YAGHAN’S, EXPLORERS AND SETTLERS: 10,000 years of Southern Tierra del Fuego Archipelago History

The Museum Permanent Exhibit Script

Martin Gusinde Anthropological Museum · Puerto Williams - Chile Participants in Initiation Rite in the year 1922. (Martin Gusinde, last row, fourth position from left to right). Anthropos Institut. Sankt Augustin, Germany - Authorized Digital Copying Martin Gusinde Martin Anthropological Museum of theNationalDirectorate ofLibraries, Archives andMuseums(DIBAM). This Museum is part of a network of entities across Chile that comes under the authority onwards. Century 17th the from zone this of colonization discovery,and of exploration process the the of end ancestors, southern the at Americas, settle to werefirst who the the and ethnographic review of the groups that populated the region, mainly the Yaghan’s and their The Museum focuses on aspects of the settlement of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago: an principal source ofinformation we possessaboutthenative peopleof the Tierra delFuego. remain forever will and 1974, and 1930 between published was Fuego” del Tierra of Indians work “The seminal disappearing.His of verge the on already was that world a about studies ethnographic of collection greatest the offers work of body His 1924. to 1918 S.V.D.from people Gusinde the Selk’nam among and workedYaghan (1886-1969),Martin who priest and anthropologist Austrian the after named was Museum The Museum wasestablished, ofthatinstitutionpermanentcollection. becomingpart Nº School pioneers. occupation by first the Mixed now defunct the in exhibited was collection This material from the island’s coastal areas, along with archeologicalsome objects of of begun historical was interest collection founded,from a was museum the 1960s,before the In in 1975. Puerto in Williams doors its (MAMG),opened Gusinde Museum which Anthropological Martín the built that Navy,institution Chilean same the the by proposed originally was island’sforthe interestconcern deep and a in heritage.cultural and natural initiativeThe The creation of a museum on Navarino Island was an ambitious project that grew out of Introduction in Puerto Williams. The collection was moved when the Martin Gusinde Martin the when moved was collection Williams.Puerto The in 3

 INTROUDUCTION  FIRST FLOOR on the first and second floors of the building. The first gallery offers “Secrets of the Canoe World” and the second, of the “Tales and Canoe World” of the Discovery”. “Secrets offers gallery first building. The the of floors second and first the on located galleries permanent two and Perspectives”Myths: of the entitled Meeting “Articulating hall A central a has Museum The Exhibit:

Articulating theMyths:Articulating A MeetingofPerspectives FIRST FLOOR (HALL):A Secrets oftheCanoe World FIRST FLOOR: B 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Secrets oftheCanoe World Today is Yesterday, theyareandlive like this The EncounterwithOthers The CeremonialEnchantment An Unknown Land Trace ofaPresence The Yaghans Nomads oftheSea Patagonia Primordial other shores. canoe a Museum:the of heart and spirit the symbolizes elder It community. native an the C., of Gonzalez craftsman Martin by scale to done In the center of the hall is a reproduction of a canoe diversity. cultural marvelous that of expression an into fuse Fitz-Roy, Robert explorer and navigator of portrait like just one more initiate in the Chiajaus rite, and a painted Gusinde, Martin priest-ethnographer the Grandmother Rosa by the townspeople, the face of Kipa, called Le affectionately Lakutaia of figure The other” inthesamenaturalenvironment. differentwith of formsface to face comes one “the Yaghan’s,scientists,explorers,and that missionaries Perspectives” of been given the title has that space circular a is It galleries. permanent the to leads which hall, central the enter Visitors Perspectives Articulating theMyths:AMeetingof HALL: A First Floor a esl ht nbe pol t tae to travel to people enables that vessel a , I i hr, n h hl’ iae of images hall’s the in here, is It . “Articulating the Myths:“Articulating A Meeting the museum as museum the affirm that these hunters populated the region as they advanced theories accepted continent.South widely American most The their mark throughout North and Central America and into the explore.to left communities around,Alwaysmovingfirst these and found places to settle; but they also discovered new routes followedcreaturesenormous these developed new ways lifeof that fauna.groups native human with alongside The competing even and living offered, continent the different environments the natural to adapted quickly species These bears). giant panther, tiger, (saber-toothedAmerican them on preyed that the Macrauchuenia,American horse, and giant sloths) (Mylodon,and the frightening carnivores herbivores spectacular mind to bring times remote continent.Those the enter to species animal new countless allowed also Pleistocene, the period as geological known a during Age Ice the of end the at formed crossed,they bridge eyes.land their The before lay that lands some 20,000 years ago, they never imagined the vastness of the the of end northern the at Strait fromcontinent American Asia Bering the crossed gatherers hunter of bands first the When theMegafauna of On thetrail 1. PRIMORDIALPATAGONIA WorldSecrets theCanoe of ROOM: B

 FIRST FLOOR  FIRST FLOOR towards the end of the Ice Age, when the first bands of bands first the when Age, Ice the of ago, end years the towards 11,000-12,000 around generally from date is to Fuego considered del Patagonia/Tierra of prehistory The Towards theIceAge theendof which they dependedfor food. upon animals very the from themselves defend even and protect to had environment.also unfamiliar They simply or a harsh and fields, eruptions, fluctuations level volcanic sea retreatingice enormous of impact the endure to had humans Patagonia offer evidence of this early human occupation, when The presence of archeological sites in different parts of Southern of Patagonia injustafew thousandyears. lands remote the reaching south, to north from steadily These points were first found at points. Fell Cave projectile (in Magellan Region) fishtail of presence the by characterized is period this Patagonia period;in Paleo-Indian the as known is in settlements America human first Culturally,the of time the the skeletal remains oftheanimalsthey consumed. instruments,with manufacture along to bone and rock of use human of evidence recoveredhave excavations archeological differentcaves region.rockthe and of shelters places,these In bridge. land Vestiges a of the by land’s mainland ancient inhabitants the have to been preserved connected in was Fuego del Tierra and lakes, huge actually were Bay Useless and Sound, Magellan,East,of the Straight Otwayto the nowarethe what inland extended the Mountains in Andes found todayare that today:is it Glaciers what fromdifferent quite was Pleistocene the of end the at recently. landscape more The formed was Channel Beagle the ago,while years 8,000-9,000 some being into came Magellan of Strait the that agree Experts retreat.in was ice the of most and connected was mass land entire Magellan region and Tierra del Fuego. At that time, the the Esperanza,region’s Última reached hunter-gatherers land-based These flat use. round stones have symbolic no marks that indicate for they were been have to thought is stone, discoidal a animal skins, bone.discovered,and on meat artifact of as kind known Another used were that scrapers) pointed and (flat together with this very typical item today).wereFound remain still large that sharp species other instruments guanaco,among (Lama gracilis), American horse and other large prey (including and were perfectly adapted for hunting extinct camelid species h rmis f ag ct, probably cats, large of remains the mesembrina) ( panther Patagonian feline,the extinct large a of show evidence and points), projectile (fishtail groups human and fauna extinct with associated clearly are that shelters are BP,years 9,500 and 11,000 between Medio,dated del Cueva and their environment. Sites such as the Mylodon Cave and the region this of inhabitants first the at look closer a affordedus This zone contains a series of caves and rock shelters that have Region.Magellan of part northern Esperanza,the Última in of An area that has abundant remains from this period is the region 12,000 -9,000years before thepresent (BP). (C Radiocarbon Mylodon. sloth ground Magellanic giant the consumed that inhabitants evidence the houses these of last the caves; Buitreras Las and 7 Los Toldos,Ceibo to Búho,El Feo,including ArroyoEl Indian period have also been found at archeological sites close Paleo- the scenes).of hunting typical and Elements handprints (negative hunters ancient by made probably were that figures art rock Lagohold Argentino,of still Cave,southwest Manos earliest forms the of rock art known in of the region. remnants paint, The walls of of Las remnants bearing ceiling rock the of fragments fallen elements, typical more to addition in has, Toldos Cave is an archeological site on the central plateau that horse,fauna,other and camelids existing.and extinct both extinct Los of remains the with associated Patagonia, Argentine the in found been have described elements the of number A used onothermaterials, asgrindersorotherwise. . The Lago Sofia 1 and 4 sites (11,590 BP) also hold 14 dtn atiue tee ie to sites these attributes dating ) Smylodon (saber-toothed Pantera onca Pantera onca mesembrina onca puma ( of are here remains notable occupation.most human The of evidence no with remains fauna extinct a lowerlevelcontaining has Park, National Aike Pali in located cavern,Cave. This Chingues Los at region the in found werealso remains Feline species astheancienthumans. and tiger) Century is the result of the second wave of Patagonian migration completedisappearance of these ethnic groups during the 20th in European visitors’ and settlers’ written accounts. The virtually materializein the different Magellanic ethnic groups referred to groups. Thisisolation produced the differences human that would amonglater contact reduced mainland the from Fuego del westernchannels,isolationofthe the Magellanand Tierra and of Strait the offormation ice,the realities.the ofretreat The subsistencenew strategiestechnologies andthesenewface to the behavior of human communities here, which had to develop instabilityotherconcurrentand majorimpactfactorsona had The disappearance of many animal species due to environmental and even affecting the animals upon which weretheyenvironmentadaptingan to constantly wasthat changing depended for food. human discovery and colonization, when the first human groups summary,In Paleo-Indianthe periodPatagoniain time of awas the manufacture of stone and bone artifacts and instruments. Mylodon Fuego.camelids,delandextincthorses contains evidenceof It ofnorth-central regionTierrathe in locatedshelterrock a is noting. This worth is site Finally, archeological Tres Arroyos attributed tothisperiod. finds with cavePali site, another Aikethe is park same the In paractotherium inhabitants of the southern tip of America. daypresent the by later yearsthousand tencolonization and Felis concolor and Pantera Pantera onca mesembrina, ). This level has been dated at 11,210 years BP.years 11,210 at dated been has ).level This and an extinct species of bear ( bear of species extinct an and , animals that consumed some of the same the of some consumed that animals , ) and other larger felines such as the associated with debris from Arctotherium Arctotherium Pantera rbby on a evrnet ht a a ite ihr and more diverse thanwhat richerexiststoday. little a was that environment an found probably Indeed, when the canoe indians first colonized this region they and fiords. The forest also stood the from freed being going people –their culture, language, sea- and first these indeed of appearanceway the whether of clear life–wasnot still is it arrived indians in the of canoe Patagonian region only 6,000 years groups ago. first However, the that estimated been has It thesea peopleand The canoe 2. NOMADSOFTHESEA The today.is it than milder somewhat was climate the period this During lands. other from migrated they whether or groups, hunter-gathererland-based by adaptations local of result the occurring around terracesoccurring 6000BPcreated marine and producing the highest marine incursion oftheHolocene producing incursion thehighestmarine 6 -11mabove sealevel; itistheseformations thatare isostatic aspects, explainswhy mostsiteswithevidence of theearlyPatagonian canoeindiansare found rather the case, for example, inthecentral zone ofMagellan, where arelative timelinehasbeenrecorded for 3,000 would have been closer toor even atthecoast.would havebeencloser This is other coastalformations ataheightofapproximately distant from today’s shoreline, between8and15m sea level begantorise, androse above itspresent level, to 6,500yearsBPbasedongeomorphological and above sealevel. Sixthousandyearsago, thesesites changed thecoastlineand,changed alongwithtectonicand archeological evidence.archeological First, incursion themarine

around 6000 years BP (Porter etal.around BP(Porter 6000years 1984). This level “Later, withtheretreat oftheglaciers, thesea was associated withtheearlycanoe sites” rising and the egt f h ice the of weight (Morello, F. etal, 2007: p. 7) beyond its present day boundary. land had begun to emerge after , omn canl, bays channels, forming

 FIRST FLOOR  FIRST FLOOR ucl bgn o ouae h rgo, dpig n as that ways in adapting region, the populate to began quickly new lands to emerge and leaving others exposed, human groups ofthisterritory.into new parts As thesea waters fell, allowing craft that allowed people to sail through small the waves a and canoe,venture important the region: the and in striking achievements technological most the of one of emergence the enabled exploited be to resources new of availability the and societies.human these of life exploration of of stage new This way the in occurred change major ago,a years 6,000 About 7,450 years BP. While archeological excavations of this site have (Chile) contains both marine and terrestrial resources dated at Channel Fitz-Roy the of shore the on located site,Ponsonby sea. a the The to from adapted one evolution to economy hunting the land-based illustrate that found been have sites around what were known forest,as the the and inland steppe seas,the between some transition archeological of zone the In even reaching Cape HornandStatenIsland. populated centers to occupy different of parts the archipelago, Peninsula.these fromhave out wouldgroupsspread Seafaring Brunswick the and Sound Otway the on located sites ancient of concentration a is second the while Island, Navarino and Channel Beagle inan the near situated located sites archeological is of area first The coast. the on centers populated of two existence probable the affirm researchers Different with groups buildingandsailingsmallcanoesontheocean. especially on the ability to take advantage of marine resources, that was opening up before their eyes. Their adaptation focused allowed them to live in and make use of the immense landscape “In SouthernPatagonia new evidence pointstoanother sea level, around 3,000-5,000BP, atatimewhenthe period when marine terraces formed whenmarine 4to7maboveperiod sea level was dropping, onit´sprocess the toreach present level” ( Ibid : p. 8). 6,980 years6,980 BP. representareto sites seentransition Both the at dated been has in Argentina,which Channel Beagle the on site 1 the Túnel at found is guanaco by dominated economy a mixed showing find similar Patagonia.A in recorded ever this evidence reflects the first experiences of marine adaptation that believe researchers significant. Some also is complement dietary a as birds and mammals sea of presence sources,the food other to compared guanaco of preponderance a shown 169b and 171 Bahía Honda. All of these have been dated at dated been have these of Honda.All Bahía 171 and 169b Guerrico,Áridos 136 as well as island, the of part southern the in 1 Grandi Navarinoinclude in Island found sites Ancient and lateoccupationalstages), andImiwaia, amongothers. sites investigated include Lancha Packewaia, Túnel 1 (with early Channel,Beagle archeological the of the side On Argentinean maritime early adaptation. of period same this to Island, Navarino and Ushuaia of zone the Channel, in Beagle the on finds of series a attributing for allowed have age same the around artifacts Similar Pizzulic. and Colorada Bahía Ana, Santa Punta Buena, This ancient feature has also been identified at the sites of Bahía varieties of harpoons were also found. groups,earliestcanoeotherthe occupiedbyifeven been had base of this instrument would become a key indicator that a sitebase. cruciformthe protuberancesThe at two with harpoons an item that would become a trademark of these groups –bone some made of obsidian (volcanic glass) and the first examples of of instruments and stone waste. The most notable finds included Island in the Otway Sound, Englefield on Josephwhere site archeological anthropologist they major discovered a by excavated Emperaire a led large number expedition French a 1952, In the 20thCentury. resources. enduredtime into that groups at The emerged that marine exploiting on based clearly communities Patagonia,to occupied originally that groups hunting land-based the from Photograph Archive Martin Gusinde Photograph Anthropological Museum(MAMG) Archive Martin Giorgio Photographer: Addrizzi, DigitalCopyingAuthorized Gonzalez,Produced by Martin Chile, 2007 Facsimile of Yaghan Canoe Similar changes have been observed among canoe punchers. scrapers,as well likeinstruments as bone retouchers andhole Other handle. instruments used during those times include balls, a strikers and with used were they that fact the and tiny size their for so-called scrapers, “nail” small the are typical fins.side Also and edge stem,triangular low-cutwide, a with points projectile of kinds new include groups land-based later these by used time.over materials population The in growth a abundant suggests Fuego,which del and areTierra Patagonia throughout hunters terrestrial of remains Archeological groups. hunting maritime and land-based both of traditions cultural that are thought to represent a shift away from the established high tideline. the predation.above just probably beach, marine the on on built were based Dwellings economy an sites suggests these clearly at collected data) (environmental ethnological reconstruction, evidence Different mollusks. collected and mammals,marine hunted has man times captured birds, fished early since that fact BP,the years to 5,000 testifying to 7,000 found over a large area, reflecting an increase in that native in that increase an reflecting area, large a over found been also has groups canoe later of evidence Archeological simple oneswithoneortwobarbs alsobegantobeused from whale bone. replaced by other kinds of harpoons also usually manufactured the used, people these weapons bone choice.the of Of material the be to continued obsidian forms,greenhavedifferent although to eventually reaching Cape Horn. Technologically, the points tend increased in number and spread to every corner of the region, last the In More recent prehistoric societies cruciform-based harpoon gradually disappeared gradually harpoon cruciform-based ,000-4,000 years,3,000-4,000 haveelements emerged material Multiple-barbed harpoons became common and

