PRESS RELEASE Adocia Announces Two New Multi-Hormonal
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Exenatide QW: a New Treatment Option for Type 2 Diabetes Offering Ease of Use, Improved Efficacy, and Reduced Side Effects
FEATURE ARTICLE Commentary: Exenatide QW: A New Treatment Option for Type 2 Diabetes Offering Ease of Use, Improved Efficacy, and Reduced Side Effects Charles F. Shaefer, Jr., MD Editor’s note: Once-weekly exenatide, (also called incretin mimetics) cur- with GLP-1 receptor agonists is the which has recently been approved for rently in use.3,4 only form of anti-diabetes therapy patients with type 2 diabetes, has great Validation of the acceptance offering proven weight loss. Finally, potential as a new diabetes therapy in clinical practice of GLP-1 GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy is in the primary care setting. This receptor agonists can be found in one of the recommended treatment commentary and the feature article that the recently released American strategies offering a low incidence of follows it (p. 95) offer an overview of Diabetes Association (ADA)/ hypoglycemia, an important aspect this new therapeutic tool and important European Association for the Study of diabetes therapy learned from the insights about its clinical utility. In the of Diabetes (EASD) position state- Action to Control Cardiovascular interest of transparency, however, we ment on the management of type 2 Risk in Diabetes trial.6 want to point out that the authors of diabetes, which placed these drugs As clinicians consider what to do both articles are affiliated with Amylin alongside older, well-accepted agents when metformin and lifestyle change Pharmaceuticals, which manufactures such as sulfonylureas (SUs) and do not adequately control a patient’s exenatide QW and markets it under the thiozolidinediones (TZDs) as a sec- A1C, they frequently ask, “incretin 5 trade name Bydureon. -
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Cognitive Vitality Reports® are reports written by neuroscientists at the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF). These scientific reports include analysis of drugs, drugs-in- development, drug targets, supplements, nutraceuticals, food/drink, non-pharmacologic interventions, and risk factors. Neuroscientists evaluate the potential benefit (or harm) for brain health, as well as for age-related health concerns that can affect brain health (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes/metabolic syndrome). In addition, these reports include evaluation of safety data, from clinical trials if available, and from preclinical models. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Evidence Summary GLP-1 agonists are beneficial for patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Some evidence suggests benefits for Alzheimer’s disease. It is unclear whether it is beneficial for individuals without underlying metabolic disease. Semaglutide seems to be most effective for metabolic dysfunction, though liraglutide has more preclinical data for Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroprotective Benefit: Evidence from many preclinical studies and a pilot biomarker study suggest some neuroprotective benefits with GLP-1 agonists. However, whether they may be beneficial for everyone or only a subset of individuals (e.g. diabetics) is unclear. Aging and related health concerns: GLP-1 agonists are beneficial for treating diabetes and cardiovascular complications relating to diabetes. It is not clear whether they have beneficial effects in otherwise healthy individuals. Safety: GLP-1 agonists are generally safe for most people with minor side effects. However, long-term side effects are not known. 1 Availability: Available Dose: Varies - see Chemical formula: C172H265N43O51 (Liraglutide) as a prescription chart at the end of MW: 3751.262 g/mol medicine. -
The Activation of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor by Peptide and Non-Peptide Ligands
The Activation of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor by Peptide and Non-Peptide Ligands Clare Louise Wishart Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Science University of Leeds School of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Biological Sciences September 2013 I Intellectual Property and Publication Statements The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Clare Louise Wishart to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2013 The University of Leeds and Clare Louise Wishart. II Acknowledgments Firstly I would like to offer my sincerest thanks and gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Dan Donnelly, who has been nothing but encouraging and engaging from day one. I have thoroughly enjoyed every moment of working alongside him and learning from his guidance and wisdom. My thanks go to my academic assessor Professor Paul Milner whom I have known for several years, and during my time at the University of Leeds he has offered me invaluable advice and inspiration. Additionally I would like to thank my academic project advisor Dr. Michael Harrison for his friendship, help and advice. I would like to thank Dr. Rosalind Mann and Dr. Elsayed Nasr for welcoming me into the lab as a new PhD student and sharing their experimental techniques with me, these techniques have helped me no end in my time as a research student. -
Combining a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist with Basal Insulin: the Why and How
