DOCSLIB.ORG

Download Download

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download Download A Language on the Border: Identifying Nipmuck HOLLY GUSTAFSON University of Manitoba Identifying an unknown and extinct language from an anonymous manuscript means facing unique challenges, including cross-border borrowing. Listed as number 32 in "Releve des ecrits indiens aux Archives de S. Sulpice" (Marinier 1973), an inventory of the native North American manuscripts in the Sulpician archives in Montreal, is one simply titled "Mots loups". This entry refers to an undated and anonymous notebook, comprised of 124 unnumbered pages containing no statement of either the place of its composition or the language it attempts to record (Day 1975:18). The title "Mots loups", literally "Wolf words", makes reference to the name applied to several Algonquian tribes by the French; for two of these tribes, no name besides "Loup" is known (Goddard 1978:71). Jean-Andre Cuoq attributed the manuscript of the "Mots loups" to the Sulpician missionary Jean-Claude Mathevet (1717-1781). In 1942, the manuscript was found at Oka by J. O. Lesieur; it had apparently survived a fire at the mission in 1877 that Cuoq believed had destroyed Mathevef s notebooks on the Loup language (Day 1975:21). Lesieur shipped this and two other manuscripts to the Sulpician archives in Montreal (Lesieur 1942), where it was microfilmed and identified as Algonquian by Victor Hanzeli (1961:237). In 1975, the manuscript was published as Hie Mots loups of Father Mathevet, edited by Gordon Day. Although the language of the "Mots loups" notebook has not been positively identified, it is generally accepted that it is the language of one of the central Massachusetts tribes, either Pocumtuck or Nipmuck (Goddard 1978:174). As Gordon Day (1975:44) explains, speakers of the "Loup" language appear to have originated in New England, but the dialect of the manuscript differs from all recorded New England languages. In order to determine the precise location of origin of Mathevef s "Loup", Day uses two basic sets of clues: references found in the manuscript, and morphological analysis of the Loup name for themselves. The most helpful clue in the manuscript to the location and identity of the Loup people, Day suggests, is found in the juxtaposition of two entries, the word (tak8aangan) 'the sawmill', and <8miskan8ag8iak) 'the Loup A LANGUAGE ON THE BORDER 123 nation'. Day goes on to propose that "the sawmill" is probably the French sawmill located on the Missisquoi River at Swanton, Vermont. The fact that this word is followed by (mak8sem), which is the word for 'wolf but was interpreted by Mathevet as the name of the Loup nation, suggests that "either he was writing at Missisquoi, or that his Loups had recently come from Missisquoi and he therefore identified them with the village" (Day 1975:51). From these references and from the word <8miskan8ag8iak), apparently the real name of the Loup nation, Day (1975:59) concludes that the Loup were indeed the Pocumtuck tribe. However, there are two main problems with this deduction. First, the word (8miskan8ag8iak) is morphologically analyzed by Day (1975:55) to mean "beaver-tail-hill people", and since the Pocumtuck range, according to legend, is said to be the petrified body of a huge beaver, it might be reasonable to make the tentative connection between the Loup and the Pocumtuck. However, Day's morphological analysis is quite tenuous, and he dismisses three major problems with this analysis as "mishearings" or "misspellings" by Mathevet. The second problem with considering the Loup to be the Pocumtuck is a phonological one. Using present-day place names and those recorded centuries ago, Goddard's review of James Hammond Trumbull's Indian names in Connecticut (1977) helps to "establish or confirm the locations of the phonological isoglosses that separated the rather poorly known languages of Connecticut". According to Goddard, Proto Eastern Algon­ quian */ became r in the area of the Housatonic Valley, became v in the Mohegan-Pequot region of southeastern Connecticut, became n to the east of this area (present-day Rhode Island and eastern Massachusetts), and remained / to the north, in central Massachusetts. He points out that no place names containing the / reflex occur west of the Connecticut River. This finding immediately rules out Pocumtuck as a possible candidate for the Loup language, since the Pocumtuck clearly occupied an area west of the Connecticut River, where an r-dialect was spoken. However, Mathe­ vef s manuscript contains no r's in Loup words, instead displaying a consistent / reflex. This eliminates all languages west of the Connecticut River, including Pocumtuck, as well as all languages south of the Massachusetts-Connecticut border. Thus there is only one possible candi­ date, the only language yet to be accounted for east of the Connecticut River and north of the Mohegan-Pequot region — Nipmuck. 