groups, which . , to be to ,

 FIRST FLOOR 10 FIRST FLOOR traditions. Moreover, there is not always a direct correlation direct a always not Moreover,traditions.is there always cultural thereforenot ancestral reflect descriptions do conquistadorescolonists,and EuropeanChilean.both and The time when they had been negatively impacted by newly arrived a at societies these describe care,they with as considered be the should inhabitants region’sfirst the of life about of way and culture observations However, Kaweskar. or Alacalufe groups: ethnic and Yaghan’s two orYamanas of identification the to led has centuries 20th to 16th the from Information barbs. two and tenon double a with those barb,and one and tenon single a with harpoons,those bone especiallyare instruments lions,whales, fish, animals. other and birds indicative most The remains from human consumption of marine fauna such as sea other and typical seashells containing waste the of –piles middens contain shell sites archeological Recent population. viewed as ‘living fossils,’ because in those days the predominant singular image of the inhabitants of this land. The Yaghan’s were gavewroteaccounts who these very worldseamen a the The Darwin. Charles naturalist famous the included which one 1832, and 1829 between Admiralty British the by sent expeditions the until archipelago,up Horn Cape the around and in centered are few, and are sightings recorded Bay. Later Windhond on another and Peninsula Island’sHardy Hoste on indians canoe of group a encountered he by after 1624, in waswritten L’Hermite Jacques people theof Yaghan description first The hunters, fishersgatherersand on Earth Thesouthernmost indians: Nomadic canoe 3. THEYAGHAN’S groups. betweenmore recent prehistoricancient and identities ethnic missionary Thomas Bridges conducted the first detailed study detailed first the missionary conducted Bridges Thomas This lasted until the end of the 19th Century, when the Anglican archaism orprimitivism. cultural of example an as viewed be to continued natives but the misconceptions, these of some corrected investigators human perfection, as depended on the development wellof technology. as Later progress cultural and social that was idea denomination, we willusethisnamehere. self- to right the for respect themselves of Yaghan’s,out and xippa).(or kippa is woman for thereforeterm call people The group.the of The members Yaghanmale to reference in only but sense generic a in means “man,”not it because Yámanas group, including those who speak their tongue, reject the name this used of descendants be interchangeably. day Importantly, present to continue and names scientists both among however, and academics, consensus absolute no still is There and historicalliterature. anthropological the of much in used been has name this then and the as group this Yámana, since explorersidentified and (1937) Gusinde travelers, Martin numerous ethnographer and priest later,the Decades scientists. by observations to Channel,various of location the Yaghansettlements, according derived was from the word term Yahgashaga, (1869).The groupthe name of one area of ethnic the Murray this identify to Thomas Bridges was the first person to use the name “Yaghan” disappearance ofthesepeopleandthecausesthis. gradual the on mainly focused have studies lives.Subsequent spiritual and group’ssocial the of facets deeper revealed that studies new out carried (1922) Koppers Wilhem and 1923) of Yaghancustoms.and Later,language (1919- Gusinde Martin

such an impact on the natives’such way of life, inhibiting and Their territory creative above force theforces thatenablesman torise But my nameisLakutaialekipa. Lakutaisthenameof limiting opportunities for subsistencethatitdetermines limiting opportunities English missionaries calledmewhentheybaptized me.English missionaries a bird, andkipameanswoman. Each Yaghan the bears “Everyone knows measRosa,“Everyone becausethatishow the Yaghan tribes, from each adifferent place, butsharing is theway withourrace: We are namedaftertheland and orients their economic system in a very particular particular theireconomicsystem inavery and orients mother brought meintotheworldinLakutaBay. That name oftheplacewhere heorshewas born, andmy of nature and bend them to his service also triumphs alsotriumphs of nature andbendthemtohisservice the sametongue. Before Icouldwalk, Itraveled with There, oras where thesundoesnotshineasbrightly way. Indeed, oftheir theyappeartobeatthemercy “I amthelastof Wollaston race. There were five for them to rise beyondtheircircumstances.for themtorise Butthe inhabitants oftheEarth. proximityTheir close tothe Antarctic Circle immediately brings to mind a harsh to mindaharsh immediatelybrings Antarctic Circle warmly, life ismeager andwretched. This reality has climate where fewclimate plantsandanimalscanflourish. “This insular, extremely andinhospitable restricted surroundings to such adegreesurroundings thatitisimpossible tosuch world ishometothe Yámana, thesouthernmost my mothertoCapeHorn, tiedtoherback” that welcomesus” 2004: (Stambuck p.15). here.” (Gusinde, 1986:p.4). (Stambuck, 2004: p.15). cannibalism, amongotherthings. of accusations included descriptions Such mark. indelible an shocking or uninformed and clung to them for decades, leaving their compared appearance to descriptions that of Europeans, while others were Some dismissive, Yaghan’s. the of views different notably offered times, different at written records ethnographic with sailors,coupled and travelers by Accounts while from the Brecknock Peninsula and the western end of end western the and Peninsula Brecknock people,the from Ona while or Selk’nam the with contact maintained they Channel,Beagle the of end eastern the and Bay Suceso Buen islands such and as Hoste, Channel Navarino, Beagle the Channel,Picton and Murray the Wollaston. of coasts Between the especially S),frequenting 56º - the (54.5º archipelago to Horn Cape Fuego del Tierra of the island big from the of extends coast southern that region the inhabited Yaghan’sThe Physical appearance: truth and prejudice truth and Physical appearance: Yeskumaala: Ilalumaala: Inalumaala: Utamaala: Wakimaala: areas orzones: occupational five identifies scientists and of travelers,explorers accounts the from gathered information vast while a territory, over presence their to attest remains Archeological or Alacalufe people. Kaweshkar the with communicated they Channel Beagle the

The area of theCape Hornarchipelago. From CookBay toFalseCape Horn. to theBrecknock Peninsula. From theBeagleChannel, pastPuntaDivideup islands ofPicton, Nueva andLenox. East ofPuerto Williams andGableIsland, tothe Hoste Island. Navarino Island, theMurray Channeland Yendegaia Róbaloandincluding toPuerto located intheBeagleChannel, runningfrom 11 FIRST FLOOR 12 FIRST FLOOR most notably their resistance to the ever-present cold in this ever-presentin the cold to resistance their notably sea,most the on life of conditions the to adaptation special their is constitution physicalYaghan’s the of feature central One relatively rare. were hair body and baldness both smooth,relativelyand and olivetone. brown),dark or (black dark was hair Their straight, or copper a with populations white was color with origin.skin of Asian Their association an suggests which of all eyes, generous mouths with generally full noses,lips and small, wide small,dark, slanted rather had Facially, they legs. slender and m, 1.60 around bodies,well-formed height, broad,with trunks, robustarms powerful average than shorter of were they hunters.land general,the In as such groups ethnic other from them distinguishes clearly makeup physical their But people. canoe and nomads also Kaweshkar,were the who neighbors their with traits physical female Yaghanshare and male Both Jacobus L’HermitteJacobus 1624 on theplanet. environments inhospitable most the of one to culturally and the enabled had Yaghan’sphysicallyboth adapt successfully to that process millennium-long the assessing fairly from them prevented fear– and ignorance upon founded were which of Without a doubt, the initial impressions of the Europeans –many waters ofthesouthernocean. freezing the in themselves immersing completely or partly by crustaceans and shellfish gathering subsistence, family the to zone. Yaghan women demonstrated this trait while contributing long andstifftoappearmore fearsome” (Ibidp.113) white like thoseofEurope: was Such theappearance “The inhabitantsof Tierra delFuego are, by nature, proportioned limbsandastature similartothatof proportioned Europeans. hair,They haveblack theywear which of a child thatwehaveseen”of achild (Martinic,1992: p. 113).”He

has ahandsomefigure, withwell- Charles Darwin 1833 Charles Darwin Weddel,James 1823 George Foster 1778 few that nativeswearasealskinacross theirshoulders men, withseashellnecklaces. andadorntheirnecks A better featured thanthe men: manyoftheirfaces are private parts,private butthewomencover themselveswitha interesting, and, inmy opinion, theyhaveamore lively severe theycanbear inthisregion thatitisamarvel small andillshaped, arises, which nodoubt, from the skins filthy &greasy, theirhairentangled, theirvoices small pieceofanimalskin, paintthemselveslike the the harsh climate,the harsh theyhadsunktothelowest level bedaubed withwhitepaint&quite naked, theirred of humanexistence, onaparwiththeunreasoning affords littleprotection againstthecold, isso which and well-formed chests, smallarms; -their legsare their appearance istrulyawkward. The womenare custom ofsittingontheircalves, situation inwhich heads are those which are foundheads are those which tobepeculiar sympathized with, themiserable savages of Tierra …”about completelynude, withoutcoveringtheir most indians: theyhaveflatnoses, smalleyes, full “The contouroftheirfaces andtheform oftheir unresponsive, unabletoprotect themselvesfrom del Fuego; halfdeadfrom hunger, stupefiedand (...) stuntedintheirgrowth, theirhideousfaces “In thatcorneroftheworldwehadseen, and sense ofwhatpasses.” (Gusinde, 1986: p. 67) I never sawmore miserable creatures; animals” (Gusinde, 1986: p. 62) the winter” (Ibidp. 113) linguist Óscar Aguilera undertook the work of researching and Chile.of cultures and The languages the preserve to initiative government a of part The as established Yaghanwas alphabet more andmore essential. became form– in logographic or syllabic,alphabetic –whether societies became more complex, these recordkeeping systems things).other (tributes,individuals, goods,among of As names inventories or relationships of kinds different record to and (stories, invocations to the gods, prophecies, medicinal developed in practices) the past as a means to preserve the spoken word and inventedform.were written systems no Writing has and Like many other languages of the world, Yaghan is an oral tongue Their language same world. Itisacommonsubjectofconjecture; what “The elders gathered inthe akarinbadweatherand “The elders require cunning, thatlowest power ofthemind. Their “How littlecanthehigherpowersofmindcome enjoy? How more reasonably much itmaybeasked into play: whatisthere for imaginationtopaint, for pleasure inlife someofthelessgiftedanimalscan believe thattheyare fellow creatures placedinthe with respect tothesemen” (Darwin, 1996: p. 263) skill, like theinstinctofanimalsisnotimproved by reason tocompare, for judgement todecideupon, men,Viewing such onecanhardly make oneself to knock alimpetfromto knock therockdoesnoteven discordant, theirgesticulation violent... experience…” (Darwin, 1996:p. 85) told their stories infronttold theirstories ofthefire” (Stambuck, 2004: p. 25) of the former are few. Some information was collected in the few.arein former collected the was of information Some descriptions linguistic modern today, but remain that Fuego YaghanKawesqarand are onlytwothe of languages Tierradel represent vowels. forms,graphic and phonemes 24 which contains of language 7 official alphabet of this tongue. Accordingonly to studies,the theincludes which language, the Yaghan of examples collecting languages oftheworld. other many in two”,as we expression: / dual “we the of use distinguishes most featurethat the Yaghanthe is Spanish from receives the action of the verb. what While different pronouns or exist, who indicating of ways different with system,” case of syntax and grammar. Yaghan has what is called “a substantive The most notable features of this language are found at the level country. the in extinction of danger in most language the considered is it reason this for and woman; elderly one only by fluently southwestern.Today, spoken and is western Yaghaneastern, central, south, as: denominated are These comprehensible. and perceptible mutually the are that dialect in to differences with point records ethnographic the of subdivisions five of existence group, ethnic Yaghan each and studies Recent spoken any language. of sounds the represent to Alphabet Phonetic International the has now linguistics Modern alphabet. own their of forms graphic the to heard they sounds the adapted the reflect to nationality of the tendobserver: thus, the English, invariably French and so on, writings these but language, Thereliteratureof variety wide a is available the about Yaghan no descriptionofthegrammarlanguage. words (published in 1933 and 1987). than moreTo date, containing however, Bridges there is Thomas by compiled dictionary Yaghan-English a as well as Bible, the of sections other and gospels the of translations including century, last 30,000 13 FIRST FLOOR 14 FIRST FLOOR Conjugations: include: Akulu, “to fly, tojump;”köna, “tofloat.” down,lyingrecline.” (w)ia examples be to Other “to sitting;” be “to mutu standing;” be entity:möni “to an of stance) (or position the and denoting duration verb things.A other as frequency,among such action of mode the express markers aspect.Aspect of markers to change can (stance) position a the grammatical structure. For example, of verbs that can part express becoming form, their occasionally and function their items” (usually what we commonly identify as “words”) change In Yaghan, grammar operates through a process in which “lexical a sentence. of object or subject the determining when relevant very is not order word this, of Because beginning. the at rarely and sentence,only a of end or middle the in usually is verb The A final aspect of aspect final A expressed by often are actions that is Yaghan eat,” “you eat,” “he eats,” “we eat,” “you eat,”verbs:regular with “I is “they eat.”there conjugation,as the in regularity obvious no is there case this In is,”are.”are,”“we “you“he say:example,we for world;English am,” the in “I of languages verbs entirely. This supplementary character is shared by other different be to seem may they that suffixes and roots both in changes having much, so differ forms verb the words, other the of Yaghannature language;the in “supplementary” to due Another important feature is that the verbs are more complex, Sö sö-murh-möni-te = You oftensat, oryou were ready tosit. action). the of frequency the is here aspect (the standing was I rule, general a as standing,alwaysor was I = ha-möni-mut-ute Hai With thesameroot butwithgrammaticalforms added: singular) Sö sö-möni-te = you were standing (sö = you; sö = 2nd person ute =pasttense) I;= (hai down sat singular;I person = ha-mut-ute1st Hai = ha 4. TRACE OFAPRESENCE once, twice, form: three times, plural ornumerous times. in appear or precisely and indicated suffixes, be can as number appear mode and time aspect, Meanwhile, prefixes.as embedded pronouns containing words compound norgd y hi rltvs Edr ae o recognized of males Elder relatives. their by encouraged when others,especially dominate could individuals aggressive other,anyfrom orders freedom.took man strong,No though the ruling political unit. They had a profound sense of individual castes of any kind. For many purposes the biological family was secret group,governedthe that no chiefs societies,or nor classes social were family.There each of head the than higher the that us tell studies Ethnographic Yaghan’sauthority no had Political life SOCIAL ORGANIZATION nomadic life becauseoftheenvironment andconditions seemed tobethebestpossibleway ofadaptingtotheir

