DOCSLIB.ORG

Natürliche Analoga Im Wirtsgestein Salz

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Natürliche Analoga Im Wirtsgestein Salz Natürliche Analoga im Wirtsgestein Salz Teil 1 Generelle Studie (2011) Teil 2 Detailstudien (2012 – 2013) GRS - 365 Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) gGmbH Natürliche Analoga im Wirtsgestein Salz Teil 1 Generelle Studie (2011) Teil 2 Detailstudien (2012 – 2013) Thomas Brasser Christine Fahrenholz Herbert Kull Artur Meleshyn Heike Mönig Ulrich Noseck Dagmar Schönwiese Jens Wolf Dezember 2014 Anmerkung: Das diesem Bericht zugrunde liegende F&E-Vorhaben wurde im Auftrag des Bundesministe- riums für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) unter dem Kennzeichen FKZ 02E10719 durchgeführt. Die Arbeiten wurden von der Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) gGmbH ausgeführt. Die Verantwortung für den Inhalt dieser Veröffentlichung liegt al- leine bei den Autoren. GRS - 365 ISBN 978-3-944161-46-4 Deskriptoren: Barriere, Endlager, Geochemie, Geologie, Geomechanik, Integrität, mikrobielle Prozesse, Sicherheitsnachweis Vorwort Der vorliegende Bericht stellt die Ergebnisse der Studien zu Natürlichen Analoga im Wirtsgestein Salz zusammen, die im Rahmen des Projektes ISIBEL-II (FKZ: 02E10719) durchgeführt wurden. Diese Arbeiten wurden in zwei Schritten durchge- führt: Im Jahr 2011 erfolgte zunächst eine Zusammenstellung vorhandener Studien und Untersuchungen, die als Natürliche Analoga in einem Sicherheitsnachweis für ein Endlager für wärmeentwickelnde Abfälle Verwendung finden können. Die Bewertung zielte darauf ab, diejenigen Natürlichen Analoga zu identifizieren, die für das in ISIBEL- I (FKZ: 02E10055) entwickelte Sicherheits- und Nachweiskonzept eine Rolle spielen. Erfüllen Natürliche Analoga diese Voraussetzung nicht, ist ihre Verwendung im Sicher- heitsnachweis ohne Bedeutung und kann von den eigentlich zu machenden Aussagen ablenken. Bei dieser Vorgehensweise wurden auch einzelne, bisher hinsichtlich Natür- licher Analoga nicht betrachtete Aspekte identifiziert, für die deren Einsatz jedoch sinn- voll wäre; dies betrifft z. B. die Zerblockung von Anhydrit. Diese Arbeiten wurden 2011 mit einer Bewertung der zusammengestellten Studien hinsichtlich ihrer Verwendungs- möglichkeit als Natürliche Analoga in einem Sicherheitsnachweis abgeschlossen. Die Resultate dieser Arbeiten sind in Teil 1 des vorliegenden Berichtes zusammengefasst und wurden darüber hinaus 2012 auf dem vom Projektträger Karlsruhe (PTKA-WTE) und der Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) veranstalteten interna- tionalen Workshop “Natural Analogues for Safety Cases of Repositories in Rock Salt” präsentiert und diskutiert. Die Diskussionen im Rahmen dieses Workshops haben u. a. dazu geführt, eine Intensivierung von Arbeiten zu Natürlichen Analoga bei einigen si- cherheitsrelevanten Fragestellungen für sinnvoll zu erachten. 2012 waren auch Ergeb- nisse aus der vorläufigen Sicherheitsanalyse Gorleben (VSG) zugänglich, die einen Einfluss auf die Bewertung der 2011 durchgeführten Studie haben. Zu nennen sind hier z. B. neue Ergebnisse hinsichtlich einer Zerblockung von Anhydrit, der Bildung von kaltzeitlichen Rinnen, aber auch einer abweichenden Bewertung der Bedeutung von Erdbeben oder kryogener Klüfte in der VSG gegenüber der Bewertung im ISIBEL- Projekt. Auch die Anforderungen an das Barrierensystem sind in der VSG auf Grund der seit 2010 geltenden „Sicherheitsanforderungen an die Endlagerung wärmeentwi- ckelnder radioaktiver Abfälle“ etwas modifiziert. Beispielsweise müssen Behälter eine Funktionsdauer von 500 Jahren aufweisen, wodurch der Metallkorrosion wieder eine höhere Bedeutung zukommt. Auf dieser Grundlage wurden in den Jahren 2012 und 2013 neun Detailstudien zu sicherheitsrelevanten Themen durchgeführt, deren Ergeb- nisse im Teil 2 des vorliegenden Berichtes dokumentiert sind. Diese Dokumentation ist so konzipiert, dass alle Einzelstudien für sich abgeschlossen dargestellt und für den I Leser nutzbar sind. Aus diesem Grunde können sich auch einzelne Abbildungen und Literaturzitate wiederholen, die entweder bereits im Teil 1 oder einer anderen Detail- studie im Teil 2 aufgeführt worden sind. II Inhaltsverzeichnis Teil 1 Generelle Studie (2011) ........................................................................... 1 1 Einleitung zur generellen Studie ............................................................ 1 2 Natürliche Analoga im Langzeitsicherheitsnachweis ........................... 3 3 Natürliche Analoga im Sicherheits- und Nachweiskonzept für ein HAW-Endlager im Salzgestein ................................................................ 7 4 Natürliche Analoga für den Integritätsnachweis der geologischen Barriere ................................................................................................... 11 4.1 Grundlegende Argumente für die geologische Endlagerung .................... 11 4.1.1 Beständigkeit von Salzgesteinen ............................................................. 