DOCSLIB.ORG

Loup” Languages of Western Massachusetts: the Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Loup” Languages of Western Massachusetts: the Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian The “Loup” Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian IVES GODDARD Smithsonian Institution INTRODUCTION It is a remarkable fact that the area of the traditional Algonquian-speaking world that was apparently the most diverse linguistically is also the least well known, and even more remarkable, perhaps, that this largely over- looked area is not on some remote tundra but in western Massachusetts, where we might not have expected such neglect. In this paper I hope to cast some feeble light into this dark corner and to make a preliminary attempt to map in greater detail than previously the linguistic diversity of all of Southern New England Algonquian (SNEA), the languages that were spoken over most of southern New England and Long Island. The dialectal diversity of southern New England was rst noted by Roger Williams (1643:107 [105]) and John Eliot (1666:2), the two great Algonquianist pioneers of the seventeenth century. Using what we can now see are the reexes of Proto-Eastern Algonquian *r, illustrated by the word for ‘dog’ (PEA *DUΩP < PA *DșHPZD), they divided the languages of the area covered by the states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island into several large blocks (1).1 1. Abbreviations: AI = animate intransitive; anim. = animate; dial. = dialect; EAb = Eastern Abenaki; EMah = Eastern Mahican; II = inanimate intransitive; inan. = inani- mate; imp. = imperative; loc. = locative; Mah = Mahican; Mass = Massachusett; Mes = Meskwaki; Mun = Munsee; Narr = Narragansett; obv. = obviative; PA = Proto-Algon- quian; PEA = Proto-Eastern Algonquian; p, pl. = plural; s, sg. = singular; SNEA = Southern New England Algonquian; TA = transitive animate; TI = transitive inanimate; TI(1) = Class 1 TI; Un = Unami; WAb = Western Abenaki; WMah = Western Mahican. Pronominal glosses: 1s = 1st singular; 2p = 2nd plural; 3 = 3rd obviative; 1s-3s = rst singular acting on third singular. 104 THE “LOUP” LANGUAGES OF WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS 105 (1) 5HÀH[HVRI3URWR±(DVWHUQ$OJRQTXLDQ ULQWKHZRUGIRUµGRJ¶ µGRJ¶ 5RJHU:LOOLDPV -RKQ(OLRW /DQJXDJH /n/ /anm/ ߧAnùmߨ (“Cowweset”) ߧAnúmߨ (“we 0DVVDFKXVHWWV”) [Massachusett] /y/ /aym/ ߧAyímߨ (“Narriganset”) [Narragansett] /l/ /alm/ ߧAlùmߨ (“Neepmuck”) ߧAlúmߨ (“1LSPXN,QGLDQV”) [Nipmuck] /r/ /arm/ ߧArúmߨ (“Qunnippiuck”) [Quiripi] /r/ /arm/ ߧArúmߨ (“1RUWKHUQ,QGLDQs”) [language?] Massachusett, in easternmost Massachusetts, had /n/, and the /n/ area extended west as far as East Greenwich, Rhode Island, to include the Cow- eset dialect. Beyond that, the reex was /y/, starting with Narragansett, which was otherwise a dialect of Massachusett, and including Mohegan- Pequot (which was not named). An /r/ was found in western Connecti- cut (near New Haven) and in far northeastern Massachusetts and Maine. (Exactly what Eliot meant by “the 1RUWKHUQ ,QGLDQV” is not known, but they were presumably between the Massachusett and the Etchemin (God- dard 1978:70–71).) And with /l/ was the language of the Nipmucks, who lived in central Massachusetts. Linguists knew hardly more about the /l/-Algonquian of the interior than this word for ‘dog’ until they were able to consult two mid-eighteenth- century manuscripts from the French missions in Canada that record the speech of people called /RXSV. The longer of these, titled “Mots Loups,” was written by Jean-Claude Mathevet, probably sometime after 1749. The careful edition by Gordon Day includes photographs of all pages (Day 1975); a master’s thesis by Holly Gustafson (2000), written under David Pentland, lists the inected words by category. The much