PROSTOR POSEBNI OTISAK/ 74-89 Znanstveni Prilozi Massimo Sargolini Mladen Obadšæitaroci Flavio Stimilli
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PROSTOR 24 [2016] 1 [51] ZNANSTVENI ÈASOPIS ZA ARHITEKTURU I URBANIZAM A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING SVEUÈILIŠTE POSEBNI OTISAK / SEPARAT OFFPRINT U ZAGREBU, ARHITEKTONSKI FAKULTET Znanstveni prilozi Scientific Papers UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB, FACULTY 74-89 Flavio Stimilli Turin, Sochi and Krakow in the Torino, Soèi i Krakov u kontekstu OF ARCHITECTURE Mladen Obad Šæitaroci Context of Winter Olympics Zimske olimpijade Massimo Sargolini ISSN 1330-0652 Spatial Planning and Territorial Prostorno planiranje i utjecaj igara CODEN PORREV Impact of the Games na teritorij UDK | UDC 71/72 UDC 71:796.03(4)”20” UDK 71:796.03(4)”20” 24 [2016] 1 [51] 1-130 1-6 [2016] Fig. 1 Regional plan for Krakow 2022 Sl. 1. Regionalni plan Krakova 2022. PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi 24[2016] 1[51] 75 Flavio Stimilli1, Mladen Obad Šæitaroci2, Massimo Sargolini1 1 University of Camerino 1 Sveuèilište u Camerinu School of Architecture&Design Fakultet arhitekture i dizajna IT - 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Colle dell’Annunziata, Viale della Rimembranza IT - 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Colle dell’Annunziata, Viale della Rimembranza 2 University of Zagreb 2 Sveuèilište u Zagrebu Faculty of Architecture Arhitektonski fakultet HR - 10000 Zagreb, Kaèiæeva 26 HR - 10000 Zagreb, Kaèiæeva 26 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Subject Review Pregledni znanstveni èlanak UDC 71:796.03(4)”20” UDK 71:796.03(4)”20” Technical Sciences / Architecture and Urban Planning Tehnièke znanosti / Arhitektura i urbanizam 2.01.02. - Urban and Physical Planning 2.01.02. - Urbanizam i prostorno planiranje Article Received / Accepted: 2. 5. 2016. / 7. 6. 2016. Èlanak primljen / prihvaæen: 2. 5. 2016. / 7. 6. 2016. Turin, Sochi and Krakow in the Context of Winter Olympics Spatial Planning and Territorial Impact of the Games Torino, Soèi i Krakov u kontekstu Zimske olimpijade Prostorno planiranje i utjecaj igara na teritorij regional planning prostorno planiranje sports facilities sportski objekti territorial impact utjecaj na teritorij transport infrastructures prometne infrastrukture Winter Olympics Zimske olimpijske igre In the modern Winter Olympics, the landscape and territorial impact of sports U modernim Zimskim olimpijskim igrama utjecaj sportskih graðevina i infra- facilities and infrastructures, especially the transportation network required to strukture na teritorij i krajolik, posebice prometne mreže potrebne za povezi- connect the host city with the mountain venues, is a major challenging issue, vanje grada domaæina sa sportskim terenima u planinama, jedan je od glavnih matter of concern to planners. Three case studies are compared from this izazovnih problema - pitanje od posebne važnosti za planere. S planerskoga viewpoint, to point out common and different problems, strategies and out- motrišta analizirana su tri sluèaja koja ukazuju na zajednièke i razlièite proble- comes: Turin 2006, Sochi 2014 and the plan for Krakow 2022. me, strategije i posljedice: Torino 2006., Soèi 2014. i plan za Krakov 2022. PROSTOR 76 1[51] 24[2016] 74-89 F. STIMILLI, M. OBAD ŠÆITAROCI, M. SARGOLINI Turin, Sochi and Krakow… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi INTRODUCTION method 7 and with the additional purpose of trying out its potential and flexibility (as it is UVOD tested here in the broader field of regional studies and planning). Scope of the research - In the last decades, due to the international promotion of the event and to some changes in the Olympic disciplines and regulations, the Winter Games has grown tremendously in every respect (e.g. participating countries, sport disciplines, ath- letes and team officials, technical officials, logistical requirements, new communication and media, higher level of services). In turn, also the size and number of the required transportation and sports facilities have in- creased very much8, so the research is limit- ed to compare the European Winter Olympics of the last 20 years. Out of the latest 5 editions, only 2 took place in a European context - Turin 2006 and Sochi 20149 - but a 3rd case is included here, al- though not implemented and just in the form of a plan: it is the project for Krakow 2022, which really had good chance of succeed- ing10, if only a referendum had not given a negative response.11 Nevertheless, research- es went forward, as they were primarily aimed at taking charge of the regional issues, envisioning future scenarios and drawing up T he modern Winter Olympics has a momen- 1 This term expresses the ”production” and transfor- tous impact, for better or worse, on the host mation of territory - carried out through human activities city and region. Whereas Summer Olympics and freighted up with anthropological value - which, with the Olympics, reaches an unusual and challenging peak is usually held in just one, though large, ur- [cf. Dansero, Mela, 2007 and Dansero, Puttilli, 