124 HOLLY GUSTAFSON Little is known about the Nipmuck tribe, apart from what can be gained from Mathevef s manuscript. With an original population of about 500, by the epidemic of 1634 rendered the Nipmuck virtually extinct (Shepherd 1988:185). Thus it might be said that Mathevef s manuscript is the only information still available about the Nipmuck language and culture. One of the major problems in identifying an unknown language like "Loup" is cross-border borrowing. Borrowing between languages within the same subgroup is not uncommon in Algonquian; for example, two languages within the Southern New England subgroup, such as Massachusett and Narragansett, are bound to borrow phonological, morphological, lexical, and even syntactic features from one another. Less common, and consequently less recognized, is borrowing that occurs between languages which are in close geographic proximity but are separated by a major isogloss. This is the case with Nipmuck and Western Abenaki. Not surprisingly, Nipmuck shares many characteristics with its fellow Southern New England languages. A list of selected diagnostic phonologi­ cal innovations in some Eastern Algonquian languages, adapted from Goddard (1978:75), is given in 1. The first four languages — Micmac, Maliseet-Passamaquoddy, Eastern Abenaki, and Western Abenaki — are the Northern New England languages, while the remaining five — Loup/Nipmuck, Massachusett, Narragansett, Mohegan-Pequot-Montauk, and Quiripi-Unquachog — are Southern New England languages. The fact that "Loup" fits much better with the Southern New England languages, at least according to these diagnostics, is further evidence that it is indeed Nipmuck as opposed to Pocumtuck, which is located further north and should resemble Northern New England languages, at least in part. (1) Selected diagnostic phonological innovations. Mc MaPs EAb WAb Loup Ms Nr MoPqMn QpUq Abenaki syncope / / / / / *s > s / / / / / / / / / *nOC / / / / / / / y / *a- > a / / / / / / y *e- > a- / / / / / / ^-palatalization / / / / s / The five Southern New England languages share five features as shown in 1. In these five languages, Proto-Algonquian *s and *s merged A LANGUAGE ON THE BORDER 125 to become s; in a consonant cluster in which the first consonant is a nasal, that nasal will delete; Proto-Algonquian long *a- becomes nasalized a, and long *e- becomes a-; and finally, Proto-Algonquian *k palatalizes before long *e- and unstressed short *i. However, cross-border borrowing by Nipmuck from Western Abenaki, its northern neighbour, makes identification using diagnostics such as these somewhat tenuous. According to the table in 1, "Loup" (Nipmuck) has all the features found in the four other Southern New England languages listed, thus showing it to be a clear example of a Southern New England language. However, I have called it a border language, since detailed study of the manuscript shows that "Loup" also possesses features that only the Northern New England languages should exhibit. One of these is Abenaki syncope. Abenaki syncope is a pattern of vowel loss in which original short vowels (vowels which were short in Proto-Algonquian) are lost before a consonant cluster. This excludes consonant clusters of which the first member is a nasal, since in all these languages the nasal deletes, as shown in the table. Nipmuck seems to possess a similar trait of dropping unstressed vowels, particularly in the first syllable. Since Mathevet did not mark stress, this provides internal evidence to the language's stress pattern, which seems to match the Proto-Algonquian alternating stress rule. In Proto-Algonquian, every long vowel, and every other short vowel (starting at the left of the word, and then restarting after a long vowel) receives stress (Pentland 1992). Syncope of an initial short vowel (which can never receive stress according to the alternating stress rule) before a consonant cluster is particularly prevalent throughout the manuscript. Examples of this are given in 2. The first word of each line is Proto-Algonquian, followed by a phonemic form of the Nipmuck word, followed by the word as it appears in Mathevef s orthography in the manuscript, in angled brackets. The symbol (8) that appears in Mathevet's orthography represents the missionaries' orthographic device of an omicron with an upsilon above it, for what the French would write <ou>. In Nipmuck, this generally represents o- or we between consonants, w before vowels, and a short vowel + w at the end of a word. The page on which the word may be found in the manuscript is in parentheses: 126 HOLLY GUSTAFSON (2) a. *espemenki > spemek (spemik) 'up above, up high' (90) b. *a6koka > skok <sc8g) 'snake' (53) c. *ahtemani > hteman (temanes) (pi.) 'snowshoe harness, lace' (78) Similarly, Proto-Algonquian short *e deletes between a consonant and a consonant cluster at the beginning of a word: (3) *e > 0/#C CC This is recognizable in the manuscript by the lack of both the *e and the preceding nasal consonant, which Mathevet apparently did not hear, and therefore did not record: (4) a. *mexkwamya > mhkwamiy (k8ami) 'ice, piece of ice' (107) b.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Language Index
