific explanation – that itself frequently escapes critical scrutiny or serious scholarly interrogation. This essay attempts to challenge this state of affairs by taking a critical look at the emergence of regulatory capture theory from the perspective of history. After introducing a brief account of the diverse intellectual roots of the capture idea, this essay makes three interpretive moves.
    [Show full text]
  • Was the Cold War Necessary? the Revisionist Challenge to Consensus History Norman M
    was the cold war necessary? the revisionist challenge to consensus history norman m. wilensky Nearly ten years ago, seventy-five distinguished students of American history participated in a poll measuring the performance of thirty-one presidents from George Washington to Dwight Eisenhower. Each par­ ticipant in the poll helped to place the presidents into five general categories: "Great/' "Near Great," "Average," "Below Average," and "Failure." One of the surprise rankings was the "Near Great" mark accorded to Harry Truman, ninth on the list. Only the five "Great" presidents—Lincoln, Washington, Franklin Roosevelt, Wilson and Jeffer­ son—and three "Near Great" executives—Jackson, Theodore Roosevelt and Polk—preceded Truman. John Adams and Grover Cleveland, who immediately followed Truman, completed the "Near Great" group. What qualities and achievements elevated Truman above many other presidents? He was, according to these historians, a strong executive who acted masterfully and farsightedly in foreign affairs. Summarizing the poll for his fellow historians, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr. noted that Tru­ man "discharged impressively the awesome obligations devolving on the United States as the leader of the free world in the cold war with Soviet Imperialism." The Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, the Berlin airlift, the Point Four program and the intervention in Korea "all con­ stituted landmarks in an assumption of global responsibilities undreamed of only a few years before." Yet, less than a decade after the poll, this estimate is being dramatically challenged by historians of the cold war.1 A recent book sharply critical of cold war policies as well as Truman's role is Rexford G.
    [Show full text]
  • “Racists Go Home!”, “Go Crawl Back to the Net!” – Anti- Racism Protestors Confront the Zaitokukai レイシストは帰 れ！」、「ネットに這って戻れ！」在特会に立ち向かう反レイシズム 活動
    Volume 10 | Issue 54 | Number 146 | Article ID 4758 | Dec 31, 2012 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus “Racists Go Home!”, “Go Crawl Back to the Net!” – Anti- Racism Protestors Confront the Zaitokukai レイシストは帰 れ！」、「ネットに這って戻れ！」在特会に立ち向かう反レイシズム 活動 Matthew Penney Between 2012 and 2014 we posted a In the first months of 2013, the rhetoric of the number of articles on contemporary affairs Zainichi tokken wo yurusanai shimin no kai without giving them volume and issue (Citizens’ League to Deny Foreigners Special numbers or dates. Often the date can be Rights) or Zaitokukai has turned more and determined from internal evidence in the more extreme. The above quotes are article, but sometimes not. We have representative of Zaitokukai slogans and decided retrospectively to list all of them placards in 2013. Now there are signs that anti- as Volume 10, Issue 54 with a date of 2012 racism protestors and ordinary citizens are fighting back. with the understanding that all were published between 2012 and 2014. The Zaitokukai was founded in 2006. It claims over 12,000 online members. The group is Matthew Penney devoted to ending the so-called “special privileges” of Japan’s Korean community. Alexis Dudden detailed the group’s history and the violence of their rhetoric in the 2010 article “Murder the Koreans!” Memories and Aporias in the Japan-Korea Relationship. Tessa Morris-Suzuki has described some of their recent protest activities “Smash the Korean cockroaches!” in Freedom of Hate Speech: Abe Shinzo and Japan’s Public Sphere. “AIDS infected Korean whores get out!” Shin Okubo in Tokyo’s Shinjuku Ward has become the main target of the Zaitokukai’s protests because of the large number of Korean “Tear them limb from limb and burn their restaurants and shops selling South Korean pop houses!” culture products.