12 4.1.2 Wahrscheinlichkeit neotektonischer Ereignisse ....................................... 16 4.2 Erhalt der Integrität der geologischen Barriere ......................................... 17 4.2.1 Auswirkungen von Subrosion und Diapirismus ........................................ 17 4.2.2 Wegsamkeiten in der geologischen Barriere ............................................ 24 4.2.3 Mechanische Belastbarkeit von Salzgesteinen ........................................ 33 4.2.4 Thermische Belastbarkeit von Salzgesteinen ........................................... 35 5 Natürliche Analoga für den Integritätsnachweis der geotechni- schen Barrieren ..................................................................................... 39 5.1 Hydraulischer Widerstand der einschlusswirksamen Barrieren ................ 40 5.2 Langzeitverhalten von Verschlussmaterialien im salinaren Milieu ............ 42 5.2.1 Langzeitstabilität von Bentonit ................................................................. 43 5.2.2 Langzeitstabilität von zementhaltigen Materialien .................................... 46 5.2.3 Verhalten von organischen Materialien .................................................... 49 5.3 Kompaktionsverhalten des Salzgrusversatzes ......................................... 50 6 Natürliche Analoga für die Bewertung von Freisetzungsszenarien ... 53 6.1 Radionuklid-Rückhaltung im Nahfeld ....................................................... 53 6.1.1 Stabilität der Glasmatrix ........................................................................... 54 III 6.1.2 Stabilität der Uranmatrix .......................................................................... 57 6.1.3 Rückhaltung von Radionukliden ............................................................... 58 6.2 Radionuklid-Rückhaltung im Deckgebirge................................................ 61 7 Zusammenfassung und Bewertung ..................................................... 65 Literatur zu Teil 1 ...................................................................................................... 73 Teil 2 Detail-Studien (2012 - 2013) .................................................................. 93 8 Einleitung zu den Detail-Studien .......................................................... 93 9 Zerblockung von Anhydritschichten in Salzformationen ................... 97 9.1 Bedeutung für den Sicherheitsnachweis .................................................. 98 9.2 Erkenntnisse aus Labor-Experimenten und Modellrechnungen ............... 99 9.3 Natürliche Analoga ................................................................................ 104 9.3.1 Gorleben ................................................................................................ 105 9.3.2 Morsleben .............................................................................................. 107 9.4 Bewertung ............................................................................................. 108 9.4.1 Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit/Zeitskala/Ungewissheiten ......................... 108 9.4.2 Verwendungsmöglichkeit im Sicherheitsnachweis ................................. 109 9.4.3 Bewertung der Möglichkeit der Kommunikation ..................................... 109 9.5 Offene Fragen ....................................................................................... 109 9.6 Literatur zu Kapitel 9 .............................................................................. 110 10 Salzgruskompaktion ............................................................................ 113 10.1 Bedeutung für den Sicherheitsnachweis ................................................ 113 10.2 Erkenntnisse aus Labor- und In-situ-Experimenten und Modellrechnungen ................................................................................. 114 10.3 Natürliche Analoga ................................................................................ 120 10.3.1 Anforderungen an den zu untersuchenden Versatz und einen Analoga- Standort ................................................................................................. 120 10.3.2 Potentielle Analoga-Standorte für Untersuchungen zur Salzgruskompaktion .............................................................................. 121 IV 10.4 Bewertung ............................................................................................. 121 10.4.1 Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit/Zeitskala/Ungewissheiten ......................... 122 10.4.2 Verwendungsmöglichkeit im Sicherheitsnachweis ................................. 123 10.4.3 Bewertung der Möglichkeit der Kommunikation ....................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendices, Notes
