Natürliche Analoga Im Wirtsgestein Salz

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Natürliche Analoga im Wirtsgestein Salz

Teil1

Generelle Studie (2011)

Teil2

Detailstudien (2012 – 2013)

GRS - 365

Gesellschaft für Anlagenund Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) gGmbH

Natürliche Analoga im Wirtsgestein Salz

Teil1

Generelle Studie (2011)

Teil2

Detailstudien (2012 – 2013)

Thomas Brasser Christine Fahrenholz Herbert Kull Artur Meleshyn Heike Mönig Ulrich Noseck Dagmar Schönwiese Jens Wolf

Dezember 2014

Anmerkung:

Das diesem Bericht zugrunde liegende F&E-Vorhaben wurde im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) unter dem Kennzeichen FKZ 02E10719 durchgeführt.

Die Arbeiten wurden von der Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit(GRS)gGmbH ausgeführt.

Die Verantwortung für den Inhalt dieser Veröffentlichung liegt alleine bei den Autoren.

GRS - 365 ISBN 978-3-944161-46-4

Deskriptoren:

Barriere, Endlager, Geochemie, Geologie, Geomechanik, Integrität, mikrobielle Prozesse, Sicherheitsnachweis

Vorwort

Der vorliegende Bericht stellt die Ergebnisse der Studien zu Natürlichen Analoga im Wirtsgestein Salz zusammen, die im Rahmen des Projektes ISIBEL-II (FKZ: 02E10719) durchgeführt wurden. Diese Arbeiten wurden in zwei Schritten durchgeführt: Im Jahr 2011 erfolgte zunächst eine Zusammenstellung vorhandener Studien und Untersuchungen, die als Natürliche Analoga in einem Sicherheitsnachweis für ein Endlager für wärmeentwickelnde Abfälle Verwendung finden können. Die Bewertung zielte darauf ab, diejenigen Natürlichen Analoga zu identifizieren, die für das in ISIBEL- I (FKZ: 02E10055) entwickelte Sicherheits- und Nachweiskonzept eine Rolle spielen. Erfüllen Natürliche Analoga diese Voraussetzung nicht, ist ihre Verwendung im Sicherheitsnachweis ohne Bedeutung und kann von den eigentlich zu machenden Aussagen ablenken. Bei dieser Vorgehensweise wurden auch einzelne, bisher hinsichtlich Natürlicher Analoga nicht betrachtete Aspekte identifiziert, für die deren Einsatz jedoch sinnvoll wäre; dies betrifft z. B. die Zerblockung von Anhydrit. Diese Arbeiten wurden 2011 mit einer Bewertung der zusammengestellten Studien hinsichtlich ihrer Verwendungsmöglichkeit als Natürliche Analoga in einem Sicherheitsnachweis abgeschlossen. Die Resultate dieser Arbeiten sind in Teil 1 des vorliegenden Berichtes zusammengefasst und wurden darüber hinaus 2012 auf dem vom Projektträger Karlsruhe (PTKA-WTE) und der Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) veranstalteten internationalen Workshop “Natural Analogues for Safety Cases of Repositories in Rock Salt” präsentiert und diskutiert. Die Diskussionen im Rahmen dieses Workshops haben u. a. dazu geführt, eine Intensivierung von Arbeiten zu Natürlichen Analoga bei einigen sicherheitsrelevanten Fragestellungen für sinnvoll zu erachten. 2012 waren auch Ergebnisse aus der vorläufigen Sicherheitsanalyse Gorleben (VSG) zugänglich, die einen Einfluss auf die Bewertung der 2011 durchgeführten Studie haben. Zu nennen sind hier z. B. neue Ergebnisse hinsichtlich einer Zerblockung von Anhydrit, der Bildung von kaltzeitlichen Rinnen, aber auch einer abweichenden Bewertung der Bedeutung von Erdbeben oder kryogener Klüfte in der VSG gegenüber der Bewertung im ISIBEL- Projekt. Auch die Anforderungen an das Barrierensystem sind in der VSG auf Grund der seit 2010 geltenden „Sicherheitsanforderungen an die Endlagerung wärmeentwickelnder radioaktiver Abfälle“ etwas modifiziert. Beispielsweise müssen Behälter eine Funktionsdauer von 500 Jahren aufweisen, wodurch der Metallkorrosion wieder eine höhere Bedeutung zukommt. Auf dieser Grundlage wurden in den Jahren 2012 und 2013 neun Detailstudien zu sicherheitsrelevanten Themen durchgeführt, deren Ergebnisse im Teil 2 des vorliegenden Berichtes dokumentiert sind. Diese Dokumentation ist so konzipiert, dass alle Einzelstudien für sich abgeschlossen dargestellt und für den

I
Leser nutzbar sind. Aus diesem Grunde können sich auch einzelne Abbildungen und Literaturzitate wiederholen, die entweder bereits im Teil 1 oder einer anderen Detailstudie im Teil 2 aufgeführt worden sind.