Combining a Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist with Basal Insulin: The Why and How Case Study Mary is a 61 year-old female diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) 8 years ago. She was initially managed with the combination of lifestyle modification and metformin. Since that time she was treated with a sulfonylurea, but it was discontinued due to symptomatic hypoglycemia. She was also treated with pioglitazone, but significant fluid retention led to it discontinuation. A year-and-a- half ago, basal insulin was added to her lifestyle and metformin management. She now administers 52 units (0.62 units/kg) once daily at bedtime. Since starting basal insulin, she has experienced 3 episodes of mild hypoglycemia. Since her diagnosis, Mary’s HbA1c has never been <7.0%; her current HbA1c is 7.9%. Over the past month, her fasting plasma glucose (FPG) has ranged from 103 mg/dL to 136 mg/dL and her postprandial glucose (PPG) from 164 mg/dL to 213 mg/dL. She has gained 2.6 kg since starting basal insulin and her body mass index is now 31 kg/m2. Her blood pressure is 134/82 mmHg. She experiences occasional tingling in her feet. Eye examination reveals grade 1 retinopathy. Current medications are: metformin 1000mg twice daily, basal insulin 52 units once daily at bedtime, and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg once daily. Her family physician notes that Mary’s FPG is reasonably well-controlled, yet her HbA1c and PPG remain elevated. He is also concerned about her episodes of hypoglycemia and weight gain and the evidence indicating microvascular damage. -
Predicting Immunogenicity of Peptide Drugs and Their Impurities
Predicting Immunogenicity of Peptide Drugs and their Impurities using in Silico tools: Taspoglutide Case Study Aimee Mattei MS1, Frances Terry MPH1, Brian J Roberts PhD1, William Martin1, and Anne S De Groot MD1,2 1EpiVax, Inc.; 2Professor (Research) and Director, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, USA Abstract What-if-Machine (WhIM) 15 Example Risk Profile for RLD A : . The peptide drug market is expected to generate $50B in revenue by 2024 but the FDA is Random Mimics the process of synthesizing High H ig h concerned about the number of impurities that may be introduced in the synthetic process. polypeptides and records theoretical Low 10 product impurities created through known . The peptide manufacturing process can result in synthesis-related impurities that can introduce Example Risk Profile for failures in the synthesis process. Random Peptides immunogenic epitopes within the amino acid sequence of the peptide, resulting in an unexpected 5 and undesired immune response against the drug. Each identified impurity is scored for Example Risk Profile for RLD B : putative T cell epitope content (EpiMatrix) Low 0 . EpiMatrix can be used to screen both the drug API sequence and its known peptide-related and cross conservation with the human Impurity Risk Score Risk Impurity impurities for the presence of putative T cell epitope content. proteome (JanusMatrix). -5 . When peptide-related impurities are unknown, the “What if Machine” (WhIM) can perform Impurities are weighted based on assumed probability of occurrence. Graphic for illustrative purposes only theoretical changes to the natural amino acid sequence of the drug substance and measure their -1 0 impact on the putative epitope content of the peptide. -
(Pram) and Insulin A21G Improves Post-Prandial Glucose Vs Novolog
ADO09, A Co-Formulation Of Pramlintide (Pram) and Insulin A21G improves Post-Prandial Glucose Vs Novolog® in Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) G.Meiffren¹, G.Andersen², R.Eloy¹, C.Seroussi¹, C.Mégret¹, S.Famulla², Y.-P Chan¹, M.Gaudier¹, O.Soula¹, J.H. DeVries²,T.Heise² (1 Adocia, Lyon, France ; 2 Profil, Neuss, Germany) Introduction & Background Overall safety Outpatient period results - CGM metrics o ADO09 (M1Pram) is a co-formulation of pramlintide and insulin A21G o Both treatments were well tolerated without any treatment-related serious adverse events o Most of the CGM metrics (TiR [70-180], TiR [80-140], mean blood glucose per day), were significantly improved developed to leverage the beneficial effects of pramlintide on post-prandial (Table 2). As expected M1Pram had numerically more, mostly gastrointestinal adverse events with M1Pram (Table 4). Postprandial and mean 24-hour glucose profiles were improved with M1Pram (Fig. 3) glucose without additional injections than insulin aspart Table 4: CGM metrics, all days. Significant differences are marked in bold Objective and design o No severe hypoglycemia were seen, slightly more hypoglycemic events occurred with M1Pram Ratio of LSMean* o To compare the effect of M1Pram and insulin aspart (Novolog®, Novo than with aspart (Table 3) Difference Parameter Treatment LS Mean M1Pram / Aspart P-value Nordisk) on post-prandial glucose control, glycemic control assessed by Table 2: Incidence of adverse events throughout the trial (M1Pram-Aspart) (95% CI) CGM and safety/tolerability M1Pram Aspart M1Pram -