    [Show full text]
  • DIRECTING the Disorder the CFR Is the Deep State Powerhouse Undoing and Remaking Our World
    DEEP STATE DIRECTING THE Disorder The CFR is the Deep State powerhouse undoing and remaking our world. 2 by William F. Jasper The nationalist vs. globalist conflict is not merely an he whole world has gone insane ideological struggle between shadowy, unidentifiable and the lunatics are in charge of T the asylum. At least it looks that forces; it is a struggle with organized globalists who have way to any rational person surveying the very real, identifiable, powerful organizations and networks escalating revolutions that have engulfed the planet in the year 2020. The revolu- operating incessantly to undermine and subvert our tions to which we refer are the COVID- constitutional Republic and our Christian-style civilization. 19 revolution and the Black Lives Matter revolution, which, combined, are wreak- ing unprecedented havoc and destruction — political, social, economic, moral, and spiritual — worldwide. As we will show, these two seemingly unrelated upheavals are very closely tied together, and are but the latest and most profound manifesta- tions of a global revolutionary transfor- mation that has been under way for many years. Both of these revolutions are being stoked and orchestrated by elitist forces that intend to unmake the United States of America and extinguish liberty as we know it everywhere. In his famous “Lectures on the French Revolution,” delivered at Cambridge University between 1895 and 1899, the distinguished British historian and states- man John Emerich Dalberg, more com- monly known as Lord Acton, noted: “The appalling thing in the French Revolution is not the tumult, but the design. Through all the fire and smoke we perceive the evidence of calculating organization.
    [Show full text]
  • The Last Chapter of the Vietnam War: Normalization, Nongovernmental Actors and the Politics of Human Rights, 1975-1995
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 2017 The Last Chapter of the Vietnam War: Normalization, Nongovernmental Actors and the Politics of Human Rights, 1975-1995 Amanda C. Demmer University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Demmer, Amanda C., "The Last Chapter of the Vietnam War: Normalization, Nongovernmental Actors and the Politics of Human Rights, 1975-1995" (2017). Doctoral Dissertations. 153. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/153 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE LAST CHAPTER OF THE VIETNAM WAR: NORMALIZATION, NONGOVERNMENTAL ACTORS AND THE POLITICS OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 1975-1995 BY AMANDA C. DEMMER B.A., State University of New York at Fredonia, 2010 M.A., University of New Hampshire, 2012 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History May, 2017 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © 2017 Amanda C. Demmer ii This dissertation has been examined and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in History by: Dissertation Director, Kurkpatrick Dorsey, Professor of History and History Graduate Program Director Lucy E. Salyer, Associate Professor of History Jessica M. Lepler, Associate Professor of History Lien-Hang T.
    [Show full text]
  • The President's News Conference with Prime Minister Andreas
    Administration of William J. Clinton, 1994 / Apr. 22 The President. Absolutely. Q. Are you going to visit Greece, sir? Q. What do you believe about these meas- The President. Oh, I'd love to do that. I've ures? never been there. The President. What I think is that we have Mr. Nimetz over there and Mr. Vance. We're Cyprus trying to help work it out. I think that it's very Q. What about Cyprus? much in the interest of Greece and Europe The President. We're working hard on Cyprus, and the world community for the matters to and I thinkÐI hope there will be some move- be worked out between the two countries, and ment from the Turkish side on Cyprus in the I think they can be. next couple of days with regard to the con- Q. How committed are you to delaying the fidence-building measures. I think that the ball process until Greece's concerns are satisfied, sir? has been sort of in Mr. Denktash's court, and The President. I think it's obvious that we've I hope he will take it up. And then I hope shown a real concern for Greece's concerns. that Greece and all others will support pushing That's one of the main reasons I sent a special forward. I have worked hard to resolve this since envoy over there, and we're trying to work I've been in office, and I will continue to stay through it. We'll discuss that today. We just on it.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Historiography of the Origins of the Cold War