II

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Teil 1

Generelle Studie (2011) ...........................................................................1
123
Einleitung zur generellen Studie ............................................................ 1 Natürliche Analoga im Langzeitsicherheitsnachweis ........................... 3 Natürliche Analoga im Sicherheits- und Nachweiskonzept für ein HAW-Endlager im Salzgestein................................................................ 7

  • 4
  • Natürliche Analoga für den Integritätsnachweis der geologischen

Barriere................................................................................................... 11

  • 4.1
  • Grundlegende Argumente für die geologische Endlagerung.................... 11

Beständigkeit von Salzgesteinen ............................................................. 12 Wahrscheinlichkeit neotektonischer Ereignisse ....................................... 16 Erhalt der Integrität der geologischen Barriere......................................... 17 Auswirkungen von Subrosion und Diapirismus ........................................ 17 Wegsamkeiten in der geologischen Barriere............................................ 24 Mechanische Belastbarkeit von Salzgesteinen ........................................ 33 Thermische Belastbarkeit von Salzgesteinen........................................... 35
4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4

  • 5
  • Natürliche Analoga für den Integritätsnachweis der geotechni-

schen Barrieren ..................................................................................... 39

  • 5.1
  • Hydraulischer Widerstand der einschlusswirksamen Barrieren................ 40

Langzeitverhalten von Verschlussmaterialien im salinaren Milieu............ 42 Langzeitstabilität von Bentonit ................................................................. 43 Langzeitstabilität von zementhaltigen Materialien .................................... 46 Verhalten von organischen Materialien.................................................... 49 Kompaktionsverhalten des Salzgrusversatzes......................................... 50
5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.3

  • 6
  • Natürliche Analoga für die Bewertung von Freisetzungsszenarien... 53

  • 6.1
  • Radionuklid-Rückhaltung im Nahfeld ....................................................... 53

  • Stabilität der Glasmatrix........................................................................... 54
  • 6.1.1

III
6.1.2 6.1.3 6.2
Stabilität der Uranmatrix .......................................................................... 57 Rückhaltung von Radionukliden............................................................... 58 Radionuklid-Rückhaltung im Deckgebirge................................................ 61

  • 7
  • Zusammenfassung und Bewertung ..................................................... 65

Literatur zu Teil 1...................................................................................................... 73

Teil 2

Detail-Studien (2012 - 2013) .................................................................. 93 Einleitung zu den Detail-Studien .......................................................... 93 Zerblockung von Anhydritschichten in Salzformationen ................... 97
89

  • 9.1
  • Bedeutung für den Sicherheitsnachweis.................................................. 98

Erkenntnisse aus Labor-Experimenten und Modellrechnungen ............... 99 Natürliche Analoga ................................................................................ 104 Gorleben................................................................................................ 105 Morsleben.............................................................................................. 107 Bewertung ............................................................................................. 108 Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit/Zeitskala/Ungewissheiten ......................... 108 Verwendungsmöglichkeit im Sicherheitsnachweis ................................. 109 Bewertung der Möglichkeit der Kommunikation ..................................... 109 Offene Fragen ....................................................................................... 109 Literatur zu Kapitel 9.............................................................................. 110
9.2 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.4 9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.5 9.6

  • 10
  • Salzgruskompaktion............................................................................ 113

10.1 10.2
Bedeutung für den Sicherheitsnachweis................................................ 113 Erkenntnisse aus Labor- und In-situ-Experimenten und Modellrechnungen ................................................................................. 114

  • 10.3
  • Natürliche Analoga ................................................................................ 120

  • 10.3.1
  • Anforderungen an den zu untersuchenden Versatz und einen Analoga-

Standort................................................................................................. 120

  • 10.3.2
  • Potentielle Analoga-Standorte für Untersuchungen zur

Salzgruskompaktion .............................................................................. 121

IV

  • 10.4
  • Bewertung ............................................................................................. 121

Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit/Zeitskala/Ungewissheiten ......................... 122 Verwendungsmöglichkeit im Sicherheitsnachweis ................................. 123 Bewertung der Möglichkeit der Kommunikation ..................................... 123 Offene Fragen ....................................................................................... 123 Literatur zu Kapitel 10............................................................................ 124 Anhang: Potentielle Analoga-Standorte ................................................. 130
10.4.1 10.4.2 10.4.3 10.5 10.6 10.7

  • 11
  • Chemische Zusammensetzung von Fluideinschlüssen ................... 135

  • 11.1
  • Bedeutung für den Sicherheitsnachweis................................................ 135

Erkenntnisse aus Labor- und In-situ-Experimenten................................ 135 Natürliche Analoga ................................................................................ 135 Bewertung ............................................................................................. 141 Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit/Zeitskala/Ungewissheiten ......................... 141 Verwendungsmöglichkeit im Sicherheitsnachweis ................................. 141 Bewertung der Möglichkeit der Kommunikation ..................................... 142 Offene Fragen ....................................................................................... 142 Literatur zu Kapitel 11............................................................................ 142
11.2 11.3 11.4 11.4.1 11.4.2 11.4.3 11.5 11.6

  • 12
  • Thermische Stabilität von Salzgestein............................................... 147

12.1 12.2
Bedeutung für den Sicherheitsnachweis................................................ 147 Erkenntnisse aus Labor- und in-situ Experimenten und Modellrechnungen ................................................................................. 147

  • 12.3
  • Natürliche Analoga ................................................................................ 149

Bewertung ............................................................................................. 151 Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit/Zeitskala Ungewissheiten ......................... 152 Verwendungsmöglichkeit im Sicherheitsnachweis ................................. 152 Bewertung der Möglichkeit der Kommunikation ..................................... 153 Offene Fragen ....................................................................................... 153 Literatur zu Kapitel 12............................................................................ 153
12.4 12.4.1 12.4.2 12.4.3 12.5 12.6

  • 13
  • Mechanische Stabilität von Salzgestein............................................. 155

  • 13.1
  • Bedeutung für den Sicherheitsnachweis................................................ 155

V

  • 13.2
  • Erkenntnisse aus Labor- und in-situ Experimenten und

Modellrechnungen ................................................................................. 155

  • 13.3
  • Natürliche Analoga ................................................................................ 158

Technische Analoga .............................................................................. 158 Analoga aus dem Bergbau .................................................................... 160 Geologische Analoga............................................................................. 165 Bewertung ............................................................................................. 166 Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit/Zeitskala/Ungewissheiten ......................... 167 Verwendungsmöglichkeit im Sicherheitsnachweis ................................. 167 Bewertung der Möglichkeit der Kommunikation ..................................... 168 Offene Fragen ....................................................................................... 168 Literatur zu Kapitel 13............................................................................ 168
13.3.1 13.3.2 13.3.3 13.4 13.4.1 13.4.2 13.4.3 13.5 13.6

  • 14
  • Mögliche Auswirkungen von Erdbeben auf die Integrität von

Salzgestein bzw. ein Endlager............................................................ 171

  • 14.1
  • Bedeutung für den Sicherheitsnachweis................................................ 171

Erkenntnisse aus Labor- und In-situ-Experimenten................................ 173 Natürliche Analoga ................................................................................ 174 Untertage-Bauwerke.............................................................................. 174 Gebirgsschläge und Peaceful Nuclear Explosions (PNE) ...................... 177 Bewertung ............................................................................................. 181 Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit/Zeitskala/Ungewissheiten ......................... 181 Verwendungsmöglichkeit im Sicherheitsnachweis ................................. 181 Bewertung der Möglichkeit der Kommunikation ..................................... 182 Offene Fragen ....................................................................................... 182 Literatur zu Kapitel 14............................................................................ 182
14.2 14.3 14.3.1 14.3.2 14.4 14.4.1 14.4.2 14.4.3 14.5 14.6

  • 15
  • Qualifizierte Verschlüsse .................................................................... 187

  • 15.1
  • Bedeutung für den Sicherheitsnachweis................................................ 187

  • Einsatz von qualifizierten Verschlüssen nach Bergrecht ........................ 188
  • 15.1.1

  • 15.1.2
  • Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeiten mit Bezug zum

Sicherheitsnachweis.............................................................................. 189

  • 15.2
  • Natürliche Analoga und In-situ-Experimenten........................................ 191