Exenatide: Role in Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Therapy in Practice Exenatide: role in management of Type 2 diabetes and associated cardiovascular risk factors Zin Z Htike1, Kamlesh Khunti2 & Melanie Davies* Practice Points Obesity in Type 2 diabetes poses a challenge in choosing the right combination of glucose-lowering agents, particularly due to the potential side effect of weight gain with many of the existing glucose-lowering medications. One of the incretin-based therapies, the glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, exenatide, is found to be a promising new agent that not only provides glucoregulatory effect in improving glycemic control without increase risk of hypoglycemia but also often results in weight loss. Treatment with exenatide results in reduction in HbA1c comparable to many of the existing glucose-lowering agents including basal insulin analog, galrgine or biphasic insulin aspart. Exenatide is of particular benefit in obese patients with Type 2 diabetes whose control in inadequate on a combination of oral glucose-lowering agents. To date, exenatide is not licensed for use in combination with insulin. SUMMARY Management of Type 2 diabetes, particularly in obese patients, is rather challenging as treatment with the majority of the available glucose-lowering t herapies is often associated with side effects of weight gain and hypoglycemia, in addition to failure to maintain durable glycemic control. The first available glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, exenatide, adds a new t herapeutic option to the currently available glucose-lowering agents for obese patients with Type 2 d iabetes. Both randomized controlled trials and retrospective observational s tudies have shown that treatment with exenatide not only improves glycemic control with a low risk of h ypoglycemia, but also results in concurrent weight loss with the additional benefit of i mprovement in cardiovascular risk factors of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. -
A Network Meta-Analysis Comparing Exenatide Once Weekly with Other GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Ther DOI 10.1007/s13300-016-0155-1 REVIEW A Network Meta-analysis Comparing Exenatide Once Weekly with Other GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Sheena Kayaniyil . Greta Lozano-Ortega . Heather A. Bennett . Kristina Johnsson . Alka Shaunik . Susan Grandy . Bernt Kartman To view enhanced content go to www.diabetestherapy-open.com Received: December 17, 2015 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com ABSTRACT treatment of adults with T2DM inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy. Introduction: Exenatide is a glucagon-like Methods: A systematic literature review was peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA), conducted to identify randomized controlled approved for treatment of type 2 diabetes trials (RCTs) that investigated GLP-1 RAs mellitus (T2DM). There is limited direct (albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, evidence comparing the efficacy and and lixisenatide) at approved doses in the tolerability of exenatide 2 mg once weekly United States/Europe, added on to metformin (QW) to other GLP-1 RAs. A network only and of 24 ± 6 weeks treatment duration. meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted to A Bayesian NMA was conducted. estimate the relative efficacy and tolerability of Results: Fourteen RCTs were included in the exenatide QW versus other GLP-1 RAs for the NMA. Exenatide QW obtained a statistically significant reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) relative to lixisenatide 20 lg once daily. No other comparisons of exenatide QW Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13300-016-0155-1) to other GLP-1 RAs were statistically significant contains supplementary material, which is available to for change in HbA1c. -
Membrane-Tethered Ligands Are Effective Probes for Exploring Class B1 G Protein-Coupled Receptor Function
Membrane-tethered ligands are effective probes for exploring class B1 G protein-coupled receptor function Jean-Philippe Fortina, Yuantee Zhua, Charles Choib, Martin Beinborna, Michael N. Nitabachb, and Alan S. Kopina,1 aMolecular Pharmacology Research Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and bDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Edited by Solomon H. Snyder, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, and approved March 6, 2009 (received for review January 6, 2009) Class B1 (secretin family) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) peptide hormone complexes, providing important insight into modulate a wide range of physiological functions, including glu- the molecular mechanisms underlying PTH (3), corticotropin- cose homeostasis, feeding behavior, fat deposition, bone remod- releasing factor (CRF) (4), GIP (5), and exendin-4 (EXE4) (6) eling, and vascular contractility. Endogenous peptide ligands for interaction with their corresponding GPCRs. Notably, these these GPCRs are of intermediate length (27–44 aa) and include reports highlight that each of the peptides docks as an amphipathic receptor affinity (C-terminal) as well as receptor activation (N- ␣-helix in a hydrophobic groove present in the receptor ECD. terminal) domains. We have developed a technology in which a Peptide ligands that modulate class B1 GPCR function hold peptide ligand tethered to the cell membrane selectively modu- considerable promise as therapeutics. The peptidic GLP-1 mi- lates corresponding class B1 GPCR-mediated signaling. The engi- metic EXE4 (also known as exenatide or BYETTA) activates the neered cDNA constructs encode a single protein composed of (i)a GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and represents the first incretin- transmembrane domain (TMD) with an intracellular C terminus, (ii) based pharmaceutical for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (7). -