    SOSHUM Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora [Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities] Volume 9, Number 2, 2019 p-ISSN. 2088-2262 e-ISSN. 2580-5622 ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/SOSHUM/ A New Historiography of the Origins of the Cold War Adewunmi J. Falode 1 and Moses J. Yakubu 2 1 Department of History & International Studies, Lagos State University, Nigeria 2 Department of History & International Studies, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria Lasu, Ojo Campus Ojo Local Government, 102101, Lagos, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] Article Info ABSTRACT ________________ ___________________________________________________________________ History Articles The Cold War that occurred between 1945 and 1991 was both an Received: international political and historical event. As an international political event, Jan 2019 the Cold War laid bare the fissures, animosities, mistrusts, misconceptions Accepted: June 2019 and the high-stakes brinksmanship that has been part of the international Published: political system since the birth of the modern nation-state in 1648. As a July 2019 historical event, the Cold War and its end marked an important epoch in ________________ human social, economic and political development. The beginning of the Keywords: Cold War marked the introduction of a new form of social and political Cold War, Historiography, experiment in human relations with the international arena as its laboratory. Structuralist School, Its end signalled the end of a potent social and political force that is still Revisionist School, st Orthodox School shaping the course of the political relations among states in the 21 century. ____________________ The historiography of the Cold War has been shrouded in controversy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Anti-Zainichi Korean Sentiments in Twenty-First Century Japanese Society
    Review of Asian and Pacific Studies No. 44 109 The Colonial History Goes Cyber: The Rise of Anti-Zainichi Korean Sentiments in Twenty-First Century Japanese Society Tomoaki Morikawa* Abstract While anti-Korean sentiments have been historically seen among the Japanese, the animosity toward “Koreans in Japan,” or “Zainichi Koreans,” has gained another momentum in contemporary Japanese society. This paper analyzes the recent rise of anti-Zainichi Korean sentiments by focusing on the role of the Internet. In so doing, the ways in which Zainichi Koreans have been dehumanized in Japanese cyberspace are examined to reveal how the Internet is functioning as a mode of production that exacerbates hate-speech practices against Zainichi Koreans. At the same time, this paper emphasizes that the history of Japanese colonization of Korea is a basis for “Zainichi Nintei,” a specific discriminatory representational practice enacted by Japanese Internet users, especially (but not limited to) Internet right-wingers in the country, to disproportionately target Zainichi Koreans. By illustrating how this discriminatory representational practice leads to the relentless production and reproduction of the othering discourse against Zainichi Koreans, this paper reveals the connection between the colonial history and Japanese cyberspace. Introduction From the 2000s onward, the discriminatory discourse of othering directed against Koreans in Japan (Zainichi Korian在日コリアン ; hereafter referred to as Zainichi Koreans) has gained momentum in Japanese cyberspace. Despite the fact that they are not the largest group of foreign citizens residing in Japan, Zainichi Koreans are disproportionately targeted by xenophobic hate speech online1. This animosity against Zainichi Koreans is commonly known as part of the Kenkan嫌韓—literally, “anti- Korean”—phenomenon in contemporary Japanese society.
    [Show full text]
  • Carol Migdalovitz Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Trade, and Defense Division
    Order Code RS21855 Updated October 16, 2007 Greece Update Carol Migdalovitz Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Trade, and Defense Division Summary The conservative New Democracy party won reelection in September 2007. Kostas Karamanlis, its leader, remained prime minister and pledged to continue free-market economic reforms to enhance growth and create jobs. The government’s foreign policy focuses on the European Union (EU), relations with Turkey, reunifying Cyprus, resolving a dispute with Macedonia over its name, other Balkan issues, and relations with the United States. Greece has assisted with the war on terrorism, but is not a member of the coalition in Iraq. This report will be updated if developments warrant. See also CRS Report RL33497, Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations and Related Issues, by Carol Migdalovitz. Government and Politics Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis called for early parliamentary elections to be held on September 16, 2007, instead of in March 2008 as otherwise scheduled, believing that his government’s economic record would ensure easy reelection. In August, however, Greece experienced severe and widespread wildfires, resulting in 76 deaths and 270,000 hectares burned. The government attempted to deflect attention from what was widely viewed as its ineffective performance in combating the fires by blaming the catastrophe on terrorists, without proof, and by providing generous compensation for victims. This crisis came on top of a scandal over the state pension fund’s purchase of government bonds at inflated prices. Under these circumstances, Karamanlis’s New Democracy party’s (ND) ability to win of a slim majority of 152 seats in the unicameral 300-seat parliament and four more years in office was viewed as a victory.