VI
15.2.1 15.2.2 15.3
Streckenverschlüsse.............................................................................. 193 Schachtverschlüsse............................................................................... 198 Bewertung ............................................................................................. 200 Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit/0Zeitskala/Ungewissheiten ....................... 201 Verwendungsmöglichkeit im Sicherheitsnachweis ................................. 201 Bewertung der Möglichkeit der Kommunikation ..................................... 202 Offene Fragen ....................................................................................... 202 Literatur zu Kapitel 15............................................................................ 203
15.3.1 15.3.2 15.3.3 15.4 15.5

  • 16
  • Eisenkorrosion..................................................................................... 213

16.1 16.2
Bedeutung für den Sicherheitsnachweis................................................ 213 Erkenntnisse aus Labor- und In-situ-Experimenten und Modellrechnungen ................................................................................. 213

  • 16.3
  • Natürliche Analoga ................................................................................ 214

Bewertung ............................................................................................. 216 Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit/Zeitskala/Ungewissheiten ......................... 216 Verwendungsmöglichkeit im Sicherheitsnachweis ................................. 217 Bewertung der Möglichkeit der Kommunikation ..................................... 217 Offene Fragen ....................................................................................... 217 Literatur zu Kapitel 16............................................................................ 217
16.4 16.4.1 16.4.2 16.4.3 16.5 16.6

  • 17
  • Mikrobielle Prozesse ........................................................................... 219

17.1 17.2
Bedeutung für den Sicherheitsnachweis................................................ 219 Erkenntnisse aus Labor- und In-situ-Experimenten und Modellrechnungen ................................................................................. 219

  • 17.3
  • Natürliche Analoga ................................................................................ 220

  • 17.3.1
  • Überlebensfähigkeit von Mikroben im Steinsalz über endlagerrelevante

Zeiträume .............................................................................................. 220
17.3.2 17.3.3 17.3.4
Energiequellen für das Überleben von Mikroben im Steinsalz................ 222 Temperaturlimit für die Überlebensfähigkeit von Mikroben im Steinsalz. 225 Einfluss der Laugenzusammensetzung auf die Überlebensfähigkeit von Mikroben in Salzlaugen................................................................... 225

  • 17.3.5
  • Populationsgrößen von Mikroben im Steinsalz ...................................... 226

VII
17.3.6 17.3.7 17.4
Metabolische Aktivität von Mikroben im Salinar ..................................... 227 Mikrobielle Effekte im Deck- und Nebengebirge .................................... 228 Bewertung ............................................................................................. 228 Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit/Zeitskala/Ungewissheiten ......................... 229 Verwendungsmöglichkeit im Sicherheitsnachweis ................................. 229 Bewertung der Möglichkeit der Kommunikation ..................................... 230 Offene Fragen ....................................................................................... 230 Literatur zu Kapitel 17............................................................................ 230
17.4.1 17.4.2 17.4.3 17.5 17.6

Abbildungsverzeichnis........................................................................ 237 Tabellenverzeichnis............................................................................. 243

VIII

Teil 1

1

Generelle Studie (2011)

Einleitung zur generellen Studie

Das wesentliche Sicherheitskonzept bei der Endlagerung wärmeentwickelnder radioaktiver und langlebiger Abfälle besteht darin, die Abfälle dauerhaft von der Biosphäre zu isolieren. Auf diese Weise soll der Schutz von Mensch und Umwelt vor ionisierender Strahlung und sonstigen schädlichen Wirkungen dieser Abfälle gewährleistet und unzumutbare Lasten und Verpflichtungen, die von den Abfällen ausgehen können, für zukünftige Generationen vermieden werden /BMU 10/. In Deutschland ist die Entsorgung radioaktiver Abfälle durch deren Endlagerung in tiefen geologischen Formationen vorgeschrieben (analog hierzu werden bereits chemisch-toxische Abfälle vorzugsweise in Untertagedeponien im Salzgestein entsorgt). Der langfristige Einschluss der Abfälle und der in ihnen enthaltenen Schadstoffe muss auch für die Zeit nach Verschluss des Endlagers mit Hilfe eines Langzeitsicherheitsnachweises dargelegt werden. Zu diesem Zweck muss u. a. gezeigt werden, wie sich das Endlager in der Zukunft entwickeln könnte und welche Auswirkungen dies auf die abgelagerten Abfälle und deren Isolation von der Biosphäre hätte.

