“Racists Go Home!”, “Go Crawl Back to the Net!” – Anti- Racism Protestors Confront the Zaitokukai レイシストは帰 れ!」、「ネットに這って戻れ!」在特会に立ち向かう反レイシズム 活動
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The Rise of Anti-Zainichi Korean Sentiments in Twenty-First Century Japanese Society
Review of Asian and Pacific Studies No. 44 109 The Colonial History Goes Cyber: The Rise of Anti-Zainichi Korean Sentiments in Twenty-First Century Japanese Society Tomoaki Morikawa* Abstract While anti-Korean sentiments have been historically seen among the Japanese, the animosity toward “Koreans in Japan,” or “Zainichi Koreans,” has gained another momentum in contemporary Japanese society. This paper analyzes the recent rise of anti-Zainichi Korean sentiments by focusing on the role of the Internet. In so doing, the ways in which Zainichi Koreans have been dehumanized in Japanese cyberspace are examined to reveal how the Internet is functioning as a mode of production that exacerbates hate-speech practices against Zainichi Koreans. At the same time, this paper emphasizes that the history of Japanese colonization of Korea is a basis for “Zainichi Nintei,” a specific discriminatory representational practice enacted by Japanese Internet users, especially (but not limited to) Internet right-wingers in the country, to disproportionately target Zainichi Koreans. By illustrating how this discriminatory representational practice leads to the relentless production and reproduction of the othering discourse against Zainichi Koreans, this paper reveals the connection between the colonial history and Japanese cyberspace. Introduction From the 2000s onward, the discriminatory discourse of othering directed against Koreans in Japan (Zainichi Korian在日コリアン ; hereafter referred to as Zainichi Koreans) has gained momentum in Japanese cyberspace. Despite the fact that they are not the largest group of foreign citizens residing in Japan, Zainichi Koreans are disproportionately targeted by xenophobic hate speech online1. This animosity against Zainichi Koreans is commonly known as part of the Kenkan嫌韓—literally, “anti- Korean”—phenomenon in contemporary Japanese society. -
The Struggle Against Hate Groups in Japan: the Invisible Civil Society, Leftist Elites and Anti-Racism Groups Daiki SHIBUICHI*
Social Science Japan Journal Vol. 19, No. 1, pp 71–83 2016 doi:10.1093/ssjj/jyv035 The Struggle Against Hate Groups in Japan: The Invisible Civil Society, Leftist Elites and Anti-Racism Groups Daiki SHIBUICHI* The purpose of this article is three-fold: firstly, it explains how anti-racism groups, which oppose the overtly xenophobic and racist movements of Zaitokukai and similar hate groups, have emerged and developed. Secondly, it uses the example of anti-racism groups to illustrate how a meaningful advocacy movement can emerge in Japan from networks of ‘invisible civil society’. Thirdly, it shows how ‘leftist elites’ contribute to the advocacy movement by supplementing and enhancing resources provided by the invisible civil society. It thus argues that in Japan, to some extent, networks of the invisible civil society and the leftist elites have been taking over the role played by large and powerful advocacy groups in Western societies. Keywords: anti-racism groups; advocacy movement; invisible civil society; leftist elites; Japan 1. Introduction Since late 2006, Japanese society has seen an emergence of overtly xenophobic and racist move- Survey article ments for the first time in the postwar period. A nationwide hate group, the Civil Association Against Privileges for Resident Koreans (Zainichitokken o Yurusanai Shimin no Kai, hereinafter Zaitokukai), and smaller but similar groups stage demonstrations and protests that showcase hate speech against minorities. While the hate groups have consistently rejected physically violent tactics, their intimidating and ugly hate speech has disgusted society at large and, above all, shocked and dismayed minorities. Anti-racism groups1 began to emerge in 2009 in an effort to counter surging hate groups. -
Japanese Homogeneity and Processes of Racialisation and Their Effects on the Korean Population Living in Japan
CERS Working Paper 2016 Abigail Witherwick Japanese homogeneity and processes of racialisation and their effects on the Korean population living in Japan Introduction I have decided to focus on Japan as part of this research into the processes of racialisation within a country outside of the UK. Japan is an interesting country to look at when researching the different processes of racialisation in different countries as it frequently claims that it is a homogenous, raceless society (Iwabuchi and Takezawa, 2015), despite this statement being politically incorrect. According to the Central Intelligence Agency (2015), 98.5% of the Japanese population are Japanese, 0.5% are Koreans, 0.4% are Chinese, and 0.6% are other. This demonstrates that the numbers of foreigners living in Japan are small; however, there are still large numbers of Koreans and Chinese living there. An OHCHR report by the UN (2005) concluded that there is racial discrimination and xenophobia in Japan which affects three groups; the Buraku people, the Ainu and the people of Okianawa, descendents of Japanese colonies (Koreans and Chinese), and foreigners and migrants from other Asian countries and from the rest of the world. Minorities are marginalised through their access to education, employment, health and housing (OHCHR, 2005). There is no national legislation that outlaws racial discrimination and provides a judicial remedy for the victims of racial prejudices (OHCHR, 2005). Iwabuchi and Takezawa (2015) argue that the Japanese government is reluctant to admit that there is a problem of racial discrimination, and they have internalised scientific discourses that racism is between ‘blacks’ and ‘whites’ in Africa and America. -