“At first weemphasized“At first thatthe Yámanahadtolivea their intellectualfaculties tostructure aneconomy that simply mechanical; rather, theytookfulladvantage of “Her Yaghan namewas Carrapu lekipa, butshewas the Yaghan's havenokings, orqueensprincesses” her andwrote inthenewspaper: “The Queen ofthe baptized asJuliabecausethatwas thenameof English missionary’s wife. Oftentheytookphotosof their response toenvironmental limitationswas not Yaghan's,” becauseshewas theoldestofthem. But prevailing theylived. inthelandwhich However, environment” (Gusinde, 1986: p. 603) (Stambuck, 2004: p.75) “The mother painted her daughter’s face with long lines Marriage family and reestablish peace through to bothpersuasionandforce. intervened parties conflicting of friends the At times. times, those at occur did encounters been violent to have though peaceful, seem groups five the among relations Social as such; theirweapons were adapted for hunting. group.the by shunned was perpetrator the war no Therewas the shedding blood of by the murderer. vengeance The crime sought was strongly condemned and relatives his murdered, was individual an If justice. administering for process formal the ceremony. no the The Yaghan’s had oversee of duration the to for only group local the by passage),powerof in remained(rite and ciéxaus ceremonyof chosen was chief A name, derived from theplaceinwhichitlived. own and territory own its had sub-group Each marriage. or kinship blood on based interrelatedweregroups, which local into weresubdivided groups dialect five etc. The fire, make to (stones) materials canoes,manufacture to bark collect to or goods, exchange whale, beached a share food, for to reasons:search economic for except groups other of the territory into fewpolitical venture had not would groups Generally,implications. subdivisions linguistic five Yaghan’s The for thiswere notwell defined. rules husband’sfamily,the the though near place same the in kin.paternal the livedand other each helped individuals These family,extended usually the was family influence.immediate the Above moral considerable had integrity and intelligence

before givingheraway, andthemanwhoasked for her “The Yaghan’s stillupheldcustomstoensure thehealth of their children atbirth.of theirchildren The expectantparents could not eatseaurchins, anditwas alsounacceptable to hand tookwoodtothedoorof the house.” (pp.94) The close kinship relations meant that the Yaghan’s tended the that meant relations kinship close The to illnessoranothercause. and nephews had to take care of them in turn if due necessary considered to be stepfather and stepmother, were and while their figures nieces important highly became bride the of aunt maternal and groom the of uncle paternal the marriage, the local reason paternal.Yaghanbe to tended groups family After few months, and then moved to the groom’s territory. For this By custom, the couple lived with the parents of the bride for a already married andhiswife objectedtothe union. not be evaded, even if the brother of the deceased spouse was could responsibility being;this well nephews and nieces their for Levirate responsible were bride.uncles because a practiced was as marriage sister unmarried wife’s his took often husband’s brothers). When a married woman died, her husband levirate marriage (in which a widow marries one rare,time),as occurredthough of same the at her woman one deceased than was not permitted, while polygamy (one man married to more time) same the at men more or two to married woman (one The most prevalent form of marriage was monogamy; polyandry 19 years ofage. (ciéxaus),passage and of 15 betweenrite the underwentthey stipulated. Young people of both sexes did not get married until both beforeservices and after the wedding, but was no dowry respect. The groom was expected to give presents and perform mutualaffectionand on based be to seemed choices such and groups were rare. Individuals could usually choose a mate freely marriages between individuals though from group,distant localities or different immediate linguistic their outside marry to drink water swamdrink fromtheotters in, theriver “because Some stilllaiddown besidethewomangivingbirth, as at nightthebabieswouldcry,” saidthemedicinemen. though theywere alsogivingbirth, toaccompanyher” (Stambuck, 2004: p. 101). 15 FIRST FLOOR 16 FIRST FLOOR these limits. beyond somewhat haveextended may and family the of sides sisters, both nephews, from nieces,and cousins and aunts first uncles and brothers half between unions included ban this theory, In practice in broken.taboo,but was relatives frequently blood between marriage was rule this not but was accepted, sex Premarital relations. sexual having from them After that time, they lived separately and the elders prevented together.lived sexes both seven,of of children age the to Up freedom andindependence. enjoyed and community the and family the in respected been have to canoe. seem the Womenrowing and food collecting own children, raising her like activities was to regard woman in master, especially the absolute; not was authority his decisions.practice,making In however,for responsible person the was and family the of head the considered was man The seemed tobefamily property. members ofthecommunity. Incontrast, food, hutsand canoes to regard in weapons,baskets. property clothing,and all adornments to applied This individual in believed Yaghan’sThe Property or intentionally killed. abandoned not were were Elders who respected. elders, and group’s treated well the with taken was care Great negligent inperforming herduties. or lazy be to wife his believed husband the when separated wifeabuse,was cause common most The also couples though beaten.leavingviolently husband the common.was Separation intensely,fight might adultery, couple committed the husband community.the by censuredthe was When behavior her and her beat would husband her act, this in caught was woman the If infrequent. not was of, disapproved though Adultery,

the wishes of the receiver. Indeed, the receiver risked offending were frequently exchanged, and were given without regard for gifts.Gifts of goods,exchange for and ways:exchanged goods work, donation or exchange. Exchange occurred in one of two The right to own personal property was acquired through use, seen asdisrespectful tothisBeing. Food was valued as a gift from the Supreme Being; losing it was vaulted huts, which are more enclosed to enable a more evenmore a huts, enable vaulted to enclosed moreare which built theYaghan’s places, In these trunks. flexible thin, with trees of forests grows rocks the upon and spaces, open few the In West,rainyis wet,and which brokenis land the has and of ownership over it. it to the destructive force of nature and renouncing their right they abandoned the dwelling with complete unconcern, leaving way, their on continued members family the dwelling.When raise a simple shelter, a conical hut or a more complex vaulted to whether decide would family disembarkment,the of place style and were not built in a particular place. Depending on the building and form in irregular and temporary weretherefore food.of searchdwellings Yaghan’sin Their journeys the long on go to and had concern, major a always was Subsistence absolutely essential. always burning, was fire which the keep to place a provide to and shelter offer to was conical,function or their vaulted and forms,two of one periods.took Externally,longer forhuts these used be to going were they unless reinforced not were shelter for a onlynight or a few temporary days, and generally provide to customs.built their were of Theyto suited perfectly element were features major and appearance a their system; economic were their Yaghan’s the of dwellings The Dwellings in return. the giver if a gift was refused and was obliged to give something in thesameplace, however. down.They them havelater might camped who byfamilies occupied other been blowing in time no lost wind the though The buildings were left standing when the site was abandoned, top ofthecone-shaped structure. them over easily. Smoke from the fire was released through the weather,good in or blow could wind of stronggust a because structures, they could only be built in well-protected locations strong not were these structure.Since low the around a barricade create to used was waste food but out, dug earth of that In case posts.it was covered with sea forlion skins and did not have trunks a layer tree of instead branches thin with manner,solid less a in built be dwellingalso of could kind This or somesmalltrunkswere placedthere. the front in wind.of hung was skin out Toanimal entrance,an the coversituated was and wide m 0.90 around was entry m;the 3.30 approximately of diameter a had and height in m 1.80 reached they housed.Inside they inhabitants of number the on depending slightly vary did they size,though in similar of earth, clods roots,branches.leafy with seaweedand very were dwellings These in filled were between spaces the and treebark of pieces and lion sea coveredof was skins the with together.hut them The binding for need the without weight own their with themselves supporting and center the toward leaning earth, the in embedded were trunks 12 or and 10 some area the clearing by removing a layer built a few of earth centimetersdeep. Around this, was hut cone-shaped The solid. The eastern and central Yaghan’s used this kindmorebuildings ofthese makehut. helpedweight very theirhuts, and moreupright. Treetrunks there were more suitable forconical werelessprotected from windandstorms, andthetrees grew In the East, however, precipitation was lower, sites near the water western andsouthern Yaghan’s.the by used was hut of type inside. This heat of distribution remaining poles were then added to give the vaulted shape.entryway; the the form This would that those earth,including the the to provide needed support. First, together the strongest poles were implanted into braided were at the poles sides, this flexible in zone, build bit residents.To numerous a housed it out if especially widened that half-globe somewhat flattened a like looked generally It regions. southwestern and western the in adaptation special a was hut vaulted The to spend more than two weeks in the same place, they built theyplace, same the in weeks two than more spend to had children.they the If for free hut the of rest leavethe and outside happening was what other, observe the to at woman the and entrance the of side one at sat house the of man The number ofskinsstitchedtogether. a or skin single a of capes,made own their with themselves top.on skins seal or guanaco placing and The Yaghan’scovered built on the earth floor by layering branches and dried seaweed wood,as beechsmoke.muchwas too bed gavecommunaloff wood with A canelo maintained usually was itself fire The lighting aballofmoss, feathers orwood chipswiththesparks. around it. The fire was lit by striking flint against iron pyrite and the hut, often over a layer of stones, and those inside squatted out to a depth of 50 cm. The fireplace was set in the middle of hut,of styles both dug In or compacted was floor earthen the one tofour families. to m 2.60 from and high m 1.75 were dwellings average,these sideways.On entryway was low, allowing only one individual to pass through escape.to smoke for The left was hole a vault the of top the building.the reinforceAt to helped which of weight skin,the poles. Often, the vault was covered with large pieces of animal interwoventhe branches coveredwith leafy was with half top halfwayup,built was grass earth,the and of while moss wall a together with rush stems or saplings at the junctures. Outside, side, interlaced between the upright ones. The poles were tied structurereinforcedwas fromto running side poles long with 0 m. wide and were built to accommodate to m.werebuilt 3.0 and wide 17 FIRST FLOOR 18 FIRST FLOOR of any protective clothing among these people. capeThe short absence complete the explains that itself fire the is Indeed,it surface oftheirbodies. ages.and attireof allowedtype entire This the fire heat the to hung on their back; it was the same size and shape for all sexes skin animal of scrap a was the Yaghan´sattireused only The Clothing and the the as ceremonies,Yaghan’sdifferentsuch perform to the allowedtherefore and food of supply a guaranteed which This usually only occurred when a whale beached on the coast, time. of length significant any for place same the in remain to families for reasons few were fact,there established;in settlements were permanent No reasons. sanitary for hut new a used combs made of dolphin jaws, whale baleen with five to five with baleen jaws,whale dolphin of made combs used women’s.the than shorter somewhat men’s To the they hair their brush with long, hair their wore women and men Both these itemsofclothing. made women age.The of years 10 before loincloth a wore they never removed thereafter. Males, on the other hand, never wereyearsgirls old loincloth, triangular givenfirst their which four walk; at to began they when cape first their given were Children’s attire was no different than that of the adults. Babies never usedthese, however. Selk’nam. the Women of influence the to due probablyskin, seal of leather.made smooth sandals wore usually of men made The were and women’s the than larger somewhat were off.run men’sloincloths to The rain the allow to outside the otter,times,on at hanging evenskins foxbirdhair or the with lion,sea small a of skin the theybut sea of made be also could chin.the under strung be capeswereThese with usuallymade to cape the enable to leather the side,in werepunched holes they did wear was roughly rectangular in form. On the shorter

kina . ciexaus

and, toalesserdegree, circles. used for violent disputes. Their designs used mainly lines, points and was obtained from coal, and white, obtained from clay, was was obtained from burnt earth, black represented pain or grief and peace represented red colors, to special regard for In ceremonies. and mind, of states different express to groups, other visited they when themselves adorn to paint body used together.tied feathers of stems teeth,the or carved They ten techniques. different using baskets of kinds different containers,and bark sacks, and bags leather made also bone.They of made awls knives,and They shell snares. or handles,stone with andscrapers seashell had slingshots, points, stone with spears and Theyharpoons,small used also harpoon,large a darts, daggers sea otterskin. were usually cormorant. The quiver was made from sea lion or end the on feathers the and wood calafate of made was shaft quartz.shale, or frombone, flint made wereArrowheads The tendon.lion fromsea made was bowstring the and cm 160 to cm 120 from ranged Selk’nam;length than the their by used those delicate more and shorter were and beech, Antarctic of made were arrow. Bows and bow the The Yaghan’s used Tools weapons and necklaces andusedfeather headdresses intheirhair. As bones. bird and seashells their in pendants adornment,shell or frombone incorporated they as well as tendons, or baleen whale interlaced with necklaces skins.made also They guanaco from made anklets and bracelets wore women The “My fellow countrymen were“My fellow intelligent; countrymen theycould make theyneededtolive” everything (Stambuck, 2004: p.36). or exhausted whale when it floated without moving on the moving without floated it when whale exhausted or wounded a identified they Usually whales. hunted also They escape andthehunterlosthisprey andhisharpoon. woundsuperficial,was to able was sometimes animal the then immediately; when it was not, then an fightangry ensued. If the sunk animal woundedthe embedded.deeply mortally was it If body,was its it sureinto making harpoon small the sank they closer.and close,closer were came they they When as ready water,the slapping by harpoon or the softly getting singing or they hunted seals in the water: They attracted them by whistling They hunted sea lions on land with clubs, but much more often people lived entirely onmarineresources. which were found only in a small part of Yaghan territory, these gathering.responsiblefor womanwas guanaco, the for Except while hunting of care took family food the of enough survive.man to The obtain to was concern greatest people’s The Diet gets fat whenitgrows tastyto new andisvery feathers the Yaghan’s oftoday, whosedietissopoliticallycorrect.