shorter “Langue de[s] Loups,” which remains unpublished, has been attributed to François- Auguste Magon de Terlaye (Hanzeli 1969:128; Goddard 2008:248, 313); although its authorship has not been demonstrated, it is here referred to for convenience as being by Terlaye. If it is indeed by him it must have been written in 1755 or later.2 I will continue the convention of distinguishing 2. The manuscript (Magon de Terlaye 1755) is among miscellaneous writings in several hands on both Algonquian and Iroquoian languages. I have worked from photographs kindly sent to me by Gordon Day, which are more easily read than the available micro- lm. David Pentland (personal communication, 2012) has pointed out that the handwrit- ing does not match that of other manuscripts believed to be by Terlaye. The authorship and date merit further investigation. 106 IVES GODDARD what Mathevet called /RXS as “Loup A” and using the label “Loup B” for what Terlaye referred to as /RXS (Goddard 1978:71–72). The French term /RXS (literally ‘wolf’) translated the Algonquin name for the Mahican, a borrowing of the Mahican self-designation that was assimilated to general Ojibwe PDҌLLQJDQ, the name for the animal (Brasser 1978:211; Goddard 2008:261, 300). Despite this specic origin, already in the seventeenth century /RXS began to be extended to any East- ern Algonquians for whom a more specic name like Abenaki was not known. VARIATION IN LOUP A Loup A is placed in the Eastern Algonquian dialect continuum in (2). The reexes of PEA *hm sort the languages shown into three groups: Delaware- Mahican (which retains /hm/ or reduces it to /h/),3 SNEA (which has plain /m/), and Abenaki (which has /p/). (2) 5HÀH[HVRIGLDJQRVWLF3($FRQVRQDQWVDQGVXI¿[HVLQVRPHODQJXDJHV 3($ *hm *r *-hmna 1p *-hmwa 2p 'HODZDUH0DKLFDQ Munsee hm r > l -hna -hmwa Western Mahican hm n -hnah -hmah Eastern Mahican hm n -hnah -hmah 61($ Loup A [1] m l -mn -m [2] m l -mn -m “Quiripi” m r, y -mn — “Narragansett” m y, n -mn — Massachusett m n -mn -mw4 3. By a minor sound law shared by Munsee and Mahican, PEA *KPΩQ was reduced to /hn/. 4. Mass PΩZ2p has incorporated ΩZ, the second plural sufx in some other paradigms (Goddard 2007:229). THE “LOUP” LANGUAGES OF WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS 107 $EHQDNL Western Abenaki p l -pna -pa Eastern Abenaki (Caniba dial.) p r -pna -pa (Penobscot dial.) p l -pna -p5 The plain /m/ in the rst and second plural intransitive sufxes puts Loup A in SNEA, but Mathevet’s paradigms are actually of two distinct types, neither of which has an exact match among the other known SNEA lan- guages. One type (labeled “Loup A [1]” in (2)) has the same regular loss of word-nal Proto–Eastern Algonquian vowels as in Massachusett, but without the reshaping of the second plural sufx that is found in that lan- guage. The other type (called for the nonce “Loup A [2]”) has an added word-nal /-/ in both plural sufxes. The added word-nal /-/ in the “Loup A [2]” intransitive paradigms also appears in transitive paradigms, and in fact there are two different inections for TA verbs with this feature. Verbal inections thus point to the existence of three distinct languages that are represented in the Loup A manuscript. I have proposed to call “Loup A [1]” simply Loup 1 (Goddard 2007:228), and to refer to the other two varieties of Loup A as Loup 2 and Loup 3 (Goddard 2007:235–236, 2008:294–296). Loup 2 is like Munsee in retaining the older shape of the Z-endings (the endings that make the TA objective paradigms), with /w/ before the peripheral sufxes (e.g., /-ak/ anim. pl.) and in the rst plural endings (3).6 (3) 7$2EMHFWLYH'LUHFWLQ0XQVHH/RXSDQG0DVVDFKXVHWW 0XQVHH /RXS 0DVVDFKXVHWW 1s-3s n—a·w n— n— 1s-3p n—·wak n—wak n—ak 3s-3 w—·wal w—wa(h) w—h 1p-3s n—·w na n—wn n—wn 1p-3p n—a·w n·nak n—wnnak n—wnnak 5. In the Penobscot dialect, EAb /-pa/ 2p (preserved in the older-attested Caniba dialect) has been replaced by /-p/, which has taken over /-/ from sufxed forms and other paradigms. The equivalent innovation is found in Maliseet-Passamaquoddy (Goddard 2007:228), 6. TA objective direct forms of Loup 2 are on pages 19, 24, 71, 72, 83, 89, and 111 of Mathevet’s manuscript (Gustafson 2000:78–80). 