Reactionary Nationalism and Democratic Development in Myanmar and Japan Apichai W
Policy Forum Reactionary Nationalism and Democratic Development in Myanmar and Japan Apichai W. Shipper1* Nationalism has reemerged as a major issue in Asia, where thousands of ethnic groups live inside national boundaries artificially constructed by Western colonizers. While other Asian societies are witnessing various forms of nationalism, Myanmar and Japan are experiencing reactionary nationalism, which is making negative headlines around the world. I define “reactionary nationalism” as a demonstration of love for the nation among a group of ordinary people in reaction to a perceived, falsely constructed, or real threat to its national security or existence from an ethnic minority or foreigner group. It arises from a dissatisfaction with modernization that is accompanied by increasing economic and social inequality. Reactionary nationalists seek to punish specific ethnic minorities or foreigner groups that act in ways perceived as destroying their collective political community or as undermining their common identity or national unity. They view the targeted ethnic group with prejudice for receiving special privileges or assistance from the government or the international aid community. While demonstrating their love for the country, they often incite hatred against a particular minority or foreigner group. Reactionary nationalists in both the heterogeneous society of Myanmar and the homogeneous society of Japan have formed hate groups comprised of Buddhist nationalists and internet ultra-rightists (netto uyoku), respectively. I argue that these particular nationalist groups hinder democratic development in their countries, because democracies require respect for individual political rights and for differences in culture (beliefs and identities) between individuals and groups. Reactionary nationalist groups espouse undemocratic ideals and ethnic violence against minority groups. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Globalized Humanitarianism
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Globalized Humanitarianism: U.S. Imperial Formation in Asia and the Pacific through the Indochinese Refugee Problem A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies by Ayako Sahara Committee in charge: Professor Yen Le Espiritu, Chair Professor Joseph Hankins Professor Adria Imada Professor Jin-Kyung Lee Professor Denise Ferreira da Silva 2012 Copyright Ayako Sahara, 2012 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Ayako Sahara is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2012 iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my mother. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE …………………………………..…………………………….…. iii DEDICATION …...…....................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………....................v LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………….……………......vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………...………… ………….……………….…..vii VITA…………………………..…………………….……………………………….….. ix ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION………………….…….......................................x INTRODUCTION…...……………….………………… …..…………...............................1 CHAPTER ONE: Theater of Rescue: Cultural Representations of US Evacuation from Vietnam…………………….………………………………....….....................................36 CHAPTER TWO: “Saigon Cowboys”: Fighting for Indochinese Refugees and Establishment of Refugee Act of 1980…………………..…..….……………………… -
Memories and Aporias in the Japan-Korea Relationship 日本・ コリア関係における記憶と内部矛盾
Volume 8 | Issue 14 | Number 3 | Article ID 3337 | Apr 05, 2010 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Memories and Aporias in the Japan-Korea Relationship 日本・ コリア関係における記憶と内部矛盾 Alexis Dudden War of 1905 Memories and Aporias in the Japan- Korea Relationship This condition collapsed, of course, in total defeat in 1945. With the end of American Alexis Dudden occupation in 1952, however, Japan was supposed to have regained its independence, or 2010 is the centennial year of Japan's takeover so the national story goes, as do rather of Korea. The history of this event is of significant supporting international frameworks enormous significance to the 20th century, and such as the United Nations and the not simply because it garnered Japan a foothold International Monetary Fund. Yet despite the on mainland Asia. Although Koreans see it very phoenix of Japan's postwar rise from the ashes, differently, for Japan, the 1910 annexation of the renewed 1960 security pact with the United Korea established Japan's entry as a power on States — and its substantial 1990s the world stage. readjustments — blatantly compromised Japan's sovereignty and extended Japan's occupation-era dependence on the United States in open and hidden ways. Many have long contended this, especially in Okinawa. Today, however, the voices questioning the nature of Japanese sovereignty come from wildly divergent corners and point in radically competing ways. The mounting crisis surrounding the relocation of American bases and marines in Okinawa as well as the revelations about the security pact's so-called secret deals between Washington and Tokyo allowing the US to bring nuclear weapons into Japan, have made all of this more salient. -