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86573-9 - Endangered Languages: An Introduction Sarah G. Thomason Index More information Language index ||Gana, 106, 110 Bininj, 31, 40, 78 Bitterroot Salish, see Salish-Pend d’Oreille. Abenaki, Eastern, 96, 176; Western, 96, 176 Blackfoot, 74, 78, 90, 96, 176 Aboriginal English (Australia), 121 Bosnian, 87 Aboriginal languages (Australia), 9, 17, 31, 56, Brahui, 63 58, 62, 106, 110, 132, 133 Breton, 25, 39, 179 Afro-Asiatic languages, 49, 175, 180, 194, 198 Bulgarian, 194 Ainu, 10 Buryat, 19 Akkadian, 1, 42, 43, 177, 194 Bushman, see San. Albanian, 28, 40, 66, 185; Arbëresh Albanian, 28, 40; Arvanitika Albanian, 28, 40, 66, 72 Cacaopera, 45 Aleut, 50–52, 104, 155, 183, 188; see also Bering Carrier, 31, 41, 170, 174 Aleut, Mednyj Aleut Catalan, 192 Algic languages, 97, 109, 176; see also Caucasian languages, 148 Algonquian languages, Ritwan languages. Celtic languages, 25, 46, 179, 183, Algonquian languages, 57, 62, 95–97, 101, 104, 185 108, 109, 162, 166, 176, 187, 191 Central Torres Strait, 9 Ambonese Malay, see Malay. Chadic languages, 175 Anatolian languages, 43 Chantyal, 31, 40 Apache, 177 Chatino, Zenzontepec, 192 Apachean languages, 177 Chehalis, Lower, see Lower Chehalis. Arabic, 1, 19, 22, 37, 43, 49, 63, 65, 101, 194; Chehalis, Upper, see Upper Chehalis. Classical Arabic, 8, 103 Cheyenne, 96, 176 Arapaho, 78, 96, 176; Northern Arapaho, 73, 90, Chinese languages (“dialects”), 22, 35, 37, 41, 92 48, 69, 101, 196; Mandarin, 35; Arawakan languages, 81 Wu, 118; see also Putonghua, Arbëresh, see Albanian. Chinook, Clackamas, see Clackamas Armenian, 185 Chinook.
    [Show full text]
  • Variation in Phonological Error in Interlanguage Talk
    I Variation in Phonological Error in Interlanguage Talk Jennifer Jenkins A thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Submitted to the Institute of Education of the University of London October 1995 © 2 Abstract The research begins with an examination of the problems attending the growth in the use of English as a lingua franc&between non-native speakers. It is argued that vanable first-language specific phonological 'errors' generate much of the miscommunication that is a characteristic of such interlanguage talk (ILT), original support for this claim being provided by a pilot study involving non-native speaker postgraduate students. Following a brief reappraisal of the place of language transfer in second language acquisition, its role in interlanguage (IL) phonology is examined in detail. Phonological transfer is revealed as a central and complex feature of the developing IL The theoretical position is exemplified by a selection of phonological transfer errors drawn from ILT classroom observation, such errors being redefmed in seriousness according to a taxonomy of new criteria based essentially on their effects on ILT communication. The extensive variation to which these taxonomic errorS are subject is discussed in the light of current theories of IL variation, and Accommodation Theory is concluded to have the greatest potential to account for phonological transfer or variation in ILT. The motivations underlying the accommodative processes of convergence and divergence are discussed and the framework is then extended to a motivation considered more salient in ILT: that of interlocutor comprehensibility. Two empirical studies investigate phonological variation in ILT from an accommodation perspective, the findings leading to the conclusion that while accommodation has an essential role in determining phonological error in ILT, its linguistic manifestation is usually one of suppression and non-suppression rather than of traditional convergence and divergence.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal #2856
    Journal #2856 from sdc 5.20.13 GEA National Geothermal Summit 2013 Indian Territory ‘Why I Farm’ to be released by Tahoe publisher GARDENS AND LEARNING, AND MORE Alice E. Kober, 43; Lost to History No More Statistics show trends in families The U.N. Wants You to Eat More Bugs Forest Service Seeks to Silence Smokey the Bear Over Fracking Extinct languages of North America Flaxseed: The Next Superfood For Cattle And Beef? Scholarships For College Students Miss Indian Nations Guatemala Genocide Conviction and a More Just Vision for American Continent GEA National Geothermal Summit 2013 The Geothermal Energy Association will host the third annual National Geothermal Summit (#GEASummit2013) at the Grand Sierra Resort and Casino in Reno, Nev., June 26-27. ****************************************************************************** Indian Territory www.youtube.com ****************************************************************************** ‘Why I Farm’ to be released by Tahoe publisher On: May 14, 2013 On June 6, Meyers’ publisher Bona Fide Books will release “Why I Farm: Risking It All for a Life on the Land” by Sierra Valley Farms owner Gary Romano. A book signing will be that evening from 6-7 at Campo restaurant in Reno. In “Why I Farm,” third-generation farmer Romano speaks from experience about today’s most vital issues: how to live with purpose and how to protect our food supply. The author documents a disappearing way of life and issues a wake-up call, describing his metamorphosis from a small boy growing up on a farm to adult white-collar worker and his ultimate return to the land. He details specific issues that small farms face today, and how they will challenge our food future.