108 IVES GODDARD Massachusett has basically the same paradigm as Munsee and Loup 2, with some phonological changes. In the Massachusett ending for rst (and second) singular on third plural (/-ak/) the *Z has dropped by a regular sound law, but the animate plural peripheral sufx /–ak/ remains as a sepa- rate syllable.7 In the corresponding endings in Loup 3, by contrast, the /w/ has every- where disappeared. With a rst (or second) singular subject the animate plu- ral sufx is just /-k/, as in Eastern Mahican and the Abenaki languages (4).8 (4) 7$'LUHFWLQ(DVWHUQ0DKLFDQ/RXSDQG:HVWHUQ$EHQDNL (0DKLFDQ /RXS :$EHQDNL 1s-3s n—w n— n— 1s-3p n—k n—k n—k 3s-3 w—h w—(h) w— (< earlier /w—h/)9 1p-3s n—na n—n n—nna 1p-3p n—nk n—nawak n—nnawak Loup 2 and Loup 3 also have different rst plural sufxes (see (3), (4)). Again, Loup 2 agrees with Massachusett (having the old non-nal exclusive sufx PEA *ΩQƗQ), and Loup 3 agrees with Abenaki (having the old non- nal inclusive sufx PEA *ΩQDZ). The verbal paradigms thus suggest that Loup 1 was geographically closest to Massachusett, Loup 3 was closest to Western Abenaki, and Loup 2 was in between. The nasal vowel // of some Eastern Algonquian languages is the regular reex of PEA *Ɨ and PA *a· (Goddard 1978:75, Table 2, no. 5). The word-nal /-/ in Loup 2 and Loup 3 that is not found in other East- ern languages continues a PA *a· that was retained as PEA *Ɨ before a consonant-initial enclitic but shortened to PEA *a by regular sound change before a pause. The original alternation between the two allomorphs sur- 7. The /w/ is retained in this ending in a Native document from Martha’s Vineyard (Goddard in Goddard and Bragdon 1988:519).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Conference Native Land Acknowledgement
    2021 Massachusetts & Rhode Island Land Conservation Conference Land Acknowledgement It is important that we as a land conservation community acknowledge and reflect on the fact that we endeavor to conserve and steward lands that were forcibly taken from Native people. Indigenous tribes, nations, and communities were responsible stewards of the area we now call Massachusetts and Rhode Island for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, and Native people continue to live here and engage in land and water stewardship as they have for generations. Many non-Native people are unaware of the indigenous peoples whose traditional lands we occupy due to centuries of systematic erasure. I am participating today from the lands of the Pawtucket and Massachusett people. On the screen I’m sharing a map and alphabetical list – courtesy of Native Land Digital – of the homelands of the tribes with territories overlapping Massachusetts and Rhode Island. We encourage you to visit their website to access this searchable map to learn more about the Indigenous peoples whose land you are on. Especially in a movement that is committed to protection, stewardship and restoration of natural resources, it is critical that our actions don’t stop with mere acknowledgement. White conservationists like myself are really only just beginning to come to terms with the dispossession and exclusion from land that Black, Indigenous, and other people of color have faced for centuries. Our desire to learn more and reflect on how we can do better is the reason we chose our conference theme this year: Building a Stronger Land Movement through Diversity, Equity and Inclusion.
