La Concepción Fisiológica De La Naturaleza En La Obra De Lucrecio

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La Concepción Fisiológica De La Naturaleza En La Obra De Lucrecio La concepción fisiológica de la Naturaleza en la obra de Lucrecio ALFONSO JOSÉ MARTÍNEZ RUIZ LA CONCEPCIÓN FISIOLÓGICA DE LA NATURALEZA EN LA OBRA DE LUCRECIO 1 La concepción fisiológica de la Naturaleza en la obra de Lucrecio A Pilar 2 La concepción fisiológica de la Naturaleza en la obra de Lucrecio SUMARIO Prólogo ..................................................................................................................... 4 CAPÍTULO PRIMERO Introducción a Lucrecio. 1.1. Lucrecio en la historia ......................................................................... 8 1.2. El contexto histórico-cultural de su época ........................................... 24 1.3. La obra ................................................................................................ 35 CAPÍTULO SEGUNDO La base de su pensamiento físico: la concepción fisiológica de la naturaleza. 2. El concepto de naturaleza en Lucrecio ............................................................ 48 2.1. La concepción atómica ......................................................................... 59 2.2. Azar y necesidad ................................................................................. 69 2.3. El clinamen ........................................................................................... 75 2.4. Una teoría evolutiva ........................................................................... 78 2.5. Los fenómenos naturales ..................................................................... 86 Epílogo .................................................................................................................... 91 Notas ...................................................................................................................... 96 Bibliografía ............................................................................................................ 118 3 La concepción fisiológica de la Naturaleza en la obra de Lucrecio Prólogo Nuestra civilización siempre ha avanzado gracias a grandes personalidades, que a lo largo de la historia han tenido el valor de exponer de manera contrastada argumentos de infalibilidad en materia humanística y científica. La humanidad necesita grandes ideas y brillantes teorías para evolucionar. La realidad es siempre una respuesta irrefutable ante cualquier diatriba humana. Se puede ser racionalista, empirista, ecléctico, escéptico, idealista, materialista, pero siempre aparecerá en nuestro camino alguna inquietud de difícil respuesta. Cada sociedad ha inventado sus propios fantasmas, sus propias leyes, sus grandes máximas, si bien todas han fracasado en las preguntas más profundas. Una vez el hombre supo consensuar normas y establecer pactos y contratos sociales aparecieron los primeros resquiebros del propio sistema. ¿Quién ha de marcar las leyes?, ¿son éstas dictadas por la naturaleza misma o por un ente divino? Las sociedades, los imperios, los pueblos necesitan un orden para poder avanzar, ya que la naturaleza, en su continuo devenir cíclico, nace, renueva, engendra, vitaliza y, de nuevo, se vuelve a sumergir de donde salió. Este fenómeno cíclico marcó sin duda la observación de los primeros científicos, de los primeros filósofos: gentes con curiosidad por dar respuesta a los fenómenos desconocidos, con voluntad de entender los procesos de cambio y evolución, y sobre todo, por conocer las causas. Parece evidente que todo debe tener una causa. Esta mentalidad práctica se debe, sin duda, a la herencia aristotélica que tanto ha pesado a lo largo de más de 1800 años sobre nuestras vidas. Quizá no todo tenga respuesta. Una de las figuras que reflejan esta inquietud por demostrar que la vida es más sencilla de lo que generalmente se suele pensar, fue ciertamente el poeta y filósofo Lucrecio, allá por el siglo I antes de la era cristiana. Este insigne romano tuvo la osadía de querer difundir de manera exponencial y 4 La concepción fisiológica de la Naturaleza en la obra de Lucrecio clara que, ante todo, a nivel ontológico somos una amalgama de pequeñas partículas combinadas entre cuerpo y alma, de género mortal; también negó la inmortalidad del alma, todas las falacias de transmutaciones y regeneración de la materia; advirtió que los dioses, de existir, no se inmiscuyen en nuestros quehaceres mundanos; desmitificó la ilusión de la religión, como manera de persuadir y engañar a nuestros sentidos en un más allá inexistente; pero sobre todo tuvo el valor de escribirlo a través del lenguaje poético de las Musas, con voz épica y doctrinal, a la vez. Se ha dicho muchas veces que Lucrecio pertenece más al período de la Ilustración que no al final de los tiempos de la república romana, por la manera como indaga