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Sudáfrica República De Sudáfrica OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Sudáfrica República de Sudáfrica La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comuni- cación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La informacion contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios no oficiales. La presente ficha país no defiende posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. OCTUBRE 2012 swana, Sesotho, Sepedi, siSwati, Xitsonga, isiNdebele y Tshivenda. Los nueve Sudáfrica idiomas africanos se dividen en cuatro grupos: Nguni (isiXhosa, IsiZulu, siSwati y isiNdebele), Sotho (Sesotho norte, Sepedi y Setswana), Tsonga y Venda. El inglés desplaza cada vez más al afrikaans como lengua vehicular. Religión: Existe libertad de credo. Las Iglesias cristianas (casi un 80% de la población) con mayor implantación son la Iglesia Reformada Holandesa, la An- glicana, la Católica Romana, la Metodista, la Presbiteriana, e iglesias locales, BOTSUANA como la Iglesia de Sión. Se practica también el Judaísmo Ortodoxo y Reformado (1%), la religión musulmana (1,5%), el hinduismo (1,2%), etc. Moneda: La unidad monetaria es el Rand Cambio con el dólar (01/02/12): NAMIBIA Pretoria 7,7925 Rand/$ Cambio con el euro (01/02/12): 10,1871 Rand/€ SUAZILANDIA Forma de Estado: República. División Administrativa: Estado descentralizado, formado por un Gobierno central y nueve Provincias. El Gobierno central está encabezado por el Presi- dente de la República que es a la vez Jefe del Gobierno. La Constitución vi- Bloemfontein LESOTO gente data de 1996 y entró en vigor en 1997. El poder legislativo recae en el Parlamento, que consta de dos cámaras, la Asamblea Nacional y el Consejo Nacional de Provincias (órgano de representación territorial compuesto por una Océano Atlántico delegación por provincia). Las Provincias tienen su propio Gobierno y Asamblea Océano Índico parlamentaria. Nº Residentes españoles: 1.134 (31/04/2011) Ciudad del Cabo 1.2. Geografía © Oficina de Información Diplomática. 2012 Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas oficialmente. La mayor parte del país se halla a más de 900 m. de altitud (un 40% a más de 1.200 m.). El terreno se eleva gradualmente de O a E hasta el sistema de Drakensberg. En el O y S, la franja costera tiene suelo muy fértil donde se cul- 1. DATOS BÁSICOS tivan vid y cítricos. Hacia el interior se encuentran el Pequeño y el Gran Karroo, que se prolongan al N en terrenos arenosos y, finalmente, el desierto de Kala- hari. Las altas sabanas herbáceas (veld) de Orange y de Transvaal son famosas 1.1. Características generales por sus reservas minerales (65% del oro mundial, 28% de diamantes, uranio, cromo y carbón). Desde el Drakensberg hacia el Índico el terreno desciende Nombre oficial: República de Sudáfrica. formando colinas y valles cubiertos de rica vegetación y cultivos tropicales, Superficie: 1.221.038 Km². como la caña de azúcar. La costa es monótona y la única bahía natural es la de Limites: La República de Sudáfrica ocupa la mayor parte del sur del continente Saldanha. Los ríos más importantes (Orange, Vaal, Caledon, Limpopo, Olifants, africano, extendiéndose desde el río Limpopo al norte hasta el cabo Agujas al Marico y Sand) no son navegables. sur. Linda al norte con Namibia, Botswana y Zimbabwue y al este con Mozambi- que y Swazilandia. El pequeño reino montañoso de Lesotho se halla enclavado 1.3. Indicadores sociales en el territorio sudafricano. Capital: Pretoria (sede del Gobierno y parte de la City of Tshwane Metropolitan Población urbana (%) (2010): 62 Municipality, con 2,4 millones de habitantes) Mangaung/Bloemfontein (sede del Densidad de población (hab/Km2) (2010): 41 poder judicial, 850.000 habitantes,) Ciudad del Cabo (sede del Parlamento, 3,4 IDH (2011) (Valor numérico/n.