    [Show full text]
  • BIRTH of BOSTON PURITANS CREATE “CITY UPON a HILL” by Our Newssheet Writer in Boston September 8, 1630
    BIRTH OF BOSTON PURITANS CREATE “CITY UPON A HILL” By our newssheet writer in Boston September 8, 1630 URITAN elders declared yesterday that the Shawmut Peninsula will be called P“Boston” in the future. The seat of government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which began two years ago, will also be in Boston. It follows a meeting between John Winthrop, the colony’s elected governor and clergyman William Blackstone, one of the first settlers to live in Trimount on the peninsula, so called because of its three “mountains.” Blackstone recommended its spring waters. Winthrop (pictured) left England earlier this year to lead ships across the Atlantic. Of the hundreds of passengers on board, many were Puritans seeking religious freedom, eager to start a new life in New England. They had prepared well, bringing many horses and cows with them. The new governor, a member of the English upper classes, brought the royal charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company with him. However, the company’s charter did not impose control from England—the colony would be effectively self-governing. Arriving in Cape Ann, the passengers went ashore and picked fresh strawberries—a welcome change from shipboard life! Colonists had previously settled in the area, but dwellings had been abandoned after many had died in drastically reduced by disease. But Winthrop the harsh winter or were starving. is taking few chances by spreading out One early colonist was Roger Conant, who settlements to make it difficult for potentially established Salem near the Native Naumkeag hostile groups to attack. people. But Winthrop and the other Puritan In time, Winthrop believes many more leaders chose not to settle there, but to continue Puritans will flock to his “City upon a Hill” to the search for their own Promised Land.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Sports and Active Recreation Resource Guide
    Adaptive Sports and Active Recreation Resource Guide: Massachusetts Organizations and programs providing sports and active recreation opportunities for children and youth with special needs Updated May 2015 Introduction Community-based sports and active recreation activities are beneficial to children on many levels. They provide children with an opportunity to exercise, improve fitness, increase self-esteem, and to make friends. This Guide provides a sample of programs and opportunities primarily in Massachusetts (some New England area). If you know of other recreation programs that should be included in this Guide please contact Maria Fragala-Pinkham, PT, DPT, MS at [email protected] or (617) 254-3800 dial 1 at prompt then x2280. This Guide was originally developed in 2005 and is updated periodically. For the most up to date version of this Guide, please refer Franciscan Hospital for Children’s website at franciscanhospital.org/recguide. Thanks to the following individuals who contributed to the initial development of this Guide: Rachel Buonopane, PT; Shelley Goodgold, PT; Jennifer Cardella, OT; Megan Boyce, OT; Christine Peters, OT. The development of this resource was originally funded as part of fitness project grants from the Deborah Monroe Noonan Foundation and the John W. Alden Trust. Table of Contents Active Recreation and Sports Programs-----------------------------------------------------------3-8 Multisport Programs----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-6 Special Olympics----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
    [Show full text]
  • A Chapter in Penobscot History
    The Rebirth of a Nation? A Chapter in Penobscot History NICHOLAS N. SMITH Brunswick, Maine THE EARLIEST PERIOD The first treaty of peace between the Maine Indians and the English came to a successful close in 1676 (Williamson 1832.1:519), and it was quickly followed by a second with other Indians further upriver. On 28 April 1678, the Androscoggin, Kennebec, Saco and Penobscot went to Casco Bay and signed a peace treaty with commissioners from Massachusetts. By 1752 no fewer than 13 treaties were signed between Maine Indians negotiating with commissioners representing the Colony of Massachu­ setts, who in turn represented the English Crown. In 1754, George II of England, defining Indian tribes as "independent nations under the protec­ tion of the Crown," declared that henceforth only the Crown itself would make treaties with Indians. In 1701 Maine Indians signed the Great Peace of Montreal (Havard [1992]: 138); in short, the French, too, recognized the Maine tribes as sov­ ereign entities with treaty-making powers. In 1776 the colonies declared their independence, terminating the Crown's regulation of treaties with Maine Indians; beween 1754 and 1776 no treaties had been made between the Penobscot and England. On 19 July 1776 the Penobscot, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Micmac Indi­ ans acknowledged the independence of the American colonies, when a delegation from the tribes went to George Washington's headquarters to declare their allegiance to him and offered to fight for his cause. John Allan, given a Colonel's rank, was the agent for the Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Micmac, but refused to work with the Penobscot, ..
