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Sudáfrica República De Sudáfrica OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Sudáfrica República de Sudáfrica La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comuni- cación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios no oficiales. La presente ficha país no defiende posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. SEPTIEMBRE 2013 swana, Sesotho, Sepedi, siSwati, Xitsonga, isiNdebele y Tshivenda. Los nueve Sudáfrica idiomas africanos se dividen en cuatro grupos: Nguni (isiXhosa, IsiZulu, siSwati y isiNdebele), Sotho (Sesotho norte, Sepedi y Setswana), Tsonga y Venda. El inglés desplaza cada vez más al afrikaans como lengua vehicular. Religión: Existe libertad de credo. Las Iglesias cristianas (casi un 80% de la población) con mayor implantación son la Iglesia Reformada Holandesa, la An- glicana, la Católica Romana, la Metodista, la Presbiteriana, e iglesias locales, BOTSUANA como la Iglesia de Sión. Se practica también el Judaísmo Ortodoxo y Reformado (1%), la religión musulmana (1,5%), el hinduismo (1,2%), etc. Moneda: La unidad monetaria es el Rand Cambio con el dólar (06/08/13): NAMIBIA Pretoria 9,8098 Rand/$ Cambio con el euro (06/08/13): 13,0343 Rand/€ SUAZILANDIA Forma de Estado: República. División Administrativa: Estado descentralizado, formado por un Gobierno central y nueve Provincias. El Gobierno central está encabezado por el Presi- dente de la República que es a la vez Jefe del Gobierno. La Constitución vi- Bloemfontein LESOTO gente data de 1996 y entró en vigor en 1997. El poder legislativo recae en el Parlamento, que consta de dos cámaras, la Asamblea Nacional y el Consejo Nacional de Provincias (órgano de representación territorial compuesto por una Océano Atlántico delegación por provincia). Las Provincias tienen su propio Gobierno y Asamblea Océano Índico parlamentaria. Nº Residentes españoles: 1.134 (31/04/2011) Ciudad del Cabo 1.2. Geografía © Ocina de Información Diplomática. Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. La mayor parte del país se halla a más de 900 m. de altitud (un 40% a más de 1.200 m.). El terreno se eleva gradualmente de O a E hasta el sistema de Dra- kensberg. En el O y S, la franja costera tiene suelo muy fértil donde se cultivan 1. DATOS BÁSICOS vid y cítricos. Hacia el interior se encuentran el Pequeño y el Gran Karroo, que se prolongan al N en terrenos arenosos y, finalmente, el desierto de Kalahari. Las altas sabanas herbáceas (veld) de Orange y de Transvaal son famosas por 1.1. Características generales sus reservas minerales (65% del oro mundial, 28% de diamantes, uranio, cromo y carbón). Desde el Drakensberg hacia el Índico el terreno desciende formando Nombre oficial: República de Sudáfrica. colinas y valles cubiertos de rica vegetación y cultivos tropicales, como la caña Superficie: 1.221.038 Km². de azúcar. La costa es monótona y la única bahía natural es la de Saldanha. Los Limites: La República de Sudáfrica ocupa la mayor parte del sur del continente ríos más importantes (Orange, Vaal, Caledon, Limpopo, Olifants, Marico y Sand) africano, extendiéndose desde el río Limpopo al norte hasta el cabo Agujas al no son navegables. sur. Linda al norte con Namibia, Botswana y Zimbabwue y al este con Mozambi- que y Swazilandia. El pequeño reino montañoso de Lesotho se halla enclavado 1.3. Indicadores sociales en el territorio sudafricano. Capital: Pretoria (sede del Gobierno y parte de la City of Tshwane Metropolitan Población urbana (%) (2012): 62 Municipality, con 2,4 millones de habitantes) Mangaung/Bloemfontein (sede del Densidad de población (hab/Km2) (2011): 42 poder judicial, 850.000 habitantes,) Ciudad del Cabo (sede del Parlamento, 3,4 IDH (2012) (Valor numérico/n.º orden mundial): 0,629/121 millones de habitantes) Tasa de fecundidad (2012) (por mujer): 2,4 Otras ciudades: City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality (en torno a 3,8 Tasa mortalidad infantil (1/1000) (2011): 35 millones de habitantes, corazón financiero e industrial del país) eThekwini Metro- Esperanza de vida al nacer (años) (2012): 60 politan Municipality (que incluye Durban) (3,5 millones de habitantes) Crecimiento población (%anual) (2012): 0,5 Idiomas: Los idiomas oficiales son: inglés, afrikaans, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Set- Tasa de Analfabetismo (%) (2013): 18 2 FICHA PAÍS SUDÁFRICA Ingreso nacional bruto per capita en ppa dólares (2011): 10.710 INVERSION EXTRANJERA DIRECTA Coeficiente GINI (2009): 63,1 en MUSD 9.006 5.365 1.228 5.807 1.700 Fuente: Banco Mundial (http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa) TIPO DE CAMBIO FRENTE AL DÓLAR Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo media anual 8,25 8,44 7,30 7,24 8,206 (http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/ZAF.html) fin de período 9,46 7,41 6,22 7,62 8,6301 South Africa Info (http://www.southafrica.info/about/education/education.htm) Fuente: Oficina Económica y Comercial en Johannesburgo (http://www.southafrica.info/about/health/life-expectancy-181012.htm) Banco Mundial Trading Economics (http://www.tradingeconomics.com/south-africa/government-debt-to- 1.4. Estructura del PIB. 2012 (cuarto trimestre) gdp) Ventures (http://www.ventures-africa.com/2012/10/fdi-in-south-africa-down-43-6-up-5-in- DISTRIBUCIÓN POR SECTORES % PIB TOTAL egypt-unctad/) Sector primario 11,1 *Estimaciones del Economist Intelligence Unit Sector secundario 40,2 Sector terciario 40 1.6. Comercio Exterior Fuente: SA Reserve Bank (http://wwwrs.resbank.co.za/webindicators/EconFinDataForSA.aspx) La UE es el principal socio comercial de Sudáfrica, ya que absorbe el 26,9% The Economist Intelligence Unit de sus exportaciones y suministra el 32,5% de sus importaciones. Los países vecinos del cono sur de África, con los que se agrupa en la Southern Africa 1.5. Coyuntura económica Development Community, SADC, reciben el 11,8% de las exportaciones suda- fricanas pero su participación en las importaciones es mucho menor, del 4,2%. PRINCIPALES INDICADORES ECONÓMICO 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013* Por países es China quien desde 2009 ocupa el primer lugar como cliente, PIB 12,3% del total de exportaciones, y suministrador, 14,2% de las importaciones PIB MUSD 274.186 284.236 363.535 401.883 368.930 378.153 en 2011. Tasa de variación real (%) 3,7 -1,8 3,1 3,5 2,6 2,5 Tras China, Alemania ocupa el segundo lugar como proveedor (10,7% del total INFLACIÓN de importaciones), seguida de EEUU (7,2%) y Japón (4,8%). A continuación se si- Media anual (%) 11,5 7,1 3,5 6,5 5,7 tuaron en 2011 Arabia Saudí e Irán, como exportadores de petróleo y en el mis- Fin de período (%) 9,5 6,3 3,5 6,1 5,7 3,9 mo grupo habría que incluir también a Nigeria, que ocupa la décima posición. EMPLEO Y TASA DE PARO India ha incrementado sus ventas en cerca de un 70%, con lo que ha llegado a Población 48.700 49.300 49.990 50.590 51.800 una cuota del 4%, con lo que ha superado al Reino Unido, Italia y Francia. España Población activa (x1.000 habitantes) ocupa el puesto 19, con un 1,6% de las importaciones a SA. 17.718 17.138 17.269 17.741 18.313 % Desempleo sobre población activa China ocupa también el primer lugar entre los países clientes tras el aumento de 21,9 24,3 24 23,9 25,5 25,2 (1T) sus compras, principalmente materias primas, en los últimos años: ha más que DEUDA PÚBLICA doblado su cuota entre 2008 y 2011. EEUU, ocupa el segundo lugar, siendo el En MUSD 75.163 89.380 127.075 150.494 147.203 destino del 8,7%, seguido por Japón, 8%, y Alemania, 6,2%. A continuación se % de PIB 26,8 30,9 33,8 36,1 39,9 sitúan Reino Unido, 4,2% y la India, 3,5%. Entre los países africanos aparece en EXPORTACIONES DE BIENES décimo lugar el vecino Mozambique. en Millones de USD 85.400 65.900 85.671 103.107 100.400 101.500 Fuente: Oficina Económica y Comercial en Johannesburgo en % de PIB 10,1 -26,7 30 20,3 27,2 26,2 IMPORTACIONES DE BIENES 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 en MUSD 89.700 65.700 81.945 100.842 104.800 105.600 Importaciones a SA (M $) 107.541 80.816 100.318 120.105 85.993,8 % variación respecto a período anterior 10,5 -27 24,7 23 Exportaciones de SA (M $) 98.923 78.562 99.703 117.681 73.454 3,9 0,8 Saldo (M $) -8.618 -2.254 -615 -2.424 -12.539,8 SALDO B. COMERCIAL Tasa de cobertura sudafricana 92 97,2 99,4 98 85,42 en MUSD -8.300 -2.400 -3.726 -2.265 -4.495 -4.050 Fuente: The Economist Intelligence Unit En % de PIB -3,0 -0,9 -1,03 -0,55 -1,2 -1,0 SALDO B. CUENTA CORRIENTE 1.7. Distribución del comercio por países. 2011 en MUSD -19.600 -11.118 -10.118 -13.682 -22.914 -20.521 en % de PIB 7,1 4,0 3,8 3,4 6,2 5,3 PRINCIPALES %DEL TOTAL PRINCIPALES %DEL TOTAL DEUDA EXTERNA CLIENTES PROVEEDORES en MUSD 72.869 78.561 104.381 111.462 137.513 China 12,3 China 14,2 en % de PIB 26,5 27,6 28,7 27,3 37,3 EEUU 8,7 Alemania 10,7 TIPO DE INTERÉS DE INTERVENCIÓN DEL BANCO CENTRAL Japón 8,0 EEUU 8,1 Media anual (%) 12 8,4 6,37 5,5 5,25 Alemania 6,2 Japón 4,8 Fin de periodo (%) 12 7 5,5 5,5 5 Reino Unido 4,2 Arabia Saudí 4,5 SERVICIO DE LA DEUDA EXTERNA India 3,5 India 4,0 en MUSD 9.400 9.100 Nd Nd Nd Holanda 3,1 Reino Unido 4,0 en % de exportaciones de b.
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