Civil Society and the State in Democratic East Asia
PROTEST AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Chiavacci, (eds) Grano & Obinger Civil Society and the State in Democratic East Asia East Democratic in State the and Society Civil Edited by David Chiavacci, Simona Grano, and Julia Obinger Civil Society and the State in Democratic East Asia Between Entanglement and Contention in Post High Growth Civil Society and the State in Democratic East Asia Protest and Social Movements Recent years have seen an explosion of protest movements around the world, and academic theories are racing to catch up with them. This series aims to further our understanding of the origins, dealings, decisions, and outcomes of social movements by fostering dialogue among many traditions of thought, across European nations and across continents. All theoretical perspectives are welcome. Books in the series typically combine theory with empirical research, dealing with various types of mobilization, from neighborhood groups to revolutions. We especially welcome work that synthesizes or compares different approaches to social movements, such as cultural and structural traditions, micro- and macro-social, economic and ideal, or qualitative and quantitative. Books in the series will be published in English. One goal is to encourage non- native speakers to introduce their work to Anglophone audiences. Another is to maximize accessibility: all books will be available in open access within a year after printed publication. Series Editors Jan Willem Duyvendak is professor of Sociology at the University of Amsterdam. James M. Jasper teaches at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Civil Society and the State in Democratic East Asia Between Entanglement and Contention in Post High Growth Edited by David Chiavacci, Simona Grano, and Julia Obinger Amsterdam University Press Published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. -
Hate Speech Laws in Japan, the United States, and Canada Craig Martin
Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly Volume 45 Article 4 Number 3 Spring 2018 1-1-2018 Striking the Right Balance: Hate Speech Laws in Japan, the United States, and Canada Craig Martin Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_constitutional_law_quaterly Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Craig Martin, Striking the Right Balance: Hate Speech Laws in Japan, the United States, and Canada, 45 Hastings Const. L.Q. 455 (2018). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_constitutional_law_quaterly/vol45/iss3/4 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Striking the Right Balance: Hate Speech Laws in Japan, the United States, and Canada by CRAIG MARTIN* Introduction The issue of hate speech has occupied the headlines of many democracies in recent years. Whether it be Charlottesville, Kyoto, or Warsaw, the rise of nativist, nationalist, and racist groups, expressing hatred towards minorities within society, has once again confronted us with the question of how far democracies can or should go in limiting certain extreme forms of hateful discriminatory expression. Certain types of hate speech, which have the purpose and effect of fostering hatred against groups defined by certain characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexual orientation, and which take the form of extreme vilification, denigration, and even dehumanization of its targets, are known to cause significant harm.1 This harm is suffered by the members of such groups, both in the form of direct emotional and psychological harm caused by the speech itself, and also in the form of increased levels of discrimination and persecution as a consequence of the hatred fomented in society by such speech. -
Contents Exit
02/2015 PANORAMA INSIGHTS INTO ASIAN AND EUROPEAN AFFAIRS NATIONALISM IN ASIA AND EUROPE K o n r a d A d e n a u e r S t i f t u n g Panorama: Insights into Asian and European Affairs is a series of occasional papers published by the Konrad- Adenauer-Stiftung’s “Regional Programme Political Dialogue Asia/Singapore”. © 2015 Copyright by Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Singapore All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying or recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission from the publisher. Editor: Dr. Wilhelm Hofmeister Sub-editors: Megha Sarmah, Patrick Rueppel Publisher: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Ltd 34/36 Bukit Pasoh Road Singapore 089848 Registration Number: 201228783N Tel: (65) 6227-2001 Tel: (65) 6227-8343 Email: [email protected] Website: http//:www.kas.de/singapore Manuscript offers, review copies, exchange journals, and requests for subscription are to be sent to the editors. The responsibility for facts and opinions in this publication rests exclusively with the authors and their interpretations do not necessarily reflect the views or the policy of Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Cover photograph by ©iStock.com/Retrovizor Design, Layout and Typeset: Select Books Pte Ltd 65A, Jalan Tenteram #02-06, St Michael’s Industrial Estate Singapore 328958 Website: www.selectbooks.com.sg PANorAmA INsIghts INto AsIAN ANd EuroPEAN AffAIrs Nationalism in Asia -