what theycouldinnature. Buttheywere healthierthan eat, asare thequetroand (flightlesssteamer-duck) For my people, there was nothingbetterthanfindinga These were thedelicaciesofancientones: They fell meat is, whenitiswellcooked, saltedanddressed. The whale. The Yaghan’s upthehighhillstowatch climbed They were notstupid. How deliciousthebaby sealion ones are very good,ones are very ones, more tenderthantheblack penguin. And insummertime, there were always eggs. the coast and see when one beached itself.the coastandseewhenonebeached The white “This ishow theancientonesfed themselves, finding oil is also very good.oil isalsovery caiquén(kelpThe beach goose) and theyhavealotofoil” (Stambuck, 2004: p.17) asleep from eatingsomuch! penguins,cormorants,ducks. and geese wild for method Their hunting,birdregard to In the Yaghan’spreferred preyincluded they were abletokillit, they thendraggedittotheshore. their large harpoons into it. The whale often escaped, but when throwand whale the to close canoes their paddlewould men carried out from canoes as a group hunting activity. was it.The This above Yaghan circled which seabirds, attracting surface, and snails. clams,collected tide.also limpets,low theyHere during crabs uncovered left basket.sea a the areasusing the scoured They forkedwith pole point. shorethe on them Theycollected also long a using canoes their from mussels gathered women The that couldhave comeintocontactwithhumanremains. birds,those or especially animals carrion-eating eating against taboo general a them.had for They value no held it dogs,as the to pelt the flung killed.and dogs them their that skinned They ones the butchering only such, as fox the hunt not did food.other They no had they if only meat this ate skin;they the southern dogs,and western their Yaghan’s of help often hunted sea the otter for Selk’nam.their With the as skill same the with not guanaco,although eastern Yaghan’shunted The them oneby one. hunted and flocked birds the whereYaghan’s hut small a built pole.a to tied noose a with them chase to was Tothis,do the steamer-ducksflightless dusk.hunting forat method best The using snares placed on the grasslands where these birds flocked them with torches, they then night,clubbed them. At stick. Wild geese were or hunted dart blinded and approachedland on birdsnested of that nests the a with killed were escape to attempted water,that slingshot,the those a on and used they or shore the on To together flocked cormorants,which hunt or bird dart. bird.occasionally,hunted wereonlyPenguins slingshot a using of type each of habits the to according varied these capturing 19 FIRST FLOOR 20 FIRST FLOOR Navigation and afew otherplantssuchaswildcelery. of mushrooms throughout the year, berries in summer and fall, spring,in eggs availablefoods included Other differentspecies a fishingbasket. began to go out. Women fished with a line or fished shoals with crabs, which they did around one or two hours before the tide smaller catch to used also was them.pitchfork for The dove many,werehowever, therecanoe. the When a Yaghan’sfrom crab) (king crab capture to also used was pitchfork pronged four- autumn.A in gathered best are East.They the in than South the Westand in abundant more much are urchins Sea stones, a bed of clay and coarse sand. Firewood was stored was Firewood sand. coarse and clay of bed onsome stones,a laid canoe, the in burning fire a always was There of beechwood. baleen. Holes were caulked. The craft’s single paddle was made whale with weretogether that stitched pieces threelong into cut then and smoothed knife,was seashell a with off cut was flexible bark was more available at that time. A segment of bark fresh,because spring in made midpoint.were the canoes The at deep cm average),60 on and m wide (5 m approximately1 one for each side. Bark canoes were between 4 to 7 m in length thick,cm and 2.5 - 1.2 was that together,bottom the for one stitched bark of strips three using made was canoe bark The trunk orfrom boards nailedtogether, intheEuropean style. out hollowed single a from canoes,made wooden sometimes by replaced later were beech.These evergreen of bark the travel far on land. The oldest seagoing vessels were made from not did the Yaghan’s,they to and indispensible were Canoes “The ooanas are a kind of channel on the beach where onthebeach “The ooanasare akindofchannel it´s possible to beach thecanoes“ it´s possibletobeach (Stambuck, 2004: p.26) major ones. would carry out minor repairs and ask her husband to perform the canoes, it was the women’s job to care for them. A woman built who men rock.the or was trunk it a Although to canoe the secure to together tied stems rush of made rope a and scoop bailing bark fire. a canoe had the also tending They for next to the fireplace and in the stern. Children were responsible in seriousdanger. Men only assisted the women with paddling when the craft was able to judge when the weather was suitable for their journeys. and were them of paddlersall and territory their with familiar accidental capsizing was rare. Yaghan women were highly skilled environment and traveled frequently from place to place by sea, and tools hostile a considered is their what utensils.inhabited they manufactureAlthough to needed they materials the obtain to and food of search in day each environment this in The Yaghan’saroundsea,move the to havingof nomads were their to on skills these daughters. passed they and dive, to and style swim paddle” to “dog how knew men,women the the Unlike had to secure the vessel once everyone else had disembarked. still as possible to prevent the craft from capsizing. The woman as stayedeveryone voyage the during off,and pushing before the single paddle. They reaffirmed the purpose of their journey with alone, paddling behind sat firewood; woman and the and fire the around children the sat center the in harpoons; and darts his with forward sat place:man The customary her or his occupied family the of water,member the each on While reach thecoastof Atlantic Ocean. ice the of edge leading Fuego,and the del Magellan Tierradid south of the Gallegos River, including what is today the Strait of ice that southwest, hardly the reached more of than a dozen kilometers to channels the East. and Only islands the on and range mountain the Andes covering more– and thick meters –500 ice was there that true is it life. While plant or animal of devoid stage lifeless years,a of during thousands for ice by coveredcompletely almost was Patagonia that believed Some forests, wetlands, lowlands andlava plains. through and beaches pebbled broad or coastlines rugged by pass places 1,000. these Travels than in more others rains it and where year per mm 200 below is precipitation where landscapes,some and geographies diverse contains Patagonia plains. While this view is indeed accurate, it is far from complete.emerged are full of images of vast, infinite and arid wind swept have that Fuego del and TierraPatagonia of descriptions The Nature always gives itswarnings 5. ANUNKNOWN LAND “When manysealionscamefrom allover, thisforetold why youalways havetolookatitbefore crossing from tails onthewater, badweatherwillcome. Isometimes covered whenastormapproaches. withclouds That is a harsh winter;a harsh andwhen thedolphinssmacked their in thedoorway ofmy house: ¡pou, pou, pou!Goesthe hear themwhenIamspinningwoolintheafternoon smacking soundonthecalmseaanddogs begin smacking walemoco bird and seagulls fly very highwhenbad walemoco bird andseagullsflyvery days are coming, andahighhillonHosteIslandis to bark. Then itisbetternottogo outtosea. The Orange to Wollaston” (Stambuck, 2004: p.102) just anothericebridge. navigation,was global in milestone a was which of discovery of Tierra del Fuego did not exist and the Strait of Magellan, the seas. We now know that only 9,000-10,000 years ago, the island inland and channels of system new completely a wayto giving that would later connect to the seas when the water level rose, lakes immense ago,creatingyears 15,000 some retreated ice The broken geography of this region began to take form as the the transAndean with steppe degeneration, which covers the distinctive:covers degeneration,which steppe less with transAndean the much are that climate of kinds two houses the Andes of watershed ranges.eastern mountain The upper the in predominates climate– icy altitude high –a type third archipelago.A Fuego del Tierra southwestern the of tundra of the part Strait the of northern Magellan, and the isothermal towards predominates that zone humid,cold-temperate very climates:wetness,byof dominated types twosector with The vast a into district) archipelago (the slopes southwestern and western the transforms that leading precipitation mountains,high constantly the to against up and southwest the from in blow winds ocean moisture-laden climates.The different As well as defining land forms, the region’s topography creates led totheformation ofthe Andes Mountains. that plate the Antarctic strong of edge western the the of and compression continent American South the under plate Ocean Pacific the of sliding the are features predominant the where theregion, of structure tectonic the reflects division Beagle the Channel separates and Tierra del Fuego,Fuego from the other del islands. Tierra This from Patagonia separates Magellan of Strait Ocean.The Atlantic the to down extend lowlands and steppes high wherewatershed, eastern the on conditions climatic and development plant on impact great a the by south and presence of the west Andes the Mountains, a in chain of mountains dominated that has is topography Its between that covers more than 900,000 square kilometers. It is located Today, territory Patagonia,vast Fuego, including a del is Tierra 9º and 55º South on the South the on South 55º and continent.39º American 21 FIRST FLOOR 22 FIRST FLOOR In this broad scenario it is obvious that the territory in which in territory the that obvious is it broadscenario this In setoffauna. particular own its and variations local has associations scale large these of one Each include steppe. grassy ecosystems and scrubland forests, main deciduous the East the in while Mountains, along with tundra formations in the desert region of the Andes predominate,foreststhe West,perennial ecosystems.In leafy As a result, the flora and fauna of Patagonia develop in different seasonal spring andsummer. and temperatures variations coupled with wind systems that are most notable in cold-temperate with Andes, the from away further moves one as more even diminishes which rainfall,lower by characterized are watershed eastern the of name.climates same These the of district large the in prevails which steppe, cold the and foothills, of band broad Chilean firebush or notro ( notro or firebush Chilean ( lenga as pumilio such species includes that vegetation Up to 500 m above sea level, the ground is covered by a dense snowstorms are frequent here, even insummer. -10º C. of This low zone is known for a sudden changes in temperature;and 0ºC around of temperature winter average an and C 12º to of temperature place summer average one an another, from with differs level sea at temperature air The before therangesinksintoseaatCape Horn. the Andes, of segment final this in found islands mountainous many the to archipelago,due an is environment of type The the Yaghan canoe culture developed boasted a rich biodiversity. buxifolia ( the calafate like On bushes grow difficult. clearings or land edges forest on travel makes which trunks, tree fallen with covered densely is region this in floor forest The and scrubland. Over 650 m, plant cover diminishes substantially. ( hardwood ), coigüe ( ),coigüe , aa er ( negra mata ), atns magellanica Maytenus Nothofagus betuloides Nothofagus hlorcu diffusum Chiliotrichum mohim coccineum Embothrium , ln wt etnie bogs extensive with along ), ), canelo ( ),canelo ad aa verde mata and ) Drimys winteri Drimys Nothofagus Berberis Berberis and ) ), yellow violetsandwildstrawberries, amongotherplants. yaghan’s. On the ground we can find yellow orchid, white orchid,( dihueñes as or known bread” fungus “Indian a find commonly can one trees and lenga and mushrooms.coigüe fact,edible on In fruit seasonal and small berries, provide which others, ( ( and condors( eagles ( include species bird predominant the desert, Andean the In seagull.Dominican kelpgoose,and areshore seagull southern the found. Along be can kingfisher geese,ibis, sea the beside the Austral ( Thrush spinicauda ( ( Tapaculo ( siskin black-chinned ( the hummingbird firecrown backed ( sparrow rufous-collared the include the Magellanic woodpecker ( found be can that species bird scrubland, and forests the island.In this on observed be can species bird 150 than More NavarinoFauna. Island birds, marinemammals, fish, mollusksandshellfish. sources,including food of variety great a offers environment a are former the only the forfood source of major Yaghan’s. although fox,contrast,In marine the and guanaco as such The land is home to only a few tree species and large mammals, the “dwarf rush” and coiron grasses, among other plants.the cardito and senecio. Mosses and lichens also grow barehere, except as do for some beautiful flowers such asarea the of mountainMacizo daisy,de los Dientes, there is Ñirrea hillyorñire ( region that is virtually ytra darwini Cyttaria micronata Gaultheria uau curaeus Curaeus Lepidophyllum cupressiforme Lepidophyllum Geranoaetus melanoleucus ),the ( Parakeet Austral ctlps magellanicus Scytalopus Vultur gryphus Nothofagusantartica ; hs ln ws rqety osmdb the by consumed frequently was plant this ); , h tontie rydt ( rayadito thorn-tailed the ), Turdusfalklandii , azprils ( zarzaparrillas ), adeo barbatus Carduelos ), tonameafew. ), michay ( ),michay Zonotrichia capensis Zonotrichia ), seedsnipe ( ) grows) atthe tree line. Inthe Enicognathus ferrugineus Enicognathus , h Asrl blackbird Austral the ), ). In the watercourses and watercourses the ).In ehnie sephanoides Sephanoides Campephilus magellanicus ie magellanicum Ribes Berberis ilicifolia Berberis Attagis malouinus , h Magellanic the ), ), the green- ),the Aphrastura ),chaura , and ), ) and ) ), ), ) others. bass,sea Chilean silverside,the arehake, southern and among species water deep common most limpets. The and mussels found at water’s edge or the intertidal zone are snails, ( crab snow ( crab king southern the are shellfish whales.common killer most and The dolphins as ( lions sea of twokinds observe can one channels and coast nearby the On twelve atatime. to up offspring,producing multiple has carnivore.female The provocax fruit. Minks share their habitat with the river otter and rodents insects, bird eggs, and birds frogs, fish, includes and varied quite is fauna. native diet the Its of predator fierce a is mink Ushuaia,Argentina.The from Channel Beagle the in the Magallenes Region, and they are thought to have crossed seen be to began they 1988 trade.In fur in a establish to 1960s Aysén the in time first the for introduced was mink the the is island the to newcomer American Mink ( a is that species Another or asfishingbait, orduetodeathsfrom wilddogs. diminished, mostly because of overhunting by humans for food after 11 months of gestation. offspring single The number a of guanacos here to has birth give and year per once reproduce mammals that can weigh between 120 and150 kg. valleys These ( animals inland guanacos see still the can one In species. destructive a considered is It can produce up to 6 offspring after a 110 daymammal gestation period.long.This cm 120 to grow and kilograms 25 to up today. beaverThe herbivorouslarge a is rodent weighcan that to scientific studies, there are more than 12,000 beavers there quickly Fuego.del of and archipelagoTierra Accordingthe into 1940s expanded the in Argentina in introduced was that The island’s fauna includes beaver ( ad the and ) Paralomis granulosa Paralomis Otaria byronia Otaria Mustela vison chungungo Lithodes antarcticus Lithodes and Lama guanicoe Lama ( ). Native to Canada and the USA, ). The most prevalent mollusks prevalent). most The ur felina Lutra Actocephalus australis Actocephalus Castor canadensis , hc i te only the is which ), ), large herbivorous ),large ) and the Chilean the and ) huillín ), a species ), as well as ), maucho ( Lutra , Hainola orKillerWhale Hainola ecological niche of these creatures; it also embraced aspects as crucial as crucial as aspects embraced creatures;also these it the of niche ecological and season the to according resources certain of advantage taking by survival their secure to means the only not included knowledge Their the which with Yaghan’s, success the planet’s the southernmost inhabitants, to have adapted to their land. led have could learning and observation of years of thousands over built environment their with connection close a and surroundings their of understanding intimate an Undoubtedly,only NOTE: medicinal properties ofplants,medicinal properties trees andseaweed, amongotherthings. the topography,and and geography local canoeing, for weather best the Once a woman went down to the beach and,Once awomanwentdown tothebeach speaking relations thenightbefore theywere tojourneyoutinto dangerous iftheyhadnotabstainedthe previous night alone. From afar, shesawhainola, whowithhisfin was to hainola, shesaid “I haveacraving for sealion. Bring she went back tothebeach,she wentback butthistimeshewas not happened, butnoonewouldbelieve her. The nextday especially by couples, whohadtoabstain from sexual the channels. This isbecausehainolaoftensurprised pointing toastone, hermealwas, uponwhich asea “The ancientIndianshadgreat respect for hainola, Hainola was feared andrespected by the Yaghan’s, them and chased theircanoes,them andchased makingthevoyage Moving itsfin, hainola responded toMery’s words. She returned tohercampandtoldwhathad lion, asthoughithadbeenwaiting for her. (Calderón, Calderón, 2005: p59) which islikewhich aperson. me some.” 23 FIRST FLOOR 24 FIRST FLOOR Lejuwa orIbis (1) Yamana: A Yaghan word meaningman.

the ibisbird with great respect. They saythatthisbird is akars to find firewood, as everything was covered with snow. high esteem. When thesebirdstocampthe comeclose However, highonthehillsidesandinvalleys, theice Both narrow and wide channels began to melt also, and the Hearing theircries,Hearing theibisbecamefurious, anddeeply snow that had completely covered the earth. And thus, large and thewater were covered allover withice; theywere shine, giving off an intense heat that melted the ice and the caused by lejuwa. Sincethen, the Yaghan’s havetreated a sensitiveanddelicatewomanwholikes tobeheldin down tothe sea, snowstorm reminding usoftheharsh After a long time, it stopped snowing and the sun began to Immediately the others cameoutofthehut,Immediately theothers shouting: boats in search of food. Neither could they go out of their “Spring hasarrived,“Spring theibisesare comingback,” and Yamana could paddle their canoes and gather their food. Many people died because they could not go out in their people remain stillandsilent, especiallythechildren, sky. The Yamana was sofilledwithjoy thathecalled It snowed withoutstopping, cold. itwas icy The land to theothers: -“Anibisisflying over ourakar, look!” came outofhisakarandsawanibisflyinginthe One day, a ofspring withthearrival Yamana Today thatreach onecanstillseetheglaciers was sodeep that theheatcouldnotmeltit. (Calderón, Calderón, 2005: p. 29-30) offended, itcausedaheavysnowstorm. who are notallowed tolook atthem Many people died because of this. volumes of water began to flow. they leaptfor joy. frozen. (1)