    [Show full text]
  • The Beginning of Winchester on Massachusett Land
    Posted at www.winchester.us/480/Winchester-History-Online THE BEGINNING OF WINCHESTER ON MASSACHUSETT LAND By Ellen Knight1 ENGLISH SETTLEMENT BEGINS The land on which the town of Winchester was built was once SECTIONS populated by members of the Massachusett tribe. The first Europeans to interact with the indigenous people in the New Settlement Begins England area were some traders, trappers, fishermen, and Terminology explorers. But once the English merchant companies decided to The Sachem Nanepashemet establish permanent settlements in the early 17th century, Sagamore John - English Puritans who believed the land belonged to their king Wonohaquaham and held a charter from that king empowering them to colonize The Squaw Sachem began arriving to establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Local Tradition Sagamore George - For a short time, natives and colonists shared the land. The two Wenepoykin peoples were allies, perhaps uneasy and suspicious, but they Visits to Winchester were people who learned from and helped each other. There Memorials & Relics were kindnesses on both sides, but there were also animosities and acts of violence. Ultimately, since the English leaders wanted to take over the land, co- existence failed. Many sachems (the native leaders), including the chief of what became Winchester, deeded land to the Europeans and their people were forced to leave. Whether they understood the impact of their deeds or not, it is to the sachems of the Massachusetts Bay that Winchester owes its beginning as a colonized community and subsequent town. What follows is a review of written documentation KEY EVENTS IN EARLY pertinent to the cultural interaction and the land ENGLISH COLONIZATION transfers as they pertain to Winchester, with a particular focus on the native leaders, the sachems, and how they 1620 Pilgrims land at Plymouth have been remembered in local history.
    [Show full text]
  • The People's Planning Initiative of Allston Brighton Community Development Corporation
    Merrimack College Merrimack ScholarWorks Community Engagement Student Work Education Student Work Spring 2020 The People’s Planning Initiative of Allston Brighton Community Development Corporation Cassondra Y. White Merrimack College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.merrimack.edu/soe_student_ce Part of the Civic and Community Engagement Commons, Community-Based Research Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Social Policy Commons, Social Statistics Commons, and the Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons Recommended Citation White, Cassondra Y., "The People’s Planning Initiative of Allston Brighton Community Development Corporation" (2020). Community Engagement Student Work. 42. https://scholarworks.merrimack.edu/soe_student_ce/42 This Capstone - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Education Student Work at Merrimack ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Community Engagement Student Work by an authorized administrator of Merrimack ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Running head: PEOPLE’S PLANNING INITIATIVE 1 The People’s Planning Initiative of Allston Brighton Community Development Corporation Cassondra Y. White Merrimack College 2020 PEOPLE’S PLANNING INITIATIVE 2 MERRIMACK COLLEGE CAPSTONE PAPER SIGNATURE PAGE CAPSTONE SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF EDUCATION IN COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT CAPSTONE TITLE: The People’s Planning Initiative of Allston Brighton Community Development Corporation AUTHOR: Cassondra Y. White THE CAPSTONE PAPER HAS BEEN ACCEPTED BY THE COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAM IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION IN COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT. Audrey Falk , Ed.D. May 4, 2020 DIRECTOR, COMMUNITY SIGNATURE DATE ENGAGEMENT Melissa Nemon, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • NATIVE AMERICANS in MASSACHUSETTS: NEW HOMECOMINGS and ONGOING DISPLACEMENTS by J
    NATIVE AMERICANS IN MASSACHUSETTS: NEW HOMECOMINGS AND ONGOING DISPLACEMENTS By J. Cedric Woods, Director, Institute for New England Native American Studies, UMass Boston hat is now the Commonwealth of For these people, catastrophic population loss followed Massachusetts, was, is and always will sustained contact with Europeans due to disease, Wbe Indian Country. The names used enslavement and warfare, but nevertheless Native for the inhabitants and settlements of this land have Peoples are still very much present in Massachusetts. changed over the last 10,000 years, but thousands of The trends of loss and survival would continue, Indigenous Peoples from the Massachusett, Nipmuc although punctuated by periods of stabilization, and