º orden mundial): 0,619/123 millones de habitantes) Tasa de fecundidad (2009) (por mujer): 2,5 Otras ciudades: City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality (en torno a 3,8 Tasa mortalidad infantil (1/1000) (2010): 41 millones de habitantes, corazón financiero e industrial del país) eThekwini Metro- Esperanza de vida al nacer (años) (2009): 52 politan Municipality (que incluye Durban) (3,5 millones de habitantes) Crecimiento población (%anual) (2010): 1,4 Idiomas: Los idiomas oficiales son: inglés, afrikaans, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Set- Tasa de Analfabetismo (%) (2007): 11 2 FICHA PAÍS SUDÁFRICA Fuente: Oficina Económica y Comercial en Johannesburgo Ingreso nacional bruto per capita en ppa dolares (2010): 10.360 (http://www.oficinascomerciales.es/icex/cda/controller/pageOfecom Coeficiente GINI (2009): 63,1 es/0,5310,5280449_5296128_5296234_0_ZA,00.html). Fuente: Banco Mundial (http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa) Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/ZAF.html) 2008 2009 2010 2011 Importaciones a SA (FOB) (M $) 89.700 65.700 81.945 100.842 1.4. Estructura del PIB. 2011 Exportaciones de SA (FOB) (M $) 85.400 65.900 85.671 103.107 Saldo (M $) -8.300 -2.400 -3.726 -2.265 DISTRIBUCIÓN POR SECTORES % PIB TOTAL Tasa de cobertura sudafricana 95,21 100,30 104,55 102,25 Sector terciario 66,7 Fuente: SA Reserve Bank Servicios financieros y seguros 21,2 Sector secundario 21,1 1.7. Distribución del comercio por países. 2010 Sector primario 12 Minería 9,6 PRINCIPALES %DEL TOTAL PRINCIPALES %DEL TOTAL (Fuente: SA Reserve Bank) CLIENTES PROVEEDORES China 12,7 China 14,8 1.5. Coyuntura económica EEUU 9,3 Alemania 12,4 Japón 8,7 EEUU 7,7 2009 2010 2011 India 6,9 Arabia Saudita 5,9 PIB. (M $) 284.443 364.205 402.579 Otros 63,0 Otros 59,2 PIB % crecimiento real -1,7 2,8 3,1 Fuente: The Economist Intelligence Unit PIB per capita en $ 10.304 10.708 11.264 Tasa de inflación 6,3 3,5 6,1 1.8. Distribución del comercio por productos. 2010 Balanza c/corriente M. $ -11.327 -10.118 -16.628 Balanza c/corriente % PIB 4,0 3,8 4,1 PRINCIPALES EXPORTACIONES MILLONES $ Exportaciones bienes y servicios M $ 60.902 79.776, N.D. 1) Minerales, combustibles, aceites y productos de destilación 2.183 Reservas M $ 39.675 43.829 50.288 2) Aparatos electrónicos 1.833 Deuda externa/PIB % 14,8 12,5 11,6 3) Calderas y maquinas 1.763 Déficit público % PIB 6,7 5 6,2 5,5 4) Vehículos 1.076 Tipo de cambio con $ 8,42 7,32 7,27 5) Plásticos y artículos de plásticos 470 Tipo de cambio con Euro 11,67 9,70 11,63 Deuda externa M $ 42.102 45.390 46.773 PRINCIPALES IMPORTACIONES MILLONES $ Desempleo (%) 24,0 24,9 23,9 1) Vehículos 1.065 Fuente: The Economist Intelligence Unit 2) Hierro y acero 387 Departamento de Comercio e Industria de Sudáfrica 3) Perlas, piedras preciosas, metales y monedas 309 (http://apps.thedti.gov.za/econdb/raportt/Intday-fxza2eu.html) 4) Artículos de hierro o acero 246 FMI (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009 5) Minerales, escorias y cenizas 229 &ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=199&s=GGR%2CGGX&grp=0 Fuente: Departamento de Comercio e Industria (http://apps.thedti.gov.za/econdb/raportt/ &a=&pr.x=39&pr.y=16) SAshareProductWorldExIm.html) 1.6. Comercio Exterior 1.9. Inversiones por países La UE es el principal socio comercial de Sudáfrica, ya que absorbe el 26,9% Inversión extranjera por países de sus exportaciones y suministra el 32,5% de sus importaciones. Los países vecinos del cono sur de África, con los que se agrupa en la Southern Africa Datos en millones de dólares. Inversión acumulada neta Development Community, SADC, reciben el 11,8% de las exportaciones suda- fricanas pero su participación en las importaciones es mucho menor, del 4,2%. 2007 % 2008 % 2009 % 2010 % Reino Unido 74.350 69,7 41.512 54,1 55.486 54 69.079 49,7 Por países es China quien desde 2009 ocupa el primer lugar como cliente, Holanda 5.867 5,5 2.065 2,7 2.069 2,0 24.375 17,5 12,3% del total de exportaciones, y suministrador, 14,2% de las importaciones EE.UU. 6.574 6,2 5.692 7,4 6.883 6,7 8.593 6,2 en 2011. Alemania 68 0,1 5.717 7,5 6.613 6,4 8.339 6,0 Suiza 3.027 2,8 3.244 4,2 4.026 3,9 6.321 4,5 Tras China, Alemania ocupa el segundo lugar como proveedor (10,7% del total China 1.835 1,7 1.119 1,5 1.244 1,2 5.103 3,7 de importaciones), seguida de EEUU (7,2%) y Japón (4,8%). A continuación se si- Japón 3.297 3,1 1.545 2,0 1.726 1,7 2.640 1,9 tuaron en 2011 Arabia Saudí e Irán, como exportadores de petróleo y en el mis- Malasia 3.027 2,8 1.020 1,3 1.269 1,2 2.362 1,7 mo grupo habría que incluir también a Nigeria, que ocupa la décima posición. Luxemburgo 1.745 1,6 3.906 5,1 92 0,1 2.166 1,6 India ha incrementado sus ventas en cerca de un 70%, con lo que ha llegado a Francia 4.107 3,9 3.544 4,6 3.410 3,3 1.295 0,9 una cuota del 4%, con lo que ha superado al Reino Unido, Italia y Francia.
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