    APPENDIX 1: Sample Confessions CH'U SSU ygo was a sect teacher from a village southeast of Peking. He was arrested in the fall of 1813. The rebels had considered and then rejected a plan for Ch'u Ssu to lead his men in an attack upon the imperial entourage as it returned from Jehol, and Ch'u was interrogated repeatedly about this plan. His various confessions about this and other matters, taken together with those of some of his associates, illustrate the kinds of information contained in con­ fessions, the reliability of such testimony, and the judicial process that produced them. A. First Interrogation of Ch'ii Ssu Memorial from the Grand Council and the Board of Punishments (KKCK 207.1, CC 18/9/24): On 9/23 we received a report from the censors for the south city [of Peking] saying that they had seized the criminal Ch'ii Ssu and [others]. They have been interrogated. The text of Ch'ii Ssu's confession is attached. Confession of Ch'ii Ssu (KKCK 208.1, 18/9/24) From T'ung district. Age thirty-six. Mother Miss Meng. Older brother Ch'ii Wen-hsiang. Wife Miss Ts'ai. My son Ch'ang-yu-r is ten. I was born the son of Ch'u Te-hsin but then I was adopted by Ch'u Wu. When I was nineteen, Liu Ti-wu brought me and Ch'ii Wen­ hsiang to take Ku Liang (who has since died) as our teacher. I entered the sect and recited the eight characters "Eternal Progenitor in Our Original Home in the World of True Emptiness." On the 14th day of the 8th month [of 1813] Lin Ch'ing told Liu Ti-wu to put me in charge of one to two hundred men and lead them to Yen-chiao [outside Peking] to rise up there.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transformation of Yunnan in Ming China from the Dali Kingdom to Imperial Province
    The Transformation of Yunnan in Ming China From the Dali Kingdom to Imperial Province Edited by Christian Daniels and Jianxiong Ma First published 2020 ISBN: 978-0-367-35336-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-33078-0 (ebk) 1 Salt, grain and the change of deities in early Ming western Yunnan Zhao Min (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Funder: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 1 Salt, grain and the change of deities in early Ming western Yunnan Zhao Min Introduction The Ming conquest of 1382 marked the beginning of the transformation of local society in Yunnan. The Mongol-Yuan relied heavily on the Duan 段, descendants of the royal family of the Dali kingdom (937–1253), to administrate local society in western Yunnan. The first Ming Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang, continued many Mon- gol-Yuan administrative policies in Yunnan. His practice of appointing local ethnic leaders as native officialstuguan ( 土官) to administer ethnic populations is well known. In addition, he implemented novel measures that became catalysts for change at the level of local society. One such case was the establishment of Guards and Battalions (weisuo 衛所) to control local society and to prevent unrest by indi- genous peoples, particularly those inhabiting the borders with Southeast Asia. The Mongol-Yuan had also stationed troops in Yunnan. However, the Ming innovated by establishing a system for delivering grain to the troops. The early Ming state solved the problem of provisioning the Guards and the Battalions in border areas through two methods. The first was to set up military colonies tuntian( 屯田), while demobilising seven out of every ten soldiers to grow food for the army.
    [Show full text]
  • [Type Text] a Geological Reappraisal of the Preesall Saltfield, Lancashire
    A geological reappraisal of the Preesall Saltfield, Lancashire, United Kingdom: recognizing geological factors relevant to gas storage Edward Hough, David J Evans and J Paul Williamson British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, UK Abstract Bedded salts are characteristic of halite developed in onshore UK, and are hosts or proposed hosts for underground gas storage sites in Cheshire, Dorset, Lancashire and Yorkshire. Geological assessments of proposed storage sites provide information that influences aspects of the planning, design and construction of facilities, including cavern and infrastructure placement and operational parameters. The Preesall Saltfield is located near Blackpool in north-west England and has been an area of interest for the underground storage of gas in solution mined caverns in thick bedded halite for over a decade. Interest in this area continues, driven by UK Government’s need for additional gas storage in a bid to stabilize supply as the UK makes a transition to become a net importer of natural gas. A comprehensive reassessment of the Preesall Saltfield has greatly improved the understanding of the structure, geology and processes that affect the area, providing key data that may influence the design of a proposed UGS facility. 3D modelling of the saltfield reveals it to be a north-trending half- graben, bound to the west by the Burn Naze Fault, preserving some of the thickest known halite deposits found onshore in the UK. Wet rockhead conditions are developed in the eastern part of the saltfield and were exacerbated during the 1900s due to poor brining techniques. Further migration of wet rockhead, which is now thought to be under a protective ‘brine blanket’, is unlikely if the current hydrogeological conditions persist.