    [Show full text]
  • The Struggle Against Hate Groups in Japan: the Invisible Civil Society, Leftist Elites and Anti-Racism Groups Daiki SHIBUICHI*
    Social Science Japan Journal Vol. 19, No. 1, pp 71–83 2016 doi:10.1093/ssjj/jyv035 The Struggle Against Hate Groups in Japan: The Invisible Civil Society, Leftist Elites and Anti-Racism Groups Daiki SHIBUICHI* The purpose of this article is three-fold: firstly, it explains how anti-racism groups, which oppose the overtly xenophobic and racist movements of Zaitokukai and similar hate groups, have emerged and developed. Secondly, it uses the example of anti-racism groups to illustrate how a meaningful advocacy movement can emerge in Japan from networks of ‘invisible civil society’. Thirdly, it shows how ‘leftist elites’ contribute to the advocacy movement by supplementing and enhancing resources provided by the invisible civil society. It thus argues that in Japan, to some extent, networks of the invisible civil society and the leftist elites have been taking over the role played by large and powerful advocacy groups in Western societies. Keywords: anti-racism groups; advocacy movement; invisible civil society; leftist elites; Japan 1. Introduction Since late 2006, Japanese society has seen an emergence of overtly xenophobic and racist move- Survey article ments for the first time in the postwar period. A nationwide hate group, the Civil Association Against Privileges for Resident Koreans (Zainichitokken o Yurusanai Shimin no Kai, hereinafter Zaitokukai), and smaller but similar groups stage demonstrations and protests that showcase hate speech against minorities. While the hate groups have consistently rejected physically violent tactics, their intimidating and ugly hate speech has disgusted society at large and, above all, shocked and dismayed minorities. Anti-racism groups1 began to emerge in 2009 in an effort to counter surging hate groups.
    [Show full text]
  • DOS: Foreign Relations of the United States: 1977-1980
    FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 1977–1980 VOLUME XVIII MIDDLE EAST REGION; ARABIAN PENINSULA DEPARTMENT OF STATE Washington 383-247/428-S/40005 6/18/2015 Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980 Volume XVIII Middle East Region; Arabian Peninsula Editor Kelly M. McFarland General Editor Adam M. Howard United States Government Printing Office Washington 2015 383-247/428-S/40005 6/18/2015 DEPARTMENT OF STATE Office of the Historian Bureau of Public Affairs For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 383-247/428-S/40005 6/18/2015 About the Series The Foreign Relations of the United States series presents the official documentary historical record of major foreign policy decisions and significant diplomatic activity of the U.S. Government. The Historian of the Department of State is charged with the responsibility for the prep- aration of the Foreign Relations series. The staff of the Office of the Histo- rian, Bureau of Public Affairs, under the direction of the General Editor of the Foreign Relations series, plans, researches, compiles, and edits the volumes in the series. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg first promul- gated official regulations codifying specific standards for the selection and editing of documents for the series on March 26, 1925. These regu- lations, with minor modifications, guided the series through 1991. Public Law 102–138, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, es- tablished a new statutory charter for the preparation of the series which was signed by President George H.W.
    [Show full text]
  • MORE COLD W AR 50 Rather, the System Evolved As a Result Preservation of Good Relations with the of Unilateral Actions Taken by Each of the Soviet Union
    FEATURE 3 AIO R E Are we facing a new Cold War? The blusterings and sabre rattlings of the Reagan Administration COLD together with its sinister activities in the Central America would indicate that we are already in one. But what about the WAR Russians? Do they also have their nuclear hawkes and their worst-case theorists? The balance of the world’s forces has substantially altered since the ig50s. The People’s election of Ronald Reagan that the West will let them have the marked the culmination of a concerted world without a fight."1 Nitze and his Republic of China, a wild campaign by those on the extreme Right colleagues believe that mos_t of the card in the world power of American politics to refreeze their world's ailments are attributable to the game, is now a major nation's relations with its principal Soviet Union: "For example, it appears adversary, the Soviet Union, and to probable that the Red Brigades in Italy, nuclear power. The non- return the world to the Cold War the assault on the Mosque in Mecca, and aligned movement has atmosphere of the nineteen forties, fifties the seizure of the American hostages in developed and expanded and sixties. And despite the monumental Iran were supported and perhaps changes which have taken place irf the instigated by agents of the Soviet bloc."2 its influence and the anti­ world since the Cold War was at its The fact that there is no hard evidence for war movement seems to height, the campaign has met with such allegations is irrelevant,3 for the spectacular, if temporary, success — at a hawks base their case largely on recent be riding the crest of a governmental level at least.
    [Show full text]