Wampanoag tribes historically resided in the areas throughout much of the 17th century. The 18th century on which this section focuses: the town of Aquinnah brought new challenges as the ongoing entanglement on Martha’s Vineyard (what Natives call Noepe) and of Natives in European, and later American, military the Greater Boston region (Figure 4.1). conflicts and physically dangerous employment (like FIGURE 4.1 Several distinct Native Peoples inhabited what is now Massachusetts and points south. Tribal territories of Southern New England. Around 1600. Author: Nikater, adapted to English by Hydrargyrum. Retrieved from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png#/media/File:Tribal_Territories_ Southern_New_England.png 41 NATIVE AMERICANS IN MASSACHUSETTS whaling) led to chronically disproportionate loss For those unfamiliar with ongoing trends in Indian of life, particularly of Native men (Figure 4.2). The Country demographics, a look at the most commonly 19th century saw efforts by the Commonwealth to used Census data for the Massachusetts Native politically dismantle Native communities (whether population may be deceiving.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpreting Penobscot Indian Dispossession Between 1808 and 1835 Jacques Ferland
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Maine Maine History Volume 43 Article 3 Number 2 Reconstructing Maine's Wabanaki History 8-1-2007 Tribal Dissent or White Aggression?: Interpreting Penobscot Indian Dispossession Between 1808 and 1835 Jacques Ferland Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/ mainehistoryjournal Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Ferland, Jacques. "Tribal Dissent or White Aggression?: Interpreting Penobscot Indian Dispossession Between 1808 and 1835." Maine History 43, 2 (2007): 124-170. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mainehistoryjournal/vol43/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maine History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. John Neptune served as Lieutenant-Governor of the Penobscot Nation for over fifty years. He, along with Tribal Governor John Attean, presided over the tribe during a period of turmoil in Penobscot history — a time marked by land dis- possession and subsequent tribal division in the first part of the nineteenth cen- tury. The portrait was painted by Obadiah Dickinson in 1836 and hung in the Blaine House for many years. Courtesy of the Maine Arts Commission. TRIBAL DISSENT OR WHITE AGGRESSION?: INTERPRETING PENOBSCOT INDIAN DISPOSSES- SION BETWEEN 1808 AND 1835. BY JACQUES FERLAND “I now come to the time when our Tribe was separated into two fac- tions[,] the old and the new Party. I am sorry to speak of it as it was very detrimental to our tribe as there was but few of us the remnant of a once powerful tribe.” So spoke Penobscot tribal leader John Attean, re- calling the 1834-1835 breach in tribal politics that shook the edifice of community and cohesion among the Penobscot people.
    [Show full text]
  • King Philip's Ghost: Race War and Remembrance in the Nashoba Regional School
    King Philip’s Ghost: Race War and Remembrance in the Nashoba Regional School District By Timothy H. Castner 1 The gruesome image still has the power to shock. A grim reminder of what Thoreau termed the Dark Age of New England. The human head was impaled upon a pole and raised high above Plymouth. The townspeople had been meeting for a solemn Thanksgiving filled with prayers and sermons, celebrating the end of the most brutal and genocidal war in American history. The arrival and raising of the skull marked a symbolic high point of the festivities. Many years later the great Puritan minister, Cotton Mather, visited the site and removed the jaw bone from the then exposed skull, symbolically silencing the voice of a person long dead and dismembered. There the skull remained for decades, perhaps as long as forty years as suggested by historian Jill Lepore. Yet while his mortal remains went the way of all flesh, Metacom or King Philip, refused to be silenced. He haunts our landscape, our memories and our self-conception. How might we choose to live or remember differently if we paused to learn and listen? For Missing Image go to http://www.telegram.com/apps/pbcsi.dll/bilde?NewTbl=1&Site=WT&Date=20130623&Category=COULTER02&Art No=623009999&Ref=PH&Item=75&Maxw=590&Maxh=450 In June of 2013 residents of Bolton and members of the Nashoba Regional School District had two opportunities to ponder the question of the Native American heritage of the area. On June 9th at the Nashoba Regional Graduation Ceremony, Bolton resident and Nashoba Valedictorian, Alex Ablavsky questioned the continued use of the Chieftain and associated imagery, claiming that it was a disrespectful appropriation of another groups iconography which tarnished his experience at Nashoba.