Diabetes Recommendations and Tier Coverage Chart
DIABETES RECOMMENDATIONS AND TIER COVERAGE CHART The American Diabetes Association guidelines for 2020, recommend metformin as the preferred initial treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) along with weight management and physical activity. In patients who have established ASVD or at high risk, CKD, or HF, a SGLT2i or GLP-1 receptor with proven efficacy is recommended independent of A1C. • ASCVD dominates: o GLP-1RA with proven CVD benefit (dulaglutide, liraglutide, injectable semaglutide) OR o SGLT2i with proven CVD benefit (canagliflozin, empagliflozin) if adequate eGFR • HF or CKD dominates: o SGLT2i with evidence of reducing HF and/or CKD progression (empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin) if adequate eGFR OR o If SGLT2i intolerant/contraindicated or eGFR is inadequate, then GLP-1RA with proven CVD benefit In individuals without established cardiovascular disease, pharmacological treatment should be patient-centered taking into account side-effects, cost, impact on weight, risk of hypoglycemia, and other patient preferences. For more detailed information regarding ADA recommendations for pharmacological agents to treat T2DM click here. The following chart is a list of oral and injectable diabetes medications listed by class with their respective A1C reduction and insurance coverage and/or coverage requirements for BCBS, HPHC, Tufts, TMP, and MassHealth. Tufts Medicare Medications BCBSMA HPHC Tufts Preferred MassHealth Biguanides A1C reduction: 1-1.5% metformin Tier 1 Tier 1;2 Tier 1 Tier 1 Covered Glucoghage (metformin) NC NC NC;Tier -
Tresiba-Product-Monograph.Pdf
PRODUCT MONOGRAPH INCLUDING PATIENT MEDICATION INFORMATION TRESIBA® insulin degludec injection TRESIBA® FlexTouch® 100 U/mL, Solution for injection in a pre-filled pen TRESIBA® FlexTouch® 200 U/mL, Solution for injection in a pre-filled pen Subcutaneous Antidiabetic Agent Long-Acting Basal Insulin Analogue ATC Code: A10AE06 Novo Nordisk Canada Inc. Date of Initial Authorization: AUG 25, 2017 101-2476 Argentia Road Date of Revision: Mississauga, Ontario JUL 23, 2021 Canada L5N 6M1 Submission Control Number: 250276 Product Monograph Master Template Template Date: September 2020 TRESIBA® (insulin degludec injection) Page 1 of 2 RECENT MAJOR LABEL CHANGES 7 Warnings and Precautions 03/2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS Sections or subsections that are not applicable at the time of authorization are not listed. TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................................................2 1 INDICATIONS ..................................................................................................................4 1.1 Pediatrics ................................................................................................................4 1.2 Geriatrics ................................................................................................................4 2 CONTRAINDICATIONS ..................................................................................................4 3 SERIOUS WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS BOX .......................................................4 4 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION -
Prior Authorization Protocol NATL
Prior Authorization Protocol BYDUREON™ (exenatide extended-release for injectable suspension), BYETTA TM (exenatide), SYMLIN PEN (pramlintide acetate), TANZEUM TM (albiglutide) TRULICITY™ (dulaglutide), VICTOZA ® (liraglutide) NATL Coverage of drugs is first determined by the member`s pharmacy or medical benefit. Please consult with or refer to the Evidence of Coverage document. I. FDA Approved Indications: • Bydureon, Byetta, Tanzeum, Trulicity, Victoza: An adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus • Symlin: Adjunctive treatment in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who use mealtime insulin therapy and who have failed to achieve desired glucose control despite optimal insulin therapy. II. Health Net Approved Indications and Usage Guidelines: Bydureon/ Byetta/Tanzeum/Trulicity/Victoza: • Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes AND • Documentation of baseline A1C AND • Failure or clinically significant adverse effects to at least a 3 month trial of metformin (unless contraindicated) REAUTHORIZATION REQUESTS: If inadequate response to GLP-1 receptor agonist ( i.e. <0.5% reduction in A1c) at the end of initial authorization period, either a switch to insulin therapy, addition of insulin(s) to Victoza or a referral to an endocrinologist will be required. Reauthorization requests require documentation of continued metformin therapy (unless contraindicated). Symlin: • Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 or 2 AND • Failure to achieve desired blood glucose level despite 3 months of three or more daily mealtime insulin (e.g. Humalog ®, Humulin ® R) injections or use of an insulin pump Confidential & Proprietary Page 1 Draft Prepared: 06.17.05 JP Approved by Health Net Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committee: 11.16.05, 04.06, 5.21.08, 11.19.08, 11.19.09, 8.25.10, 11.9.11, 11.14.12, 11.20.13, 11.19.14, 11.18.15 Updated: 04.07.06.