    [Show full text]
  • Poems of the Late Tang Free Download
    POEMS OF THE LATE TANG FREE DOWNLOAD A. C. Graham | 176 pages | 14 Mar 2008 | The New York Review of Books, Inc | 9781590172575 | English | New York, United States Poems of the Late Tang by A C Graham Terry Parker. The work of Meng Chiao is a special gift. Like Li He, Li Poems of the Late Tang kept busy in the pleasure quarters, grumbling about not getting by and not getting noticed. These dual pairs have been considered to typify two divergent poetic streams which existed during each of these two times, the flourishing Poems of the Late Tang and the late Tang:. And immortal islands. Classical Chinese poetry Modern Chinese poetry. He also regarded that some poetry works in that book were not very well-written in terms of language skill and rhyme. Also available from:. Browning to page edges. NOT an ex-library copy, NO remainder mark. Were they, or will they be, shed on another day, or is he shedding them now for the sorrows of another day? We repay now the gold that you hung from the tower, to bring us to serve you, our lord — Dragon swords clutched in our hands raised high, now for our lord we shall die. New copy - Usually dispatched within 4 working days. Graham has a long introduction, modestly titled "The Translation of Chinese Poetry", with several great examples of how difficult translating this stuff is, both on the formal word-to-word level and on the higher meaning level. Thus, the genre may be divided into several major more-or-less chronological divisions, based on developmental stages or stylistic groupings sometimes even on personal friendships between poets.
    [Show full text]
  • Bamboo Branches out West : Zhuzhici in Xinjiang
    Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 現代中文文學學報 Volume 15 Issue 2 Vol. 15, No. 2 (Winter 2018) Article 2 2018 Bamboo branches out west : Zhuzhici in Xinjiang Stephen RODDY University of San Francisco Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.ln.edu.hk/jmlc Recommended Citation Roddy, S. (2018). Bamboo branches out west: Zhuzhici in Xinjiang. Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese, 15(2), 17-45. This Special Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Centre for Humanities Research 人文學科研究 中心 at Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 現代中文文學學報 by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. Bamboo Branches Out West: Zhuzhici in Xinjiang Stephen Roddy The University of San Francisco Balikun [Barköl] and Urumqi lie at the base of snow-covered moun- tains, making this region frigid and snowy. But their topography is level, and water and grasslands are ample […] Over the more than twenty years since the region came under imperial rule, the climate has gradually turned milder, and all five grains can now be grown there. Civil administrative districts have been created, local officials appointed to serve, and a heavy contingent of [imperial] troops sta- tioned to defend it. The high officials in charge there enjoy the full confidence of the Emperor, whose grand plan to assert our rule over this land [in 1759] has been proven to be brilliant and farsighted.1 巴里坤、烏魯木齊依雪山之背。故寒冷大雪。然地平坦。 水草足。自歸王化以來二十餘年。氣候漸和。五穀皆生。 置郡縣。設守令。鎮以重兵。統以親信大臣。一時之鉅制 雄圖。煌煌乎規模宏遠矣。(Qishiyi, 1:6b−7a) The author of this passage, a Manchu official named Qishiyi 七十 一 (zi Chunyuan 椿園, ?−1785), resided in Xinjiang for almost a decade during the 1760s−70s.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential of Industrial Symbiosis: Case Analysis and Main Drivers and Barriers to Its Implementation
    sustainability Article The Potential of Industrial Symbiosis: Case Analysis and Main Drivers and Barriers to Its Implementation Angela Neves 1,2,*, Radu Godina 3,* , Susana G. Azevedo 2,4 , Carina Pimentel 3,5 and João C.O. Matias 5 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal 2 University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; [email protected] 3 UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; [email protected] 4 CEFAGE—Department of Business and Economics, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal 5 GOVCOPP and DEGEIT, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.N.); [email protected] (R.G.) Received: 8 October 2019; Accepted: 9 December 2019; Published: 11 December 2019 Abstract: Industrial symbiosis, which is characterised mainly by the reuse of waste from one company as raw material by another, has been applied worldwide with recognised environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, the potential for industrial symbiosis is not exhausted in existing cases, and there is still a wide range of opportunities for its application. Through a comprehensive literature review, this article aims to compile and analyse studies that focus on potential industrial symbiosis in real contexts, to highlight the margin of optimisation that is not being used. The cases reported in the publications identified here were characterised and analysed according to geographic location, type of economic activity, waste/by-products, main benefits, and the methods employed in the studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Download The