Report to the Human Rights Committee
Report to the Human Rights Committee On the issue of hate speech against minorities in Japan For its consideration and adoption of the List of Issues to Japan By the Committee Task Force At 109th Session (14 October – 1 November 2013) Jointly submitted by Network for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Japan (ERD-Net) International Movement Against All Forms of Discrimination and Racism - Japan Committee (IMADR-JC) 1. Background and Focus of the Report Since last 5 years the issue of hate speech has been increasing in its number and grossness. The recent cases of anti-Korean demonstrations and hate speech marches including the speech by a Japanese girl calling for “massacre” of Koreans has especially drawn attention and raised concerns within and outside Japan.1 While causes of these incidents happening and increasing are attributed to various factors, some of the crucial backgrounds are the complete lack of Anti-Discrimination Law, poor awareness of general public about human rights, the lack of appropriate understanding by the Government of international human rights standards and the lack of willingness of the State to actively implement them. Although statements were made and concerns were also expressed by the Prime Minister as well as the Justice Minister of Japan, no concrete action has so far been taken by the Government of Japan. Against this backdrop, this report intents to raise the issue of hate speech in Japan is to the UN Human Rights Committee (the Committee) for its consideration of the compliance of Japan with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and adoption of the List of Issues, especially in relation to the ICCPR Articles 2, 6, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 27. -
Report on the Issue of Racism and Hate Speech in Japan
Report on the issue of Racism and Hate Speech in Japan prepared and submited by: the Committee on the Protection of Human Rights of the Central Head Office of the Korean Residents Union in Japan date: July.18.2014. information: 1-7-32, Minami-azabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan mail: [email protected] TEL :+81-3-3454-4711 FAX :+81-3-3454-4715 1 I An Introduction to Mindan (Korean Residents Union) This Report will explain the role of the Korean Residents Union in Japan ('Mindan'), the authoring institution of this Report, in helping to raise awareness of the victimization of Korean residents in Japan, the primary targets of an epidemic of racism and hate speech in Japanese society. This Report will also provide Mindan's perspective on the current human rights violations of Korean residents in Japan through hate speech. 1. Outline Mindan was founded in October 1946 as an autonomous organization for Korean residents in Japan who were coercively or semi-coercively brought to Japan due to the Japanese colonial rule of Korea and the wartime policies of the Japanese government, and were unable to return to Korea after WWII. Mindan is a community of Korean residents in Japan that has had a hard-won history acting as both a regional residents' organization to confront the administrative and social discrimination against Korean residents in Japan, while also protecting their rights and interests, and acting as a social movement mobilizing point to eradicate every kind of discrimination. Currently, there are 520,000 Korean residents in Japan, and among them 370,000 have resided in Japan since before WWII or are their descendants three to four generations removed. -
New Voices in Japanese Studies Volume 11
Vol.11 newvoices.org.au New Voices in Japanese Studies Volume 11 An interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed journal showcasing the work of emerging scholars with ties to Australia and New Zealand and research interests in Japan. GUEST EDITOR, VOLUME 11 Dr Emma Dalton, RMIT University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD (in alphabetical order) Professor Kent Anderson, The University of Newcastle Professor Brendan Barrett, Osaka University Dr Alexander Brown, Japan Women’s University Dr Barbara Hartley, The University of Queensland Dr Eric Hsu, The University of South Australia Emeritus Professor Hiroji Isozaki, Iwate University Associate Professor Kyoko Koma, Meiji University Dr Stephanie Lavau, The University of Melbourne Associate Professor Julian Lee, RMIT University Dr Sally McLaren, UNSW Sydney Professor Emerita Tessa Morris-Suzuki, Australian National University Professor Kaori Okano, LaTrobe University Dr Hironori Onuki, The University of Wollongong Professor Hirofumi Tanada, Waseda University Professor Gabriele Vogt, University of Hamburg SERIES EDITOR Elicia O’Reilly, The Japan Foundation, Sydney All submissions to New Voices in Japanese Studies are peer reviewed by a board of independent academic experts to meet the HERDC requirements for refereed journal status. This and other volumes are available for download via the New Voices in Japanese Studies website, EBSCO Host, the Directory of Open Access Journals and Ingenta Connect. To link to this volume: https://doi.org/10.21159/nvjs.11 www.newvoices.org.au | www.doaj.org | www.ingentaconnect.com The views expressed in this journal are those of the authors, and do ISSN 2205-3166 not necessarily coincide with those of the editors, the members of the Editorial Advisory Board or The Japan Foundation, Sydney.