    [Show full text]
  • Loup” Languages of Western Massachusetts: the Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian
    The “Loup” Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian IVES GODDARD Smithsonian Institution INTRODUCTION It is a remarkable fact that the area of the traditional Algonquian-speaking world that was apparently the most diverse linguistically is also the least well known, and even more remarkable, perhaps, that this largely over- looked area is not on some remote tundra but in western Massachusetts, where we might not have expected such neglect. In this paper I hope to cast some feeble light into this dark corner and to make a preliminary attempt to map in greater detail than previously the linguistic diversity of all of Southern New England Algonquian (SNEA), the languages that were spoken over most of southern New England and Long Island. The dialectal diversity of southern New England was rst noted by Roger Williams (1643:107 [105]) and John Eliot (1666:2), the two great Algonquianist pioneers of the seventeenth century. Using what we can now see are the reexes of Proto-Eastern Algonquian *r, illustrated by the word for ‘dog’ (PEA *DUΩP < PA *DșHPZD), they divided the languages of the area covered by the states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island into several large blocks (1).1 1. Abbreviations: AI = animate intransitive; anim. = animate; dial. = dialect; EAb = Eastern Abenaki; EMah = Eastern Mahican; II = inanimate intransitive; inan. = inani- mate; imp. = imperative; loc. = locative; Mah = Mahican; Mass = Massachusett; Mes = Meskwaki; Mun = Munsee; Narr = Narragansett; obv. = obviative; PA = Proto-Algon- quian; PEA = Proto-Eastern Algonquian; p, pl. = plural; s, sg. = singular; SNEA = Southern New England Algonquian; TA = transitive animate; TI = transitive inanimate; TI(1) = Class 1 TI; Un = Unami; WAb = Western Abenaki; WMah = Western Mahican.
    [Show full text]
  • * Omslag Cookies:DEF
    cookies, coleslaw, and stoops * boek Cookies ed. AUP.indd 1 24-07-09 15:14 Process Black * boek Cookies ed. AUP.indd 2 24-07-09 15:14 Process Black Nicoline van der Sijs Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops The Infl uence of Dutch on the North American Languages Amsterdam University Press * boek Cookies ed. AUP.indd 3 24-07-09 15:14 Process Black The publication of this book has been made possible by the support of The Nederlandse Taalunie (Dutch Language Union). A Dutch version of this book is also available, titled Yankees, cookies en dollars. De invloed van het Nederlands op de Noord-Amerikaanse talen, isbn 978 90 8964 130 4. Translation: Piet Verhoeff and Language Unlimited. Cover Design: Kok Korpershoek and Jonatan van der Horst Book Design: Kok Korpershoek and Femke Lust isbn 978 90 8964 124 3 e-isbn 978 90 4851 042 9 nur 624/632 © Nicoline van der Sijs, 2009 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Every effort has been made to obtain permission to use all copyrighted illustrations reproduced in this book. Nonetheless, whosoever believes to have rights to this material is advised to contact the publisher. * boek Cookies ed. AUP.indd 4 24-07-09 15:14 Process Black * boek Cookies ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Chocorua Redux: Revisionist History of a Name
    Chocorua Redux: Revisionist History of a Name © Mary Ellen Lepionka Legends about Chief Chocorua and the mountain that is his namesake have become entrenched in the canon of a local history invented in the 19th century. Little scholarship has been applied to the subject since. Tourist brochures and Wikipedia pages repeat the story of an Indian prophet or chief who welcomes English settlers to Tamworth around 1720, loses his wife in an epidemic, and befriends a family, the Campbells. When Chocorua’s son dies of accidental poisoning (the potion prepared variously for foxes or wolves) while in the care of the Campbells, a grief- stricken Chocorua pledges revenge, and when Campbell’s wife and children are later found murdered, Chocorua is blamed. He is pursued up the mountain, is fired upon and wounded, and leaps from the summit to his death after uttering a curse (Mudge 1992: 30): “Lightning blast your crops! Wind and fire destroy your homes! The Evil One breathe death on your cattle! Panthers howl and wolves fatten on your bones!" The curse afflicts the valley over the next century, until it is learned, for example, that the cattle are being sickened by mineral-contaminated soil. Meanwhile, there was no “Evil One” in Algonquian metaphysics. Most spirits were capable of evil if not treated right. The settlers were quite taken with Hobomock, however, a Wampanoag (not Abenaki) bogeyman whom the English equated with Satan. The Chocorua legend comes mainly from works of fiction rather than historiography, especially stories by abolitionist and early women’s libber Lydia Maria Child (1802-1880), who in 1821 also wrote a children’s morality tale entitled Hobomock.