    PROPERTY CONCEPTS AND INSTITUTIONS IN CHINA: DOES TRADITION ABIDE? by MarkThaddeus Kremzner B.A., Lehigh University, 1980 M.I.A., Columbia University, School of International Affairs, 1982 J.D., University of Maine, School of Law, 1989 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF LAWS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES THE FACULTY OF LAW We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1995 © Mark Thaddeus Kremzner, 1995 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) Abstract The premise of this paper is that in order to understand contemporary concepts and institutions of property in China one needs to be aware of the historical approaches towards the ownership and management of resources and assets. Legal institutions are a reflection of the ideological and material conditions of a society. The persistence or reappearance of these conditions suggests that there may be some similarities between traditional, primarily Confucian, and contemporary post-Maoist property concepts and institutions. This paper explores the social, economic and ideological basis of imperial era concepts of ownership and management of land resources and investigates the interaction between state and society, or the official and private spheres.
    [Show full text]
  • The Science and Industry of the Permian Hutchinson Salt
    The Geological Society of America Field Guide 52 The science and industry of the Permian Hutchinson Salt Marcia K. Schulmeister Earth Science Department, Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas 66801, USA Anna Sofi a Andeskie Kathleen C. Benison Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 25605, USA ABSTRACT The 120-m-thick Hutchinson Salt Member of the Permian Wellington Forma- tion of central Kansas supports multiple industries. Composed of bedded halite, gypsum/anhydrite, and minor siliciclastic mudstone, it was deposited by shallow saline waters in a warm, dry climate. Underground salt mines access the purest hori- zon, producing salt that is distributed through the United States and Canada. The vast space left by mining supports a prosperous commercial storage enterprise and a popular underground tourist attraction. Vertical solution-mined caverns host the nation’s primary midcontinent liquid petroleum gas storage industry. This fi eld trip will explore the origin and use of the Hutchinson Salt in core samples and subsur- face outcrops while meeting in an underground salt cavern, and above ground at a solution-mined storage cavern. INTRODUCTION The History of Salt Mining in Central Kansas The Hutchinson Salt, underlying an area of ~96,000 km2 The use of salt marshes and springs by Native Americans (37,000 mi2) mainly in central and south-central Kansas, is con- and early travelers is reported in central Kansas prior to the arrival sidered a saline giant (Walters, 1978; Fig. 1). It attains a thickness of European settlers (Sawin and Buchanan, 2002). Natural salt of up to 122 m in Kansas and is composed of ~60%–80% halite licks that formed from evaporated shallow pools attracted bison, (Kulstad, 1959; Walters, 1978).
    [Show full text]
  • The Technology of Ancient China Free
    FREE THE TECHNOLOGY OF ANCIENT CHINA PDF Robert Greenberger | 48 pages | 30 Jan 2006 | Rosen Central | 9781404205581 | English | New York, NY, United States History of science and technology in China - Wikipedia One of the most advanced ancient civilizations in recorded history, was the one that thrived in ancient China. The legacy of that civilization is that many scientific ideas, inventions, and technology of ancient China is still being used by the whole world today. Ancient Chinese civilization claims credit for many discoveries and invention of technologies like discovery of gunpowder or technology of manufacturing paper. Some of the other rare technologies that were invented in ancient China were firearms, seismoscope device used to detect earthquakesthat was made by Zhang Heng and was named as Houfeng Didong Yi. Four Chinese inventions that are regarded as the greatest technologies developed by Chinese civilization are; compass, technology of paper making, printing and gunpowder. Compass was one of the most important technological developments in ancient China, as it promoted and aided exploration that was initiated by Chinese rulers. The development of compass made China the first imperial power in the world. Chinese empire indeed was termed as an imperial power till the end of monarchy in China and the royal place was also known as Imperial Palace. Origins of manufacturing compass can be traced to 4th century BC, China. The first properly developed compass that was made from lodestone, probably appeared during Song dynasty. Records from the dynasty dated between AD, describing the device made from lodestone as a direction finder. This device or rather the The Technology of Ancient China compass made from lodestone, was shaped like a small fish and was kept on a piece of wood, floating in a bowl of water.