Kushteata ortheSeaLion The younger sisterinsistedthatshehadseenasealion; fact, They theoldersister hadactuallyfallen inlove with be pleasanttoherfamily; however, shecouldnotrefuse on how friendly her brothers were herbrothers on how beingtothesealion. friendly The girlandhermotherwere soonpaddlingthecanoe, trust herbrothersandwas afraid toleaveherhusband them, holdingapieceofmeatin hishandsandsinging: but hersisterdeniedthatshehadseenit, even though When theyounger sister realized whathadhappened, invited herdaughter togatherseafood. The girldidnot came toshore hidden inawave, theolder andcarried And sothedayspassed, untilonemorningthemother Two were attheseaside, sisters watchingthetiderise. alone withthem, buthermotherinsisted, commenting One daykushteatathesealiontoldhiswife hewould distracted her, adding–“Don’tbeafraid, theyare only like tomeetherfamily. Shehadalways feared a such the sealion. Sothegamecontinued, untilthesealion meeting becauseshethoughtherhusbandwouldnot mother hadkilledthesealionand thencooked him. married and started afamily. andstarted married They conceivedachild she hadresponded totheglancesofsealion. In encouraged by hisuncles, whoin theabsenceofhis who hadaheadlike hismotherandabodylike his when she heard the cries ofthesealionfromwhen sheheard thecries afar. The girlwanted toreturn toshore, buthermother “How tastyisthispieceofmy father Iameating,” Upon theirreturn tocamp, hersoncame tomeet Once theydecided, found themselves theyquickly Time passed, andthesealiongirlwere she returned hometotellherfamily. camping withthegirl’s family. sister away withhim. him hiswish. playing.” father. (2) Kayes, alsocalledtheseaweed fishbecauseitis found among theseplants. thewoman and Hannush desperately picked andthrew itdirectly upaseaurchin an urchin grabbingan urchin spearsheaimedathisgenitals and intention. Heentered hercabinandlooked around and foundation. A Hannushhadalways comearound, trying people felt thepresence ofthekashpij, ofthe thespirit to make herfall inlove withhimandbecomehislover. walked inthosehills, ifhe heard ahorrendous scream- leave, thewoman, whowas hidingbelow him, andwith woman stayed inanunderground room there because alone inacabinthatshehadbuiltherself, withasolid thing happenedtothem. hurt, Seeingtheothers more Hannush thatinhabitedthehills. And whena Yamana Hannush camelookingfor thewoman, and thesame at theforehead ofherson, whowas transformed into generations. For alongtimehewas notseen, butthe a kayes Hannush, offended by herrefusal, hadthreatened to around butdid notfindher, andwhenhedecidedto come for herandkilllike hehaddonetoothers. She always resisted hisadvances. Hercabinwas not only very strong,only very low floor, italsohadavery andthe oohhh! -hehadtocontinuewalking withoutlooking Hannush was always present throughout Yaghan’s One dayHannush, herlover, camewiththatvery And ithappenedthat, ofthis, afterhearing many The story tells of a very clever womanwholived clever tellsofavery The story Reacting towhathadhappened, thewoman mark of the sea urchin thrownmark oftheseaurchin by itsmother (2) , onits afishthatnowforehead bears the back, andwalk totheedge ofthesea. (Calderón, Calderón, 2005: p.13)

tore themoff. Lana ortheWoodpeckerLana still wenttohercabin, untilthewomandecidedtoleave left hercabin, grabbing spear, andwiththesameurchin her outofakarandbewithher. Hissister, whohad realized hisintentions, timehe eludedherbrother each When theHannushsawwomantheyran afterher. stands atMolinares onHosteIsland. There wecansee fruits, whilehis brother stayed inaplace nearherway. boy fell inlove withhissisterandsoughtaway tolure into thewater. This allowed thewomantoget intoher chaura fruit,chaura andwenttocallhissister. Shepicked up canoe andpaddleaway, givingdeathtotheHannush According tothestory, theHannush. amansurprised when thecoldhadleftfrost ontheseaside. Shethen came lookingfor her, avoidingfrom havingforbidden her basket andwentintotheforest for the insearch One dayintheforest hediscovered enormousamai, the stonethatreminds ustheexistenceofHannush It issaidthatinthetimewhenbirds were human, a her house. Shecollectedherthingsonewinter’s day One by onetheywalked ontheiceandfell through Today, wehaveHannush Arkush orMonoCliffthat between the Yaghan’s, overagreat tree which grew realizing theirlove. And whentheyarose, theywere embraced her, andtogether theyfell totheground, When shecamenear, hethrew himselfather and she broke uptheiceasshewalked uponthefrost. to hide; butthemanhithimwithrocks, killingthe He followed ittoacliff, where theHannushtried transformed intobirds andflew away aslana. (Calderón, Calderón, 2005: p.47) at thesametime. Hannush. relations. upon it. 25 FIRST FLOOR 26 FIRST FLOOR Religion 6. CEREMONIAL ENCHANTMENT and spiritualcapacities. moral intellectual, their underestimated beginning the from Europeans,who the with them shared have would they that these issues at length among themselves; so it is even less likely spiritual matters was so deep that that they did not even discuss religious beliefs and ideas. But their respect and veneration for their of world complex the express to ceremonies and rites studies,ethnographicthe to According Yaghan’sformal lacked

closely bound set of principles” (Gusinde, 1986: p.1003) acts of homage, formulaic prayers or free prayer, should are valued in different ways and have their own unique “Since then, theyhavelivedtogether intheforest and be treated as “religious activities” or “ritual acts.” Taken together, these activities constitute the Yaghan religious “The imaginative world of our Fuegians is full of many the brother hasared crest onhisheadrecalling the heritage. The entire treasury of prohibitions and rules reference to the Supreme Being, whether ceremonial different kinds of spirits of all shapes and sizes, who presupposes a genuine moral responsibility and is a All activities in which these natives make conscious that come under the general notion of “moral law” (Calderón, Calderón, 2005: p. 25) “My race believes inthespirits” colour ofthosebigamaifruits” relationships with humans… (Stambuck, 2004: p.87)

One andMyFather. He was also called by other names, including Strong One, Great the Supreme Being and an omnipresent and omnipotent figure. directa relationshipestablished individual with Watawuineiwa, travelers did not learn of the Yaghan’s rich spiritual world. manyEach why degree large a to practices,explains spiritual their in Yaghan’s the discretion with coupled affairs, of state This was burned, while the umbilical cord was dried and kept to be placenta women.The other by assisted was woman present, the not and was father the hut; the inside occurred Labor of birth children. the welcomed and celebrated Parents The Yaghan’s LifeCycle respected. private property, and individual property rights were therefore orphans, of widows and the sick. care take The to Yaghan’s community had a well-defined notion of entire the for hostilities. custom prevented areas other Regardless of the actions of the immediate family, from it was a local visitors towards attitude hospitable their and elders their of presence the in people young local of Yaghangroups.behavior respectful The to help family members fostered close ties among members of their children. Respect for in-laws and an unflagging willingness capabilities; and parents taking real responsibility for educating mates; the division of labor according to physical and intellectual reciprocity between spouses others;underpinned by the help based free choice to of willingness being constant essence, a altruism; individual in on profound and extensive precepts moral both are and ideas religious of legacy Yaghan’sThe all theothergood andbadspirits. to superior remarkablydifferentfromand and clearly was He benevolent and good, he had no body, no wife and no children. Creator of plants, animals and humans and generally viewed as Death and burialDeath and mechanical ormedicinalmeans. by abortions induced mothers unwed cases, some group. In when her period ended a celebration was held with the entire sea,and the in day,bathed 10th girl and the 8th the Between principles and customs that every Yaghan woman should live by. moral women,the fromolder in advice girl the schooled who moral and redwereradiating lines) cheeks with (both painted included that celebration paint days,facial three special for diet restricted a and fasting special was a girls with among menstruation commemorated of onset the or Menarche the childfrom thehutfor theday. most serious sanctions included verbal reprimands or banishing teachings.practiced;usually not was punishment Corporal the moral group’s the reinforced that stories telling by children were born. In regard to education, adults and elders taught the It was customary to name children after the place in which they the ageof7, accompanying theirmotherinherdaily routine. to up age.together remainedof Children months 15 to 10 at weeks or more after the birth. In general, children were 6 forweanedrelations sexual from abstain to couples for usual was It days, whilefriendsandrelatives provided food for thefamily. of number a for working without hut the in remained father the child, firstborn a days.With some for herself continued she that practice a sea, the in child her with bathed mother birth,the the after amulet.hours or Some necklace a as used sends word, becausethere is always someonegoing out in acanoe; andwherever theygo, theytellofthedeath. The oldoneslitthree bonfires; thesethree columnsof “When a person ofourrace dies,“When aperson someonealways smoke meant thatsomeonehaddied” (Stambuck, 2004: p.37) who hasdiedisinvisible toandunreachable by allothers. remember, forget,not dispose (“do of the decomposes belongings, body do not name”).the when He death, after life about uncertainty people’s the reflecting moving, were ceremonies death.after reunited be cannot two the mourning how That`s from;this,came of it because where know own,not does but person dies, the a spirit abandons the die.body and When continues to exist on not its does soul the dies, body the After the body to which it was assigned, life flows through that body. soul,a spirit,a a in remains entity “kespix,”that as long as and possesses beliefs,body their each of stories the to According differed form ofdeath. according totheparticular Ifthe group hastosing. The otheronesfollow himnext. Then birds atnight. Butiftheguyhaddrowned, therelatives person haddiedathome,person thepeoplesimplywept. This was alsothepractice whensomeonediedfrom illness came together andspoke ontheplainasthoughthey group here, theotherthere. They thencametogether place becomesfullofpeople. Their faces are painted or if they had fallen off a cliff while trying tocapture whiletrying or iftheyhadfallen offa cliff “If a Yaghan drowns, couldremain hiskáshpij(spirit) “Mourning wasn´t always thesame. The facial paint father. Itwas nice. (Stambuck, 2004: p. 37-38). The and embraced each other.and embraced each They spoke together and black andwhite.black (Ibid: p. 38) The oldestmaninthe blamed each other.blamed each That was how wemournedmy were enemies, thoughtheyremained friendly. One they always name Watauineiwa.” (Ibid: p. 38) (Stambuck, 2004: p.86) swimming inthewater” 27 FIRST FLOOR 28 FIRST FLOOR camp for a number of years if the deceased was an adult.an was deceased the if The years of number a for camp a as wereused deceased not burned,was place burial the and the of belongings personal the later.developedwereof Most practices Burial it. finding from body, to dogs the and foxes, rats of prevent dispose to used was cremation past the that in indicate evidence archeological and accounts Personal women withpaddles. fight was held in which the men were armed with clubs simulated and the Finally, a wept. and themselves painted members, in women,and men both non-family which and family immediate rite grieving collective a was die.There to allowing individual for the Watauinewa at directed were protests Angry chants. mourning special chanted usually and heads, their of sharp with made stones or wounds shells. The self-inflicted men would also cut the hair on by the crown sometimes and painting,face and fasting, body by expressedspecial was Grief provoke seriousconsequences. could beliefs their to according itself,and life of and food of source sea,the the the to disrespectful and offensive into considered not and fire the cry.also would was into childrenwater, action the This otherwise waste their throw to had taboos:or Forexample, people journeyingthe bywhen canoe prohibitions of set a had omens.also bad They and good for and in daily life the Yaghan’s observed nature’s warnings closely beliefs:guardianof kind spirit,a had individual Each the Yefacel, shamanic practices, but there were a variety of magic-religious neither did the people pray to the dead. Animism was limited cult,to and ancestor organized no was theremen, but medicine of Yaghanpractices and beliefs the in part a played shamans dead.the of fear obvious an deceased was Thereof souls The name ofthedeadpersonwasnever spoken. to adulthood iniciationrite,Ciéxaus: from childhood “The Chiajaus house was near the mission. It was larger sometimes with lengthwise stripes andothertimeswith sometimes withlengthwisestripes like “My godmother came back every morningtopaintme, every “My godmother cameback young, afraid. butIwas very They sangastheytookme watchers came,watchers paintedallover andsinging. They were on; theoldandyoungpeopleallknew thatIwas going hissed thewater andthefire. Theyalsomadenoise by stamping theirbare feet ontheflatground. I was very that first Yaghan school” 2004, (Stambuck p.49). “Two she knew Iwas going togo through theChiajaus rite”. away. Istruggledalot, andsquealedlike Icried apig.” “With a well formed stick withaflat end,“With awellformed stick shepainted paints withoilorwater, ortheycooked imi-red earth- my face withmud andput sealionoilover ittomake than aregular hut, andadifferent shape” (Ibid: p.49). the sunandthenspread itallover theface andbody, (…) “This ishow theytricked me. Mymotheralready spots. Shealso gavemeatubeofbone, anda astick “They alsoputaheaddress onmy head; itwas made by my ofawhitebird auntandhad thefeathers that was intheChiajaushouse, waiting for metocome it last, withthepaint becauseIhadtogo everywhere and theyputoutthefire with water. Shshshshooooo!, basket. She hadprepared allofthese thingsbecause “Everyone insidemadeanoiselike“Everyone thewindhowling, afraid” (Ibidp. 49). “They were dressed intheirusual clothes, buttheirfaces, handsandfeet were painted not useCanelowood. They gathered allthesethings decorated inred, whiteandblack” (Ibid: p. 49-50). tortillas with whiteclay. The placewas alsobeautifulinside, rubbing itonwiththeirhands. They alsomixed the through ofpassage. therite themud in They dried like me. policemencomingtocatch Iwas notthat over thefire, usingaspecialstick. Theydid together untiltheyhadwhatwanted.” the chest withaknife.the chest are This adornmentandthestick

telling theothergirlswhohavenotyet comehere what share themwith are notfrom here; obeyyourrelatives, “Many days I spent in that house. It was like a school to you sawordid, becauseifyoudo-theywilldie! That is for eating. Two Germanswatched, studiedus andtook out thebird andthencutout andwaited untilitdried respect yourelders, donotspeakofthingsyoushould you; andwhenyouleavethishouse, donotgo around not anddotake anythingthatdoesnotbelongto “Remain silentwhenyouseethethingsofothers; do you always seeonthebeach. To make it, theystaked person inneed,person even onewhoisfrom far away, even make me civilized; more than a school, you could say” group ofboys andthentheoldmenbegantoteach theChiajaus “At first was sad. Itseemedtobeonly though theyare notfrom yourfamily, youmust give followed him. Milicichelped. After, theygot holdofa the beach –mussels,the beach limpets, youhave seaurchins– to share them, itdoesnotmatterifthepeopleyou them something; ifyoucollectsomeshellfishfrom not speakwithotherwomen; ifyoumeetanother photos. An oldmanbegantosingandtheothers them the teachings andmakethem theteachings themwork” indispensable for theChiajausrite” what theysaidtomeinChiajaus” (Stambuck, 2004: p.111) (Stambuck, 2004: p.52) (Stambuck, 2004: p.51) (Ibid: p. 50-51) and responsibilities. rights attendant the a Yaghanwith adult,become to possible it was ceremony this undergoing by Only cosmovision. order social and their transmitting in role central a played it as life,of Yaghanreligious focus the was it way certain a in and participated actively in it. It was the most important ceremony, alreadycommunityhad the who of members initiated all been girls; and boys with collectively practiced rite a was Ciéxaus trouble or interfering with other people’stroubleother interferingwith or business. moral This making working,not hard and and obedient, supportive being behavior to follow. These rules included preparerespecting their elders, fortitude, moral forlifegiverigorsthem adult and andof the of rules specific them character their build to was periods of time, among other things. The aim of long these activities for crossed legs with sitting water,and sea freezing the and in baths privations dailywork, hard drink, and certain food of lack vigils, to tests: subjected were candidates The women and onemanfor thegirls. two or boys,one the and for woman a and men two or One godparents:had also candidate occasion.Each the for painted specially staff ceremonial a had and headdress feather a wore red, white.in participant and spots Each black and ochre lines with decorated was it inside built and occasion, the was for especially cabin large A intruding. from pre- children or pubescent outsiders prevented who guardians, and mentor a occasion),the for (chosen chief a by directed was ritual The who hadalready reached puberty. months.girls or weeksand boys wereto days candidates The fromyear, vary could often,moreduration less, or its or and food was abundant. This “school” might therefore be held each necessary or when suitable conditions arose, particularly when frequency,was certain it a when with but or season certain a in performed not society.was entire It the or groups dialect the Ciéxaus rite was performed by local groups rather than by high, was population the when stories, existing to According