el cosmos, el ser y el sentido de la experiencia humana en su existencia. Lo que nos ha maravillado más es que el mensaje todavía sigue vivo, insuperado. Lucrecio habla claro: no hay más que la realidad que percibimos. Hemos de saber aceptar con tranquilidad, con serenidad nuestra minúscula participación en la aventura de la naturaleza. De ahí que en la antigua Grecia también apareciera el concepto de panteísmo. Todo está lleno de dioses, que es lo mismo que decir que la naturaleza lo invade y llena todo. ¡Qué mente tan grande y privilegiada, la que quiso ofrecer a la humanidad un manual para restablecer el sentido común, para no querer ir más allá de lo que no nos pertoca, para saber conformarse en la pleitesía y el placer de lo que somos, más de lo que tenemos, pues no somos dueños ni de nuestra vida! Pertenecemos a la naturaleza, somos un conglomerado de átomos, que nos desintegraremos, producto de nuestras vivencias, ilusiones, expectativas y ambiciones, por y a través de las inexorables leyes de la naturaleza, alcanzando el grado máximo de entropía positiva, que es la muerte. Lucrecio es una voz solitaria que se ha dejado oir a través de la historia por mentes como la de Rousseau, Montaigne, Nietzsche, Darwin o Einstein. En el presente opúsculo nos hemos centrado exclusivamente en las tesis centrales de su concepción fisiológica de la naturaleza, obviando todo aquello que pertenece al ámbito ético, moral y metafísico. 5 La concepción fisiológica de la Naturaleza en la obra de Lucrecio El autor «quod super est, nunc huc rationis detulit ordo, ut mihi mortali consistere corpore mundum 65 nativomque simul ratio reddunda sit esse; et quibus ille modis congressus materiai fundarit terram caelum mare sidera solem lunaique globum; tum quae tellure animantes extiterint, et quae nullo sint tempore natae; 70 quove modo genus humanum variante loquella coeperit inter se vesci per nomina rerum; et quibus ille modis divom metus insinuarit pectora, terrarum qui in orbi sancta tuetur fana lacus lucos aras simulacraque divom[1].» 75 Lucrecio, V (64-75) 6 La concepción fisiológica de la Naturaleza en la obra de Lucrecio Capítulo primero Introducción a Lucrecio 7 La concepción fisiológica de la Naturaleza en la obra de Lucrecio 1.1. Lucrecio en la historia Los testimonios sobre la biografía de Titus Lucretius Carus se reducen a escasísimas referencias clásicas que tan sólo mencionan rasgos y alguna característica estilística sobre su obra o carácter. Los testimonios que siguen al período clásico nos relega a los testimonios de Elio Donato y San Jerónimo en los siglos IV y V d.C., respectivamente. Durante el período medieval encontramos muy pocas alusiones al texto lucreciano, como más adelante veremos, y finalmente, ciertos datos que aportan algunas biografías humanísticas que acompañaban ediciones comentadas del poema De rerum natura de Lucrecio, surgidas gracias a los descubrimientos de manuscritos de obras clásicas a partir del siglo XV. Destacaremos el afortunado descubrimiento que Poggio Bracciolini[2] hizo del único apógrafo del manuscrito lucreciano en la abadía benedictina de Fulda, al oeste de Alemania. Entre los testimonios[3] que nos ha relegado la tradición citamos los existentes según orden cronológico. El testimonio aportado por Cicerón en una carta ad familiares, concretamente escrita el 11 de febrero del año 54 (a. d. III Poggio Bracciolini Id. Febr.) a su hermano Quinto (Ad fratrem Quintum, II, 9, 3)[4]: Canfora apunta que en el manuscrito Mediceo 49.18 (escrito en el año 1393) ofrece una variante de lectura, observada en el aparato crítico de la edición de SJögren: así, en lugar de «virum te putabo» se podría admitir un «virum temptabo». Cicerón hace uso de esta perífrasis en otros pasaJes[5] de su obra con la acepción de “descubrir las intenciones, de poner a prueba...” La edición princeps de los manuscritos que contienen la carta ciceroniana (Roma, 1470), dio una variante diferente de la lectura[6]. Lambinus en el prefacio de su edición sobre Lucrecio (Paris, 1570) escribió: «multis ingenii luminibus tincta, multa tamen etiam artis». Algunos editores han introducido en la lectura el adverbio non, como Bernhardy o Wieland en su edición de 1808 en 8 La concepción fisiológica de la Naturaleza en la obra de Lucrecio Zürich. Pero esta hipótesis tomó peso al ser defendida por el gran filólogo alemán karl Lachmann, hasta el punto que Schneidewin[7] diJo: «...nach Lachmann’s Bemerkungen kann an der Richtigkeit der so gestellten Negation kein Zweifel sein». Trad. «...a partir de las observaciones de Lachmann no puede originarse ningún tipo de duda sobre la correcta anotación de la negación en el texto». Como vemos, hipótesis de lectura no faltan al testimonio ciceroniano. Otra lectura que parece interesante es la que insinuó Munro[8] en un artículo en la revista «Mnemosyne» que
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