    [Show full text]
  • An Appraisal of Underground Gas Storage Technologies and Incidents
    An appraisal of Underground Gas Storage technologies and incidents, for the development of risk assessment methodology Sustainable and Renewable Energy Programme Open Report OR/07/023 Version 1 Volume One - text This page is blank BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SUSTAINABLE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAMME OPEN REPORT OR/07/023 Version 1 Volume One - text An appraisal of Underground Gas Storage technologies and incidents, for the development of The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the risk assessment methodology Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Licence No: 100017897/2005. Keywords Keywords: underground gas storage, reservoirs, aquifers, salt caverns, depleted oil/gasfields, natural gas, halite, salt creep, cap rocks. D.J. Evans Bibliographical reference D.J. EVANS. 2007. An appraisal of Underground Gas Storage technologies and incidents, for the development of risk assessment methodology. British Contributor: Geological Survey Open Report, OR/07/023. 287pp. Dr. J.M. West (Microbiology) Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract.
    [Show full text]
  • LIFESTYLE and ENTERTAINMENT in YANGZHOU - - - Cul Under Great a the Historical of of to Bring Together Bringtogether to Comprehensible Comprehensible To
    BØRDAHL & OLIVOVÁ Exploring the richness and complexity of one of the most important centres of traditional culture in China The Chinese city of Yangzhou has been of great cultural significance lifestyle and for many centuries, despite its destruction by invaders in the 17th and 19th centuries. It was a site of virtual pilgrimage for aspiring LIFESTYLE AND ENTERTAINMENT IN YANGZHOU LIFESTYLE AND ENTERTAINMENT members of the Chinese educated class during the Ming and Qing entertainment periods. Moreover, because it was one of the foremost commercial centres during the late imperial period, it was the place where the merchant and scholarly classes merged to set new standards of in yangzhou taste and to create a cultural milieu quite unlike that of other cities, even other major centres in the region. The luxurious elegance of its gardens and the eminence of its artistic traditions meant that Yangzhou set aesthetic standards for the entire realm for much of the late imperial age. Over the years, particular regional forms of art and entertainment arose here, too, some surviving into the present Edited by time. Yangzhou’s rich cultural tradition is celebrated in this volume Lucie Olivová and Vibeke Børdahl through a well-balanced spectrum of topics spanning the period from the late 17th century to modern times. These are grouped into four thematic parts: Yangzhou’s cultural heritage during historic downfalls and revivals; regional literature and book production; lo- cal theatre and storytelling; and various artists of the 18th-century Yangzhou School of Painting. This beautifully illustrated volume is the first to bring together the history, literature, and performing and visual arts of a great cul- tural centre that currently is being considered for listing as a Unesco world heritage site.
    [Show full text]
  • Richard Von Glahn University of Califomia, Los Angeles
    The Economic History of China From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century Richard von Glahn University of Califomia, Los Angeles ~CAMBRIDGE V UNIVERSITY PRESS Economic transformation in Tang-Song transition 209 finance, and international trade. Sustained economic growth fueled unpreced­ ented demographic expansion. By 1100 the empire's population reached 100 million, Economic far surpassing the peak levels (roughly 60 million) of the Han 6 transformation in the Tang-Song and Tang. The new foundations of the Chinese economy laid during the Tang­ transition (755 to 1127) Song transition would endure throughout the rest of China's imperial era. The extraordinary sweep of economic change during the Tang-Song transi­ tion bespoke fundamental institutional transformations. Following the collapse of the equal-field system, private ownership of land became the rule. Progres­ sive taxation based on household assets of villagers and towndwellers alike replaced the principle of uniform taxation that underlay the Tang zu-yong-diao tax regime. The abolition of statutory labor obligations for most of the . 755 of the An Lushan rebellion, led by a disgruntled frontier The outb re ak m h · · 1 court dealt a population and the long-term decline in personal bondage eliminated key eneral of Sogdian descent who turned against t e tmpena , constraints on the allocation of household labor. The steady trend toward g . the Tan d nasty. The reigning emperor was forced to flee shattenng blow to . g y L h . 756 and later sacked by a monetization of taxation - and the sharply reduced scale of tax payments in Chan 'an which was setzed by An us an m .
    [Show full text]