    [Show full text]
  • Contrastive Phonological Analysis of Arabic and English
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2003 Contrastive phonological analysis of Arabic and English Khaled Huthaily The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Huthaily, Khaled, "Contrastive phonological analysis of Arabic and English" (2003). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 8110. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8110 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of Montana Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. **Please check "Yes” or "No" and provide signature Yes, I grant permission Yes No, I do not grant permission Author's Signature: Date: August 21, 2003 Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. 8/98 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CONTRASTIVE PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ARABIC A N D ENGLISH by KhaledHUTHAILY B.A. H odddah University (Hodddali, Yemen) 1999 presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The University of Montana July 2003 son Dean, Graduate School z-z-Q B Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • * Omslag Cookies:DEF
    cookies, coleslaw, and stoops * boek Cookies ed. AUP.indd 1 24-07-09 15:14 Process Black * boek Cookies ed. AUP.indd 2 24-07-09 15:14 Process Black Nicoline van der Sijs Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops The Infl uence of Dutch on the North American Languages Amsterdam University Press * boek Cookies ed. AUP.indd 3 24-07-09 15:14 Process Black The publication of this book has been made possible by the support of The Nederlandse Taalunie (Dutch Language Union). A Dutch version of this book is also available, titled Yankees, cookies en dollars. De invloed van het Nederlands op de Noord-Amerikaanse talen, isbn 978 90 8964 130 4. Translation: Piet Verhoeff and Language Unlimited. Cover Design: Kok Korpershoek and Jonatan van der Horst Book Design: Kok Korpershoek and Femke Lust isbn 978 90 8964 124 3 e-isbn 978 90 4851 042 9 nur 624/632 © Nicoline van der Sijs, 2009 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Every effort has been made to obtain permission to use all copyrighted illustrations reproduced in this book. Nonetheless, whosoever believes to have rights to this material is advised to contact the publisher. * boek Cookies ed. AUP.indd 4 24-07-09 15:14 Process Black * boek Cookies ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Locating the International Connections of National Spaces of Conflict in The
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2012 The common trs uggle: locating the international connections of national spaces of conflict in the Francophone world Mark Huntsman Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the French and Francophone Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Huntsman, Mark, "The ommonc struggle: locating the international connections of national spaces of conflict in the Francophone world" (2012). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 437. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/437 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. THE COMMON STRUGGLE: LOCATING THE INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS OF NATIONAL SPACES OF CONFLICT IN THE FRANCOPHONE WORLD A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical ColleGe in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the deGree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of French Studies by Mark Huntsman B.A. University of Wisconsin 2002 M.A. Louisiana State University 2007 December 2012 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The amount of thanks I owe Professor Adelaide Russo cannot be overstated. DatinG back to my earliest days as a Graduate student, she has dedicated tremendous amounts of time and effort to helpinG me develop as a scholar and as a person. The amount of encouragement she has Given, as well as the patience she has demonstrated, have been nothinG short of extraordinary.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Oklahoma Graduate College