    [Show full text]
  • King Philip's War in Maine
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 1-1970 King Philip's War in Maine John O. Noble Jr. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Noble, John O. Jr., "King Philip's War in Maine" (1970). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3256. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3256 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. KING PHILIP’S WAR IN MAINE By JOHN O. NOBLE, JR. A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (in History) The Graduate School University of Maine Orono January, 1970 KING PHILIP'S WAR IN MAINE By John 0. Noble, Jr. An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (in History). January, 1970 A study was made of the Indian war in Maine, which started in the late summer of 1675 and continued until the spring of *1678 The causes and consequences of the war are presented as they relate to the situation on the Northern colonial frontier (Maine), and as they contrast to the war and social situation in southern New England. The two major campaigns of the war in Maine are examined in detail. Three political questions are discussed as related to the war: (1) the legal control of Maine (2) the support of the war effort by the United Colonies of New England; and (3) the pacification effort of Massachusetts and New York to subdue the Maine Indians.
    [Show full text]
  • Centerpiece of Research on the Penobscot Experimental Forest: the U.S
    CENTERPIECE OF RESEARCH ON THE PENOBSCOT EXPERIMENTAL FOREST: THE U.S. FOREST SERVICE LONG-TERM SILVICULTURAL STUDY John C. Brissette and Laura S. Kenefic Abstract.—Established between 1952 and 1957, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service experiment comparing several silvicultural treatments is not only the centerpiece of research on the Penobscot Experimental Forest in Maine, it is also one of the longest-running, replicated studies of how management techniques influence forest dynamics in North America. Ten treatments representing even- and uneven- aged silvicultural systems and exploitative cutting are replicated twice on operational- scale experimental units averaging 21 acres in size. Treatments are applied uniformly to experimental units in accordance with prescriptions designed to direct both stand structure and composition. In some treatments harvests are scheduled at intervals (e.g., 5, 10, or 20 years); in others, harvests are triggered by stand conditions. Each experimental unit, or compartment (most recently termed management unit), has an average of 18 permanent sample plots (PSPs) for measuring attributes of trees ≥0.5 inches in diameter at breast height. Tree regeneration and other vegetation are measured on multiple subplots within each PSP. Measurements are taken before and after harvests and, in many treatments, at intervals between harvests. Over the past 60 years, this long-term experiment and associated short-term studies have generated fundamental knowledge about forest ecosystems and silvicultural guidelines for the northern conifer forest type, and, in a more general sense, have contributed to our understanding of mixed-species forest science and management. INTRODUCTION research has proceeded on the PEF with periodic harvests and regular re-measurement of treatment Between 1952 and 1957 the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Basketry of the Wabanaki Indians
    Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-3934-5_10220-2 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 Basketry of the Wabanaki Indians Jennifer S. Neptunea* and Lisa K. Neumanb* aMaine Indian Basketmakers Alliance, Indian Island, ME, USA bThe University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA The Wabanaki The Wabanaki (People of the Dawn Land) are living Algonquian-speaking indigenous Native North Americans whose traditional homelands comprise what is today northern New England in the United States as well as Southeastern Quebec and the Canadian maritime provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. In the United States, there are five federally recognized Wabanaki tribes, all of which reside in the state of Maine: the Penobscot Nation (with a reservation in Penobscot County, Maine), the Passamaquoddy Tribe at Pleasant Point or Sipayik (with a reservation in Washington County, Maine), the Passamaquoddy Tribe at Indian Township (also with a reservation in Washington County, Maine), the Houlton Band of Maliseet (in Aroostook County, Maine), and the Aroostook Band of Micmac (also in Aroostook County, Maine). The Wabanaki also own trust lands (property with federal status owned by the tribe or tribal members) and fee lands (taxable property owned by tribal members but for which a tribe regulates use) in other parts of the state of Maine (Fig. 1). As of 2014, there were approximately 8,000 people on the membership rolls of the five Wabanaki tribes in Maine, with a far greater number in Canada. A note here on terminology is important to avoid confusion.
    [Show full text]