29 FIRST FLOOR 30 FIRST FLOOR of Men of intotheSecretKina: rite passage, World of take part in the rite of kina, which often took place afterwards. Only men who had participated in at least one Ciéxaus rite could women, followed by acelebration. and men the between battle simulated a with ended itself rite staff.ceremonial a and The water drinking for tube bone bird finalize the rite, the godparents gave each candidate a basket, a legends. Toof telling and singing dancing, included ritual The loved ones. their lives short or bringing death upon their children or other and therefore could punish those who failed to obey by cutting adults, following the wishes of Watauinewa, who was all-seeing other mentor,and the godparents by conveyed was teaching them submissive totheirwill. women,the especially childrenand scarethe keepto order in representto differentspirits.skin lion sea and to was aim The men, who donned body and face paint and masks made of bark broad entrance slightly to one side to facilitate the entry of the built upon a circular base and framed with posts, giving it a high, was that hut cone-shaped a in celebrated was ritual Kina The men have presided over thisceremony. the time girls.that youngest Since the women, for the except all killed rest,they the and told and trick the discovered man used masks to personify the spirits and trick the men. a But one in belief and men. the the supremacy, over tribe woman Totheir ruled the maintain the was of power Kina the held of women time rite mythological the of foundation The This ritualwasledby ashamanormedicineman. women.and However, features.religious important had also it men betweenrelations governedsocial that behavior of rules The central function of this rite was to transmit to the men the Yekamush (Shamanism) them. keepand victim a of soul the steal could evilshaman An evil shaman, and the only way to free the victim was to extract individual.an The an by sent Yaghan’sbeen had these believed massage, rubbing and anointing included to remove a that foreign entity from techniques make used and they healing, heal For predictions. to were shaman the of functions main The medicinal plants, amongotherskills. fasting and vigils, and learned healing techniques and the use of physicaltests,different to especiallysubmitted and apart lived candidates they that time which during months, school for last attended.could shaman This a or also man medicine was senior There shaman. a by trained was apprentice The their guardian, andwould receive asongfrom thisspirit. visions the apprentice would learn which spirit would become and dreams future.these the Through of visions and dreams in manifested was that calling a felt or they Yekamushman if medicine a become could women, some even and man, Any worked thebodyofills, torid like adoctor, becausethat is whattheyhadlearnedtodofor manywinters. Ifone person and capturing theirsoulinsidetodestroy andcapturing them”person sick, whocankilltheir buttheredoctors are badwitch by making a bundle out of the hair or clothing ofthat by makingabundleoutof thehairorclothing own people by gripping their spirits withhisdreamown or theirspirits peopleby gripping water andthengot apain, theycalledonhimtotake of ourpeoplegot shellintothe illorthrew amaucho “Good witch doctors savethelivesofthosewhoare doctors “Good witch “All theotheryejámush Imetwere good onesand care ofit” (Stambuck, 2004: p.81) (Stambuck, 2004: p.81) these are: Yetaite (evil spirit of the earth), Ulamineska (spirit Ulamineska earth), the of are:spirit these Yetaite(evil of evil.Some others and benign Hánnush.spirits,some many had giant They the and Lakúma spirits water the cannibals, dreaded the like beings supernatural in believed people The and otters, amongother creatures. like cormorants,figures lions, sea whales, hummingbirds, foxes central with differentstories 60 recorded than moreGusinde flood.great the of story a Yaghaninclude myths cosmological natural events andphenomena. in themselves manifested and world supernatural the created past, distant the in existed that fire. entities as These well as howmakegivenabout to men weaponsto use and tools,and sister.their brothersand Toknowledge the attributed is them presence of the cultural heroes and mythical beings: The Yoalox the to of related feature is Yaghan mythologyimportant One Mythology illness, bodily harmandallotherkindsofdanger. important duty of this spirit was to protect their charge against women.the for one female a and men most the for The spirit male born:a was it as soon as child each to spirit guardian a assign to was shaman the of responsibility primary Another freed by anothershaman.not was soul his if die would victim power,the his and in it look atthesky whentherainbow appears, youcansee a smallonebesidethebigone: That iscalled Akainij Watauineiwa doesnotpunish, heonlyassists. Ifyou Watauineiwa. The Yaghan andanyone doctors witch and itisthesonofother. They are oneandthe else whoneedssomething, appealtohimbecause “The rainbow thatyousee inthesky iscalled same” (Stambuck, 2004: p.45) 7. THEENCOUNTER WITHOTHERS the South), andothers. house),Kina protectsthe of and sky the of (spirit Asapakaiaka Wongoleaku (spirit of the sea), Lachuwakipa (female spirit North),who the of (spirit forests),Haniaka and mountains the of Looking back eating theirown food, andtheybecamesick. Civilization

suffering that had bound up their race and bury it with thathadbounduptheirracesuffering andbury when theyrecalled thecrueltytheyhadsuffered atthe know me; Iseemed tobetheonlywhitemanwhohad like them, bitternessand ofundeserved Ifelt thechain themtolivetheway“(..)..Who knows whetherithurt used to clothing andmeals,used toclothing buttheycouldnotendure making fire withmatches. was easier; Everything they they did. They nolonger went outlike before, because hands ofcivilized peoplewas thattheyhad gotten to “The only consolation that seemed to cheer themup “The onlyconsolationthatseemedtocheer they hadhousesatthemissionandtotake care it. They stoppedgoing around naked andfinding they were givenfood atthemission. They exchanged shown them charity. This fact moved medeeplyand, mauchos, andseaurchins, challes andwhalemeat” attacked andtheybegan theirlungsandstomachs old ones—sealions, fish, birds, seafood—because of them. Neitherdidtheyeatnatural food, like the did noteven havetotend theirfires. Today weare to dieoff. We wouldbemore numerous ifwehad continued toeatwhatwas ourhabit: Sealionoil, drinking waterdrinking for teaand coffee, andstonesfor the force ofthecruelestsuffering” (Stambuck, 2004: p.16) (Gusinde, 2003, pp. 68) 31 FIRST FLOOR 32 FIRST FLOOR ih rmtc n hrfl eut fr h sria o these of indigenous peoples. survival the for results harmful and dramatic with power,and might of terms in disadvantage a at were natives the often most though circumstances, and ways different in Patagonia.occurred of Contact region vast the inhabited that the contact between Europeans and the different native groups intensified gradually purposes. commercial This and scientific both for century 18th the in explorations frequent more to led centuries 17th and 16th the of discovery of voyages The Source: 2005: (Martinic, p. 264) mestizos), (f)ResidentsofUkika, mainlyand mestizos (only threepureblooded individuals).(pure Mejillones of Residents mestizos,(e) and natives pureblood Includes epidemic,(d) Measles tuberculosis,(c) of epidemic,(b) Appearance S.A.M.S 1911; (10) Gusinde 1986; (11) I.N.E; (12) R.G.CH.T.A 1950; (13) A.I.P 1973; (1) Gusinde,(14) 1982;Aylwin (2) S.A.M.S. 1995; 1886; (15) (3) S.A.M.S.CONADI 2000. 1889; Notes: (4) S.A.M.S. (a) 1892;Bloodpoisoning (5) S.A.M.S. 1899; (6) S.A.M.S 1902; (7) S.A.M.S. 1906; (8) S.A.M.S. 1909; (9) Yaghan Population 1855–2000 2000 1993 1972 1946 1940 1930 1923 1911 1909 1905 1902 1892 1892 1889 1889 1886 1884 1883 1860 /70 1855 Year CONADI J. AYLWIN O. ORTIZ-TRONCOSO A. LIPSCHUTZ-G. MOSTNY National Population Census National Population Census M. Gusinde Rio DouglasMission Rio DouglasMission S.A.M.S. J. Lawrence W. H. Stirling L. Burleigh E. C. Aspinall R. N. Kennedy TH. Bridges TH. Bridges L. Martial M. Gusinde TH. Bridges Source

Estimate Recount Recount Recount Census Census Estimate Recount Recount Estimate Estimate Estimate Estimate Estimate Estimate Census Estimate Estimate Estimate Estimate Based on nbe h ntvs o sit n siwekd Europeans assimilation intowestern culture. shipwrecked their anyto lead also would Later,upon. assist this happen might they to natives the enable would that practices and customs of instill and Fuego inhabitants del Tierra the of souls the rescue to desire a by driven god.werenew They a and tongue new a them Yaghan’s,with the bringing by inhabited territory the in established were in the Starting mid-19th Century, Anglican evangelical missions 90/100 individuals15(13)(f) 51 (14)(f) 58 (13)(f) 63 (12)(e) 68 (11)(e) 71 (11)(e) 70 (10)(d) 150 (9) 150 (8) 170 (7) 130 (6) Less than200individuals(5) More than200individuals(4) 300/400 individuals(3) 400/500 individuals(3) 407 individuals(2) 1,000 individuals(1)(c) 1,300/1,500 individuals(1)(b) 2,500 individuals(1) 3,000 individuals(1) Number of thepopulation of decline thegradual Diseases and main source offood andraw material. their of deprivedwere order short groups,in canoe who the of sea lions and threatened the very survival and subsistence of skins of these animals decimated the populations of both kinds valuable the for craving whose hunters, lion sea were there well,rush.”“goldAs true a motion in setting islands,Lennox and NuevaPicton, of coasts the to sailed Arenas,that Punta of city the in based and of Yugoslavianorigin mostlyvessels, two of traffic of constant kinds the vessels. with the There filled Century,were mining were archipelago 19th Fuego late del Tierra the the of in waters that noting worth also is It or care timely neither medicines totreat them. received who and to them able withstand not were the systems on had immunological diseases whose Fueginos, contagious of arrival the that impact the forget not should wechanges, cultural these with Along members ofmy groupmembers didnotbecomeangry; andwhen to us, from OnashagatoCapeHorn. When theminers nothing, becausetheywere nolonger savages buthad to beintheBeagleChannelbecauseanofficialfrom Mejillones wewere attacked by oneofthelastgreat “My race was rich, becauseallofthelandbelonged Punta Arenas hadcometovisitus. We were covered epidemics. Itwas inMay, andtheMilcavihappened with multicoloredallover blotches ourbodies: arms, first arrived toextract arrived gold fromfirst Lennox Island, the the ranchers tookpossessionoftheland,the ranchers theysaid “We diedofffrom oneillnessoranother. There in been civilized by theEnglish” (Stambuck, 2004: p.113) face, legs…” Rename Visions of theFutureVisions of (1917) mission: theDouglas The closing of Wreck collecting channel channel Yakashaka theynamed Yagashaga, justbecause “(…) Chacón, whoisdeceasednow, usedtotellhow he first saw an airplane flying when he was very young. sawanairplaneflyingwhenhe wasvery first All another thing that moves, and carries people inside; and Wollaston islands! There was no shortage of boards and the land and sea in their territory were lost.the landandseaintheirterritory There was “How many ships were lost and how many sunk in the the Yaghan’s at the mission: We are going now to Punta they sang,” hesaid. We Yaghan’s hadnotseenaradio, will see something flying, up high, and under the water of the elders gathered togetherof theelders tolookupatthesky not spoken correctly, buttheyare notinterested. Our but when the marines built Puerto builtPuerto but whenthemarines Williams, thenwe missionaries left Douglas. Mister Williams was sick, he and begantosing. “What abeautifulsong!How did care of yourselves. From now on, you are going to see foreign ships pass by, only those of the Chilean Navy” using only an axe. Now, there is no wreckage and no “The namesthatthe Yaghan’s of part gavetoeach Arenas and you are going to be alone. You must take felt ill.When they left us, he spoke in English to all of planks. It was a pleasure, the men made their boats no respect. Nooneasked. The few thatremain are and to know many things. I am going to tell you. You in a little while, men will speak to you out of a box.” knew what itwas” (Stambuck, 2004: pp.65-66) “There were few of us, but that is not why the someone decided to write itthatway”someone decidedtowrite (Stambuck, 2004: p. 132) (Stambuck, 2004: p.114) 33 FIRST FLOOR 34 FIRST FLOOR Weaving identity THEY AREANDLIVELIKETHIS 8. TODAY ISYESTERDAY hands, twists them and uses them to weave the baskets that baskets the weave to them uses and them hands,twists her in rushes the warms who she of hands the lathe,from a beat That heritage. our to on polished and carved harpoon a of time point the from emerges in beat still hearts Their things. other livestock,among raise or construction in work crafts, city. make fish, our They in live people 60 than More education oremployment. change,searchof health,places,in of reasonsfordo others as Puerto livein Williams Ukika. fromVilla haveSome other moved to people canoe the Yaghan of descendants the of Most issue outofthefact that I am Yaghan? knows Everyone an Indian.” Isaidnothing. What are they?Pure Chileans dark skinnedChileanslooked atmeandsaid: “You are they think: “Oh, there isthat Yaghan woman.” A nurse are like us, Indians, andwhentheybegantointermix authorities toleave,authorities nooneputsonthepaper, “Rosa Milicia, Yaghan.” Then IamChilean. So, why make an others lookatmeastheywalkothers by. Who knows what children were whiter;children andthesamethinghappened with ourpeople. Lyinginmy hospitalbed, Iseehow “When Iwas atthehospitalinPunta Arenas, some Yaghan? And Iwant toanswer them: No, sirIcame points meouttosomeone, saying: “She isa Yaghan People stopandlookatmeask: Are youpure that ismy race, calledChile. butIliveinacountry with theEnglish, withtheNorth Americans, their “But whenIhavetoobtainpermissionfrom the from North from North America” (Stambuck, 2004: p.100) Indian.” traditional knowledge, beliefs, ritual practices and ceremonies and knowledge,practices beliefs,traditional ritual belong.Language,they which to group cultural and/or ethnic the define to people a of mix racial or purity racial of degree the than more know must we that show building discourses identity on technical and perspectives academic Today, the to recover timeoftheelders. thestoriesfrom thememory takes who he from and tourists, the by bought are we are). haveforgettingremembrancewho and of remind us to united doors.open with house a in windowa open which in house A we landscape (Today a multicultural define we together and inhabit we land the in coexist that identities multiple Weare What percentage isrequired tomake aChilean? What isimportant, then? Have ofdenial? we learnedthestory as such? identified be be to to wishes Yaghan,himself still feel less and not does has but Yaghanwho blood person the about What Am Iless Yaghan becauseofthepercentage ofbloodIcarry? racial distinctionslosetheirsignificance. am Yaghan when I recognize myself as such” and in this context, “We truth: exist to the extent that we hiddenidentify ourselves as such,” a “I emerges Here strategy. survival or effect,reaction an as revival, cultural towards and scale– global a on invisibility –through from which awaywe shift lose ourselves a in offers homogenization and discussion, for point important peoples.nativean among adaptation,is trend particularly This we that change constant of resistancecultural and/or of movingphenomenon the witness context very this in is it And cultural vitality. groups, but they also reveal an ethnic identity and are a sign of other with contact into comes group the as transformations and changes natural undergo that culture of features all are 9. SECRETSOFTHECANOEWORLD The discovery of fireThe discovery of When theYaghan’s populatedtheearth The creation theworld. of very dry down andplacedthem ontheground. feathers dry very “This isthelegend: Once, Yoalox the elder hadgathered them against each other.them againsteach Among thestoneswas agood ancient onesthesunwas aman, themoonwas aman the feathers. begantosmoke,The feathers theycaught but somewere saved. And thesavage Indiansdidwhat Ah, Ishallbea Wápisa, saidone, andheturnedintoa stone. Heplacedhimselfinposition, sothatby hitting one stoneagainstanotheragainandagain, andeach stone, asmall sparkflew out. by this, Surprised he hit Once more hebegantomake sparkswiththesewali the stones in a certain direction thesparksflew into the stonesinacertain And thustheearth, seaandsky were filled, creating some smallstonesandwas passingthetimehitting and even thebirds were human; butafterthegreat the earth asweknow ittoday.the earth Manymendrowned, time sparksflew. hepicked Quickly upahandfulof Yaghan’s remember our Wátuwa. Inthetimeof Noah did; andbrought everywhere theywentforth sewali stone. When hehitthisoneagainstanother forth families untiltheyonce againfilledtheland”forth I wishtobe Takikáshena, saidanother, andsohe flood theybecameanimals, asIalready toldyou. speakofJesusChrist,“Just astheChristians we I shallbe Amma, andsheturnedintoasealion. (Stambuck, 2004: p. 133) became atinybird. whale. would beforced tolightanew fire withdifficulty andto the fire againifheletsit go out. Humans shouldwork!” tend it. Sincethattime, anyonewholetsthefire go out during thenight.during usefulfor other Fire also becamevery to sit beside the fire during thedayandsleepbesideit to sitbesidethefire during responded immediately: “I donotagree withyourplan. them. Hedidnotlike hisolderbrother’s planatall. He Each person shouldmake person tolightthe Each anhonesteffort people mayuseitwithouthavingtosuffer hardship to fire andtenditcarefully. havetolight person Leteach force allthepeopletotendtheirfires carefully always; things: Ithelpedtocookmeat, skins, todry tobendor all ofitupontheflame. Andthere grew agreat fire. It Yoalox taughtthemenhow tolightafire usingsewali gave offapleasingheat. Yoalox pleasant found itvery must effort. lightitagainwithmuch Yoalox wanted to to make time(theyneedit), tolightiteach theeffort is notcarefully andconstantlytended will go out. And the younger heard thesewords andwas bothered by He immediately took a long stick anddugaround in He immediatelytookalongstick obtain andtendit. Idonotwishfor humanstohave It is much betterifhumans havetomakeIt ismuch theeffort. the embers andseparated them.the embers The fire soonwent Very satisfiedwithwhat he hadachieved, Yoalox the fire andsoonasmallflameemerged. Yoalox quickly out. Sincethattime, withoutexception, anyfire that looked plantsand wood, for somedried andplaced nor tohavefeed itconstantly withwood.” Yoalox elder exclaimed: “Fire is trulybeneficialandmakes stone, how theyshouldstirit, andhow theyshould many things. Letusmake itburnalways, never let anyone whodidnotwouldseehisfire go outand it go out. Oncelit, itmust burncontinually sothat therefore allhumansare forced towork. keep itburning” (Gusinde, 2003: pp.36) harden ofbarkandthinpoles. strips 35 FIRST FLOOR 36 SECOND FLOOR Tales ofDiscovery SECOND FLOOR: C 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Discovery ofthe Discovery Territory by Europeans, Life isImposedinthe Area Magellan, Begginingsofthe Territory’s Explotation andScientists Adventurers Sovereignty Lands Over theSouthernmost The Safe Route Sailing Between Two Oceans: CapeHorn, theShortcut Adventure inaNew World: ofMagellan The Strait andProgressive Recognition its Exploration xlrto, etrn frhr n h hg sa. Christopher seas. high the on further venturing exploration, This important discovery soon encouraged new sailors to new he namedtheCape ofGoodHope. Gama rounded the southern tip of the African continent, which when Orient the tradition.to routeVasco sea sailors,da new a claimed seagoing a experienced and knowledge with advanced with nation Portugal,a nations peninsular both then and Spain, Portugal first was process this of vanguard the In on theseven seas. to India and the Orient, European sailors mapped new courses routes trade new for search the began.discoveriesby Driven the at Europe, in peak of the Renaissance, era an unprecedented Christian wave of the geographic of Century 15th the In The unknown land PROGRESSIVE RECOGNITION IT´SEXPLORATIONEUROPEANS, AND 1. DISCOVERY OFTHETERRITORY BY Tales Discovery of ROOM:

C Second Floor mainly by thesearch for anew route totheEastIndies. expansion,Europeandriven the was that trade and discovery exploration, of process ever-growing long, the to form gave their and and globe the up León divided time.”treaty all This for and successors Castile of Queen and King honorable and Portugal the be found“for Westwould of everything successors,and King his the to belong would line that of East Meridian).agreement,the Under discoveredeverything the to Cabo the (46º Verdefrom Islands distant South,and North dividing line imaginary an drew of Tordesillas,1494,in signed Portugal and Castilla of kings the the Ocean,Atlantic the and Africa “New World.”the In Treaty of division Popeand byownership Alejandro the regarding VI Tordesillas (Valladolid) a series of agreements were established of town Spanish in discoveriesthe Africa, Portuguese in great the before and coast the American reached Columbus After continent, overturning allprevious knowledge oftheplanet. Though he never reached the East Indies, he a did discover a new of notion Palos, the de planet,roundSpain.westwardPuerto from sailed he by Inspired man. such one was Columbus 5’ W of the Prime the of 35’ W 70 leagues 370 37 SECOND FLOOR 38 SECOND FLOOR Soon after this, the need for more information on southern on information more for need the this, after Soon commonly given to thisnew continent. titles descriptive were Bonfires” of “Country and Incognita,” Australis “Terra Incognita,” “Terra Land,” “Magellan’sLand,” looking men. Names such as “Country of the Big Feet,”strange and animals,giants “Giant’sfabled by populated lands strange as Fuego and del Patagonia Tierra describing maps and books widely believed in a Europe predisposed to fantasizing through were that landwas stories to new leading imprecise, and this vague somewhat about information geographic first The blow othersagreat distanceoffcourse. eastern the passage.this of and destroyentrance ships could winds near These Southwest and West the from blow that Strait insailingships faced great danger from the strong winds the to reconnaissance of journeys these made who men The route aroundafter theprimary theCape ofGood Hope. establishing towards Magellan’s directed passage as the only alternate were sea route to the Indies, efforts Spain’s first At Terra Australis Incognita. or Land Southern Unknown the named southern they continent. new This a was itself Fuego geographers del Tierra that and imagine to cosmographers Century 16th prompted Indies the to passage new a FerdinandMagellan’sof discovery OF MAGELLAN 2. ADVENTURE IN A NEW WORLD: THE STRAIT we know today astheStraitofMagellan. channel the through route, sought-after long the found continent,the Magellan reached had Columbus after years 28 sailor Ferdinand Magellan appeared. In the Portuguese employ of the Spain, that continent,just American the around Orient It was during this push, in the attempt to find a new way to the h Erpas n pope te perne f geographic of appearance the prompted and Europeans the for horizons new opened all centuries, 16th and 15th the in Portuguesevoyagesand Spanish the and exploreto new lands Century, the Christian crusades in the 13th 12th and the 13th centuries,in Polo Marco explorer Italian the of journeys The new of succession unceasing maritime expeditions. an to lead would geography Le Maire, a rich merchant from the Dutch port city of Hoorn,of city Maire, Le port merchantDutch from rich the a other navigators and merchants to set out for the Indies. Isaac prompted State Dutch the for monopoly this of success The Flemish sailors. around the Cape of Good Hope and the Strait of Magellan for CompanyIndies (1602),East wouldwhich control passage the formand companies the numberlesser a of merge to decided sea voyages to the Indies. The Government of the Netherlands Freed from Spanish domination, Holland began to make its own CAPE HORN,THESHORTCUT 3. SAILINGBETWEENTWOOCEANS: Christian world, hadbelieved wasflat. thattheearth the of those especially people, many then to round.Up was this period proved beyond a shadow of duringa doubt that the Earth undertaken studies and today voyages is what the Finally, in Belgium. Bry de Theodore of those Hayklut and England Richard in of those Venice, in Ramusio Giambattista of those are Century 16th the in published discoveries and journeys of accounts outstanding most times.the the Among of progressgeographic Américo the to Vespuciocrucial were English), in and Cabot Cosa Solís,la de de Díaz Vicente Pinzón, JohnJuanJuan Yáñez (called Caboto Giovanni of nautical charts and voyages the addition, In studies. geographic of promoters main the of one became and coast the African of explorations sponsored and encouraged Portugal, of Prince works and treatises. In the 15th Century, the Navigator, Henry

Corsairs Buccaneers and 4. THESAFEROUTE - Goeree Pass, LeMaire StraitandCape Horn. andSan Valentín; - thebays ofNassau, Orange, Windhond, Schapenham andStaten; - theislandsof Terhalten, Evout, Barnevelt, Hermite, be found inlocalplacenamestoday: the of discovererscan bold these of legacy discovery the passage,and oceanic the inter- second with the and continent the credited of islands southernmost be may Dutch The products were loadedfor Europe. plantation whence from(Curacao), Brazil and Caribbean the to transported they then were slaves, where which for Africa, exchanged were and Europe from brought were goods system: trading profitable triangular manufactured and textiles West towards the Philippines. By so doing sailing beforePeru they of shores developedthe reached and a Chile of very coasts the on coast,foot Brazilian stepped the Caribbean,on traded the reached had adventurerswho Dutch by out carried being operations uncoordinated and independent many were there formed,was Company the Spain.before Evenagainst war the to the established suport many Dutch sailors on the seas and as a in strategy was Company India East Dutch the 1621, In to investigate them. had heard rumors of a third passage to the Indies and decided oten e, scn dnmc tg o Erpa voyages European of stage dynamic second a Sea, Southern the on discoveries their made had navigators first the Once and trade and a place to search for riches and for piracy.for and riches for search The to place a and trade and this stage established the route as a channel for communication took place. Strictly scientific expeditions would come later, but

were fighters on a weremissionfighters entrustedgivena governmenton a by (a guard.werecaughtoffsimplyaccostedwho those second The ports, or complicit in sell to booty with them provide could that target any assaulted inevitably who outlaws simple sea, the of bandits were these of first Corsairs.The and Pirates to explorationanddiscovery. ambitious sailors of this period made an important contribution Most buccaneers were French, English or Dutch. cookedandsmoked themeat ongrills called boucan inFrench. steal the livestock abandoned by the Spanish in the Antilles. Theysurprise attacks on La Española (Dominican Republic, Haiti) and buccaneer originated in the custom of these individuals to launch to the looting of Spanish possessions on the high seas. The termdedicated centuries18th and 17th the Buccaneer:of pirate A a fine line between one and the other. collaborationfrom allied and neutral ports. Of course, there was prisoners of war when captured, or could appeal ransomingfor prisoners.assistance returnInthey enjoyed or statussame theas war,takepayment undercoveredtoandtheirselling servicesfor bybooty or or declared a in settlements enemy harass to commission or “permit to chase”), which granted them permission Photograph Archive Martin Gusinde Photograph Anthropological Museum (MAMG) Archive Martin Giorgio Photographer: Addrizzi, DigitalCopyingAuthorized torquata stellata,Kingfisher (Ceryle Meyen) 39 SECOND FLOOR 40 SECOND FLOOR From theViceroyalty Peru of to the Republic LANDS SOUTHERNMOST THE OVER SOVEREIGNTY 5. Sea was the natural arena for them to pursue their goals. the trail of Spanish and other nations’ possessions, the Caribbeansoughttodevelop trade with the Americancolonies. Alwayson Spanishcrown on other European states, as the latter zealously These sailors flourished in response to restrictions placed by the moved quickly. very perhapsflyboater, patron the flyboat, a of it because named so or freebooter for term Dutch the with originated have may that overran the Caribbean Sea in the 17th Century. This term groups the of one of member a was who pirate Filibuster: A claiming possession of it and the surrounding territory. from the West, in 1558 Ladrillero reached the Strait of Magellan, landsaround the Strait. Sailing from Chile (Valdivia) and arriving individualcommanded Juan Ladrillero totake possession ofthe 1557.in Mendoza This de HurtadoGarcía to passed title the unexpectedly,diedwhen1555. AlderetealsoButGovernorin appointedSpain,was required authorizationin processingthe After Valdivia’suntimelydeath, Jerónimode Alderete, was who then calleduponPedro de Valdivia. la Hoz never took office in the South, however, and the Spanish Governorof surroundingthe islands.and Fuego del Tierra De Hoz la de Sancho PedroCarlos appointed King V 1539 so,in the necessity.a securing became ToCrowndo the control,for territory southern Spanish under already Chile With south. central extreme the on perspectives new introduced and routes new opened navigators continent, the of center in territory the from southward explorations the its land Americas,by aided expanding was Spain that time same the At Chile of