2010]. ban area, its younger sister demands not 2 Sometimes, it is even sufficient to participate in the only for a convenient host city, but for an ad- Olympic bidding process [Abebe, et al., 2014], which is the ditional number of mountain venues, more or case of Krakow 2022 (the plan was in fact aborted after a less afar, affecting large extents of the terri- referendum; cf. next section, note 11). tory. The spatial changes brought about by 3 Cf. Chappelet, 2008 the Games can be defined as Olympic territo- 4 Cf. Essex, Chalkley, 2004 rialisation.1 This process can enhance the 5 Urban and Spatial Models for Revival and Enhance- ment of Cultural Heritage: the project is financed by the mobility system and improve the access to Croatian Science Foundation [HERU 2032] and is been mountains, as well as revive local economy, carrying out at the Faculty of Architecture, University of boost tourism and launch internationally the Zagreb. city image and the regional branding.2 On the 6 It is also the result and continuation of previous stu- dies undertaken by the School of Architecture and Design, other hand, it can affect in the negative the University of Camerino (Italy), which has signed recently environmental quality and landscape identi- an international agreement with the Faculty of Architectu- ty3, and produce an increase in the cost of liv- re in Zagreb and is cooperating, among others, in the HERU project too: the research is in fact the follow-up of a ing and local taxation. Depending on many study begun in 2012, when the School of Architecture and variables, different consequences appear in Design was engaged in the discussion of a preliminary the short, medium and long run.4 plan supporting the Polish-Slovak bid for 2022 Winter Olympics. Several master theses and participations in in- Through a comparative analysis, this paper ternational conferences followed (cf. note 14) and the Fa- outlines and discusses the regional planning culty of Architecture, University of Zagreb, was finally in- volved (in particular, the Department of Urban Planning, strategies, the models of intervention and Spatial Planning and Landscape Architecture). landscape protection, as well as the territori- 7 More in Methodology al legacies of the Winter Olympics, in three 8 Cf. Chalkley, Essex, 2002 case studies. Being a part of the research 9 Whether Sochi is properly and definitely included in 5 project Heritage Urbanism [HERU] , the study (the concept of) Europe or not, it might be a matter of has been developed by means of the HERU- some debate; but according to the common geographical project approach and research tools.6 The definition of Europe (that is the land lying westward of the watershed divides of the Ural and the Caucasus Moun- aim is to point out common and different tains), Sochi does fall - at least physically - within the Old spatial constraints, challenges and outcomes Continent. of the Games, through the four-steps HERU 10 Kozłowska, 2014 PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Turin, Sochi and Krakow… F. STIMILLI, M. OBAD ŠÆITAROCI, M. SARGOLINI 74-89 24[2016] 1[51] 77 possible planning solutions, whether or not At any rate, there is already enough material the bid would come out successfully.12 to try a comparison between the three and draw some first conclusions. Literature review and conceptual framework - Given the complexity of a Winter Olympics, Methodology - The study capitalizes on the the range of related studies in scientific liter- early outcomes of the HERU project and ma- ature is very broad and heterogeneous. This kes use of its researching method, developed is of no surprise, since the principal subject with the purpose of being a scientific and ef- put into play before, during and after the fective tool for the sustainable evaluation Games, is spatial planning, which includes a and enhancement of Cultural Heritage.15 Giv- variety of disciplines, from economy to envi- en the territorial approach and perspective of ronment, history, tourism, transport, lan- this comparative analysis, the method has scape design, people engagement, etc. (in been adjusted as follow: determining the fac- particular, for transportation issues, cf. Bovy, tors of landscape and territorial identity; es- 2014). However, little has been written about tablishing the criteria used for landscape 13 cultural landscapes in the context of a Win- and environmental protection during the con- ter Olympics; so this study is also aimed, at struction of the Olympic facilities; identifying least partially, to make up for this lack. More- the spatial models and the planning stra- over, owing to the fact that 10 years have tegies applied for carrying out the Olympic passed since the Turin Olympiad, while just a project; defining and assessing the post- couple since the last edition in Sochi, the Olympic scenarios and drawing out the lear- number and spectrum of available references ned lessons. A research development should is different in the two cases. Most of litera- follow, aimed at providing specific guide- ture about Sochi is concerned with environ- lines/recommendations for the sustain able mental topics (cf.