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE REPURPOSING THE COMPARATIVE METHOD FOR PAWNEE LANGUAGE AND DIALECT REVITALIZATION A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN APPLIED LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY By ZACHARY RICE Norman, Oklahoma 2016 REPURPOSING THE COMPARATIVE METHOD FOR PAWNEE LANGUAGE AND DIALECT REVITALIZATION A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY ______________________________ Dr. Racquel-María Sapién, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Marcia Haag ______________________________ Dr. Gus Palmer, Jr. © Copyright by ZACHARY RICE 2016 All Rights Reserved. This work is dedicated to the past, present, and future generations of Pawnee people. May we always be adamant in regard to who we are and where we come from. In addition, this work is dedicated to my uncle, the late Thomas E. KnifeChief. He is one of the men responsible for my interest in the revitalization of our Pawnee language. Acknowledgements My graduate thesis would not have been possible without the previous work carried out by Pawnee and Arikara speakers and researchers. I am indebted to the numerous named and unnamed speakers who worked with John B. Dunbar, Gene Weltfish, Dr. Douglas Parks, and Dr. Francesca Merlan. I am also extremely grateful to Dr. Gene Weltfish and Dr. Douglas Parks for their contributions to the linguistic analysis of the Pawnee language. I am also very grateful to my committee chair, Dr. Racquel-María Sapién, for your earnest support and guidance throughout this process. There is no way I would have completed this or met any of my deadlines without you. I would also like to thank Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Sociophonetics
    International Congress of Phonetic Sciences Monday 05 August 2019 Plenary 3 09:00 09:15 Opening ceremony 10:00 Plenary Chairperson: Janet Fletcher Crosslinguistic variation, phonetic variability, and the formation of categories in intonation Amalia Arvaniti 11:00 Morning Tea Main Foyer 2 & 3 Plenary 3 Room 216 Room 217 Room 218 Room 219 Room 220 11:30 Sociophonetics: Language variation Phonetics of emotion: Producing Phonetics of L2: perception of Phonetics-phonology: Vowel acoustics Production: Laryngeal articulation and Production: Tone and change emotional speech suprasegmentals at the phonetics-phonology interface voice quality Chairperson: Adrian Simpson Chairperson: Chris Davis Chairperson: Kiwako Ito Chairperson: Brett Baker Chairperson: Patricia Keating Chairperson: David Bradley Cross-language perception of Italian Acoustico-physiological coordination in An acoustic and articulatory and Japanese consonant length The sociophonetics of /R/-vocalization Vocal attractiveness in Cantonese: A Paradigm Effects and Fuzzy Contrasts in the Human Beatbox: A pilot study on investigation of citation tones in contrasts: comparison of native Italian in Luxembourgish production study Spanish Syllabification the beatboxed classic kick drum. Singaporean Mandarin using laryngeal listeners with and without Japanese François Conrad Albert Lee, Eva Ng Ane Icardo Isasa, Jose Ignacio Hualde Alexis Dehais Underdown, Lise Crevier ultrasound language learning experience Buchman, Demolin Didier Zhi Yun Dawn Poh, Scott Moisik Kimiko Tsukada, John Hajek 11:45
    [Show full text]
  • American Indian Tribal List: Native American Tribes and Languages
    American Indian Tribal List: Native American Tribes and Languages Submit your writing Support our organization What's new on our site today! Find Native American ancestors in your family tree Native Languages of the Americas: List of Native American Indian Tribes and Languages Hello, and welcome to Native Languages of the Americas! We are a small non-profit organization dedicated to preserving and promoting American Indian tribal languages, particularly through the use of Internet technology. Our website is not beautiful. Probably, it never will be. But this site has inner beauty, for it is, or will be, a compendium of online materials about more than a thousand Native American tribes of the Western Hemisphere and the indigenous languages they speak. Alphabetical master list of American Indian tribes and languages Chart of Native American tribal names in their original language and their current version American Indian language families showing the relationships between languages Vocabulary lists from the languages of various American Indian tribes. List of the indigenous American peoples featured on our site Geographical index of Indian tribes grouped by continent, country, and state or province, some with maps. Maps of American Indian culture areas in the Western Hemisphere. Links to American Indian books and other resources Online collection of American Indian mythology and traditional stories Information for Kids on dozens of Native American tribes Links to general Native American language resources http://www.native-languages.org/languages.htm
    [Show full text]