sailed from the town of the same name on the island of Chiloé 1843,in schooner later the yearshundredtwo Ancud Almost Map oftheKingdomChile. de Ovalle described these islands, he included them in his 1646 chronicler renownedAlonso Indeed,Fuego.when del Tierra of islands the over Chile jurisdiction had of Mendoza after came captains that general and governors all on, then From fstig h retn peec o Cien ertr and channels. territory Chilean on presence Argentine the offsetting and ships Chilean over watch region, centralize keeping the in to shipping help would livestock.This raising for suitable take advantage of the abundant supply of wood and pastureland a to colony establish a found and Island NavarinoMaritime on Authority government central the that proposed Briceño founded,newly GovernorUshuaia of the city With Argentine territory that was virtually unknown to the rest of the country. immigration to and exploration of these remote regions, virgin industry.mining gold burgeoning a This fever”“goldprompted country:goldislands,of those discovery on the sparkedwhich so in response to an event that was of great importance to the did Islands. He the Austral secure to measures concrete first It was the Governor of Magellan Daniel Briceño who took the Government ofChile. National the from concessions land requested formally land, the English Anglican Missions, the first whites to inhabitant this when recognized indirectly and established was territory the Navarino Island. Despite this limitation, Chilean dominion over Puerto of Torotown 1892,the on until when established was not installed was presence Chilean official an territory. Still, the so-called Austral (Southern) Islands, became part of Chilean In this way the islands of the surrounding archipelago, including Republic ofChile. Magellan and Tierra del Fuego all the way to Cape Horn for the of Strait year,the that of of possession 21st took Captain the under the command of Captain John Williams R. On September h rgo, eoe rcmedd ht h Government the that streamline the process of recommended obtaining long term land concessions. Señoret region, the colonize to settlers potential encourage to order Finally, in Amadeo around Tierra delFuego totheextreme south. zone, the steamship the by in use in already route trading shipping the extending coastal develop to Menéndez José of request the granted also he location, isolated the of Aware which operated under Chilean jurisdiction. authorizetraderstheestablishto themselves newthetown,in to steps necessary the took Señoret Ushuaia. from brought goods, mainly with miners the supply to here flocked quickly with personnel left to continue the necessary work. Sea traders founded,bay.was town the immediatelyandbegun Work was Puerto Toro, in honor of the steamship that had firstisland, spotted the where importantly—Lennox most of the –most miners were and based. Nueva He Picton, named the facedsite which in the region was a bay on the eastern coast of Navarino Island, commerceadministrationand of center a as serve could that land,on decidedhe thatthe most suitable siteforsettlement a as to determine the magnitude and scope of conditionsthis and activity.methods the miners used to Exploringextract gold, as well Island.himselfforthe see toableThrough wasjourney this he Pictonislands, and,HornCapeFalse importantly, most Lennox and Navarino on sites mining different visited Governor the the first Chilean authority to visit this territory. On that journey 1892 he organized an expedition to the Austral Islands,measures,desiredin much that achievethese sovereignty and becoming national reaffirm to important so was it felt Indeed, Señoret of boththe Argentine presence and gold mining. and establish a colony on Navarino Island, due to the expansion GovernmentcreateCentral Maritime to a need the Authority Chilean the to stressed and Briceño’sconcern reiterated He ofhis One Islands.the Austral of 1896. colonization the was concerns until primary office holding 1892, in Magellan of Post Capitan Manuel Señoret, succeeded Briceño as Governor del Fuego. archipelagoSouthern physicalthe of true of the outline Tierra captured they accurate, always not were they coast.Though seawardthe southwestHoste,Pacific and islands Hermite the Nueva,of portions Lennoxand islands,Picton Navarino,south large described maps Discovery,new of these time the from the in appreciated be can Spanish maps efforts of the late these 18th century. of Based on result the Dutch major maps A mention meteorological, geographical and geological to ethnographic accounts, studies. not astronomical and observations themselves with botanical collections, hydrographic investigations,variedintereststraditionaladdition(into ones), occupied who most the with sailors traversed were world by the ofwaters southern the followed that decades the rewarding. in Thus, navigational more newest and safer journeys both instruments, the long these making with ships best the sailingmatters, Accomplishedcaptainsdiversemostscientificinstructedthe in voyages: ocean of commander of kind new a appeared there maritime tactics— powers—skilled and militaryocean both in As a result, in addition to the regular navigators who served these with aninterest inexpandinghumanknowledge. aspirations mercantile traditional joined that expeditions of explore the unknown corners of the world, unleashed a series encouraged by new scientific discoveries and a renew desire to the as known period Enlightenment were the of flourishing in ideas Europe. the Century The 18th European the nations,In h cneso poes y dniyn aalbe ad and lands available identifying allowing thesettlementoffirstimmigrants. by process concession the initiating with credited is area.himself Señoretthe in of settlers wave first the represented who miners, the of presence the upon building products, other the and timber and of raising extraction livestock of development the enabled This 6. ADVENTURERS ANDSCIENTISTS

41 SECOND FLOOR 42 SECOND FLOOR the southernmost tip of the Americas and around the world,the around and the Americas of tip southernmost to the sailing ships with Century, 18th the of end Towards the Sea lionhunters EXPLOTATION, RICHESANDABUNDANCE THE TERRITORY´S EXPLOTATION 7. MAGELLAN. BEGINNINGS OF through continued explorations over theyears andeven uptothepresent day. knowledge scientific of deepening This exploring themostremote islandsontheplanet. and Circle Antarctic the crossing voyages with exploration, Another movement that began in this period was that of polar calories andraw material. protein,of source principal their wereof deprived people the because but contact cultural from only not endangered now the on impact great a Yaghan’shad This life,was wayof which animals wasseriously threatened. these of survival the Horn,and Cape to Sorrows of Gulf the became limited to the western archipelagos of Patagonia, from species this activity,of intense populations this of result a As America, both of of lions,sea of types haired skins one the two the and haired lions.sea desirable States highly the United pursued indiscriminately the and Scandinavia England, from ofthem most albeit flags, different under sailing Ships thesouthern as the world of archipelago andeven Antarctica. corners flung far such into pioneers,venturing true them made riches for search whose first hunters of sea lions and whalesregion. were the The renowned navigators in began species marine of hunting intensive

opportunities and resources that typified the waves of waves the typified that migration to the region also resourcesmade these shipwrecks productive. and opportunities economic new for search reputation constant the terrible But waters. these the of increased which of all occurrence, common a were Fuego,shipwrecks del and Tierra Patagonia around seas the ravaged that storms severe the of Because Wreck collectors occurs insuchtimesofexploration andexpansion. often as fortune, their seeking individuals with filled channel the Beagle Channel saw the islands southward of this beautiful The discovery and extraction of gold on the northern coast of archipelago southofthebigisland. Atlantic coast and Tierra del Fuego; and the Austral Islands, the of island continental big Fuego;the the del of Tierraof tip the focal points where most gold had been discovered: the interior three around concentrated was period this in activity Mining of prospectors seekingthisvaluablemetal. quickly spread abroad, unleashing an intense wave of migration particularly around Tierra del Fuego. area,the The colonize news to of this drive discovery powerful a sparked Century 19th The discovery of gold in the extreme south near the end of the Gold fever word wreck. The Spanish term for this activity was derived from the English ill-fated vessels. recoveredbe could that materials fromvestigesor the all and any effect, in and, silverware merchandise, tools,accessories, wreck which in coasts, foundations,profited from the collectors instruments, objects, the along emerged that endeavor curious a was Spanish) in raqueo or (raqué collecting Wreck Land concessions and colonization concessionsand Land FIRST WAVE OFSETTLERS THE AREA 8. ANEWWAY OFLIFEISIMPOSEDIN the region. byman’sgoldwouldwho white the consolidate of occupation of the Yaghan population-, it was the immigrants attracted there had already populated the area - accelerating the declining process missionaries English directly. Though more much here government to exercise Chilean its the jurisdiction and led national riches sovereignty of existence proven and migration of wave islands.The southern the of policies colonization and population first the to led gold of presence way, the this In operations prompted by gold fever lastedfrom 1890to1895. place.remote that in mining independent or scale small These precariouslivedexistence a and tools simple using techniques wereforeigners, mining employedbasic Croatianswho mainly The vast majority of gold prospectors who reached the far was found.South Islands, particularly on Lennox Island, where Austral the the largest deposit of archipelago the to mining expanding deposits, new discovered miner gold,one alluvial of trail the Following settlements had first been established in the region,the coinciding with Century 19th the of end the by it, for concessions formal obtained or land on squatted immigrants the Whether from wealth of foreign gold prospectors. flow constant the expanded to response Islands in Austral naturally the in process colonization The a majordeclineinthe Yaghan population. the landtoraiselivestock andextract timber. use to settlers the allowing by possible made be only would reinforceto foundingcolonies of sovereignty,national this and the encouraging in interested was Chile of Government The Señoret.M.Magellan, of under Governor 1893,the of until administration the conclusion favorable a reached these of 1891.However,in issued be to none began concessions Land of theirway oflife. assessment that would and comprehension deeper and greater all information a enable record and find to but culture, south.far natives’material the only not study to sought These the to Yaghan expeditions the scientific of wavenew a of prompted people extinction imminent the peak, their at were In the early 20th Century, when social sciences and anthropology Anthropological missions SCIENTIFIC MISSION: vessels uptothattime. foreign by only out carried been had that activities hunting, lion sea and whale for south far the in differentislands use to entrepreneurs Chilean authorizing concessions, fishing major the Antarctic national territory, the Chilean Government strengthen granted some to strategy asovereignty in the as lands and 1906,waters of to Tierra del Fuego and 1902 even From Fishing concessions lands, inopossitiontotheslow CentralGovernment policies. ofthose occupation the facilitating efficient, and simple was Governor the by implemented policy Concession Land The

43 SECOND FLOOR 44 SECOND FLOOR The colonization process slows down DISREGARD FOR THE AUSTRAL ISLANDS GOVERNMENT INDIFFERENCE AND renewed inawidevarietyofscientificfields. spiritofenquiry new advances and in human technology progress have led to a have continued to missions the present day scientific as, in that the natural course of things, note to important is it Indeed, 20th Century. throughout lasted that the expeditions scientific of series bya great wave of exploration to the southern region, accompanied In parallel with these anthropological missions, there was a last Emblematic scientificexpeditions life. It also meant poor sea communication with Punta with communication sea Arenas.poor life.meant also It day to day for services and goods registry,basic schools,and resulted in a lack of basic social such services as a hospital, civil Islands.the Austral forThis concern of lack complete almost an displaying were authorities Chilean the 1920, around By The Government looses interest to thedifficultiesthey encountered. territories west of Navarino Island, into but operations they had to give expand up due to sought region Magellan the from concessions. And around 1918, some well known businessmen the in stayed land their claim renew to Chile of Governmentregion, the trusting their staked already had who Settlers as nationalandregional authoritiesstoppedpromoting it. to the region for ranching remained, overall migration declined of wave the Austral Islands also the began of to diminish. colonization down, and While settlers who slowed came profitable generated it less immigration became mining gold As there. These measures sought to restrict Argentine influence restrict Argentine to sought there.measures These developmentpromote to projects of variety a implement and President Carlos Ibáñez to establish a town on Navarino Island of Government the prompted factors these of interplay The have beenplayed out. twocountries these interestsof territorial the which arenain and Chile main between the Argentina,is areageographic this dispute border long-running the to regard this,in of Because potential. its inland and ocean waters has a huge productive and touristic Antarcticcontinent. addition,of diversityIn biological rich the forbase any the on support activity a and connection of point main the is and Passage, Drake the and Channel Beagle the routes,shipping ocean two contains It Chile. of Government the to value strategic enormous of is basin, continental the the of Islands,territory Austral The of area southernmost the Strategic interest t 15, h uta Ilns ee n sae of state a in were Islands Austral the 1950, to 1931 From payment ofapoliticaldebt. in apparently Santiago, from journalist a Hinojosa, Armando In renewed. to concession not in given was Navarino of were island entire fact,the leases land when Palma Alessandri President Arturo of term the during worsened situation This closest citythatcouldsatisfythesebasicneeds. Naturally, this led the population to look towards Ushuaia, the PUERTO WILLIAMSISFOUNDED andthrough trade withUshuaia.timber industry the ranches,in sheep on living their country.made Residents to the of rest the in occurring opportunity processes social the in little part take with stagnation, economic complete Navarino plan TIMES OFSOCIALTRANSFORMATION time residents received landleases. long and settlers many aim,and wereregularized concessions zone.the in residing Chileans same of the lives With the over Imprecise borders DISPUTE WITHARGENTINA TERRITORIAL CONTROVERSIES: presence of theChileanNavy. permanent the by reinforced were sites settled already populated and also were dispute permanent under a islands become The settlement. had it to and inhabitants close thousand numbered one population Williams’ Puerto 1970, By the southofChile. in finally presence official and an ownership; ensuring by and development geopolitical use land of reorganization the mining resources; and fishing of development political through exploration the development, through scientific tourism; and fishing ranching, cattle and sheep of development economic services;and goods basic offering infrastructure issues:social fundamental of number a addressed Concretely,process this the islands to take advantage of the territory’s potential. perspective. This plan sought to secure sovereignty by populatingstage of development sought to promote colonization from As part a of the civilstrategy to reassert Chilean sovereignty, a second two countries was still going on.going still was twocountries principle,territorial a As the these between dispute border the crown, Spanish the from Many years after Chile and Argentina had won their independence In 1881 the two countries signed a treaty defining the Chile- the defining treaty a signed countries two the 1881 In difficult todefine. and irregular became countries two the these continued, between south border far the of colonization and advanced have what you have will possessed.” posidetis—“you However, uti as of the 19th Century principle the on based accepted, were authorities colonial the by established borders original Chilean sovereigntyrecognized over Picton,and Nueva andLennox islands. dispute running long the to end an put that and Chile the signed Argentina TreatyFriendship Peaceand of avoided, thanks to the mediation of Pope ultimately was John countries two the Paul between conflict II,armed An and in 1984 leading toanincrease inpoliticaltensiontheregion. ruling,the accept However,not did of Argentina Republic the islands.southern the all oversovereignty Chilean recognizing arbitrator,as resolutiona issued court English the 1977 in and nations officially agreed toboth accept1971 the(1981),in approached ruling treaty ofthe theof signing Britishthe Crown of on.raged dispute borderanniversary year the 100 Still the As Beagle the of Channel course, whichwasn´tcorrectly interptretation defined. the in differences the to due the to those Westall and of Fuego.del Tierra aroseProblems waythe all Channel Beagle Capethe Horn,to of south islands the all own would part, its for Chile, Patagonia. Eastern and Fuego del of Tierra east Ocean the Atlantic on islands other all and islands small surrounding the Island, Staten there,including of north everything Argentina to leaving East, the to turn would border itself,the Channel Beagle the East.In the to land and the line holding this Argentina of west land the of Channel,wherereachesBeagle it the possession in Chile with del Fuego area would follow the line 68º34’W of Greenwich to the Tierra in bordertreaty, border.the the Argentina Under 45 SECOND FLOOR

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3ª ed. Chile. Empresa Portuaria 51 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ministry of Education of Chile Directorate of Libraries, Archives and Museums National Sub-Department of Museums

Director of Libraries, Archives and Museums COVER PHOTOGRAPHS: Nivia Palma (from left to right, from top to bottom)

National Director of Museums - Martin Gusinde, c. 1916 Alan Trampe Photograph Archive Martin Gusinde Anthropological Museum (MAMG)

- MAMG at night Author Photographer: Giorgio Addrizzi Paola Grendi I., Director Authorized Digital Copying with the collaboration of Alberto Serrano F., Registrator Photograph Archive Martin Gusinde Anthropological Museum (MAMG) Martin Gusinde Anthropological Museum - “Abuela Chacona”. Ukika, Navarino Island, Chile. November, 1964. Content consultants Photographer: Ann Chapman Flavia Morello R. Authorized Digital Copying Manuel San Román B. - “Rosa Yagán”. Ukika, Navarino Island, Chile. November, 1964. Alfredo Prieto I. Photographer: Ann Chapman Mateo Martinic B. Authorized Digital Copying Melisa Gañan M. - “Ursula Calderón with a beaver on her arms”. Puerto Williams, July 1987. Photographer: Ann Chapman Acknowledgements Authorized Digital Copying Chilean National Museum of Natural History La Serena Archeological Museum - “Aspirants working” Anthropos Institute, Germany Anthropos Institute. Sankt Augustin, Germany. c. 1922 Authorized Digital Copying Anne Chapman Javier Canales M. - “Armature of the Cabin of Initiation. Interior view” Martín González C. Anthropos Institute. Sankt Augustin, Germany. c. 1922 Authorized Digital Copying Mario Castro D. - “Martin Gusinde in the middle of two Yamanas translators” Irene González P. Anthropos Institute. Sankt Augustin, Germany. c. 1922 National Sub-Department of Museums Authorized Digital Copying

Mauricio Quercia M. Magellan Regional Museum

Herman Monges P. Martin Gusinde Anthropological Museum

Arquitecture Exhibit Design and Production Jorge Molina V.

Museum Graphic Production Manuel Araneda C.

Museum Master Chief Constructor Alex Inostroza, Audiorama S.A.

Book General Coordination Magdalena Palma C. Francisca Valdés V.

Translation Joan Donaghey Santiago - Chile, December 2008 Graphic Design M. Loreto Cammas B. Intellectual Property Registration Nº