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    PROPERTY CONCEPTS AND INSTITUTIONS IN CHINA: DOES TRADITION ABIDE? by MarkThaddeus Kremzner B.A., Lehigh University, 1980 M.I.A., Columbia University, School of International Affairs, 1982 J.D., University of Maine, School of Law, 1989 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF LAWS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES THE FACULTY OF LAW We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1995 © Mark Thaddeus Kremzner, 1995 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) Abstract The premise of this paper is that in order to understand contemporary concepts and institutions of property in China one needs to be aware of the historical approaches towards the ownership and management of resources and assets. Legal institutions are a reflection of the ideological and material conditions of a society. The persistence or reappearance of these conditions suggests that there may be some similarities between traditional, primarily Confucian, and contemporary post-Maoist property concepts and institutions. This paper explores the social, economic and ideological basis of imperial era concepts of ownership and management of land resources and investigates the interaction between state and society, or the official and private spheres.
  • The Science and Industry of the Permian Hutchinson Salt

    The Science and Industry of the Permian Hutchinson Salt

    The Geological Society of America Field Guide 52 The science and industry of the Permian Hutchinson Salt Marcia K. Schulmeister Earth Science Department, Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas 66801, USA Anna Sofi a Andeskie Kathleen C. Benison Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 25605, USA ABSTRACT The 120-m-thick Hutchinson Salt Member of the Permian Wellington Forma- tion of central Kansas supports multiple industries. Composed of bedded halite, gypsum/anhydrite, and minor siliciclastic mudstone, it was deposited by shallow saline waters in a warm, dry climate. Underground salt mines access the purest hori- zon, producing salt that is distributed through the United States and Canada. The vast space left by mining supports a prosperous commercial storage enterprise and a popular underground tourist attraction. Vertical solution-mined caverns host the nation’s primary midcontinent liquid petroleum gas storage industry. This fi eld trip will explore the origin and use of the Hutchinson Salt in core samples and subsur- face outcrops while meeting in an underground salt cavern, and above ground at a solution-mined storage cavern. INTRODUCTION The History of Salt Mining in Central Kansas The Hutchinson Salt, underlying an area of ~96,000 km2 The use of salt marshes and springs by Native Americans (37,000 mi2) mainly in central and south-central Kansas, is con- and early travelers is reported in central Kansas prior to the arrival sidered a saline giant (Walters, 1978; Fig. 1). It attains a thickness of European settlers (Sawin and Buchanan, 2002). Natural salt of up to 122 m in Kansas and is composed of ~60%–80% halite licks that formed from evaporated shallow pools attracted bison, (Kulstad, 1959; Walters, 1978).
  • The Technology of Ancient China Free

    The Technology of Ancient China Free

    FREE THE TECHNOLOGY OF ANCIENT CHINA PDF Robert Greenberger | 48 pages | 30 Jan 2006 | Rosen Central | 9781404205581 | English | New York, NY, United States History of science and technology in China - Wikipedia One of the most advanced ancient civilizations in recorded history, was the one that thrived in ancient China. The legacy of that civilization is that many scientific ideas, inventions, and technology of ancient China is still being used by the whole world today. Ancient Chinese civilization claims credit for many discoveries and invention of technologies like discovery of gunpowder or technology of manufacturing paper. Some of the other rare technologies that were invented in ancient China were firearms, seismoscope device used to detect earthquakesthat was made by Zhang Heng and was named as Houfeng Didong Yi. Four Chinese inventions that are regarded as the greatest technologies developed by Chinese civilization are; compass, technology of paper making, printing and gunpowder. Compass was one of the most important technological developments in ancient China, as it promoted and aided exploration that was initiated by Chinese rulers. The development of compass made China the first imperial power in the world. Chinese empire indeed was termed as an imperial power till the end of monarchy in China and the royal place was also known as Imperial Palace. Origins of manufacturing compass can be traced to 4th century BC, China. The first properly developed compass that was made from lodestone, probably appeared during Song dynasty. Records from the dynasty dated between AD, describing the device made from lodestone as a direction finder. This device or rather the The Technology of Ancient China compass made from lodestone, was shaped like a small fish and was kept on a piece of wood, floating in a bowl of water.
  • An Appraisal of Underground Gas Storage Technologies and Incidents

    An Appraisal of Underground Gas Storage Technologies and Incidents

    An appraisal of Underground Gas Storage technologies and incidents, for the development of risk assessment methodology Sustainable and Renewable Energy Programme Open Report OR/07/023 Version 1 Volume One - text This page is blank BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SUSTAINABLE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAMME OPEN REPORT OR/07/023 Version 1 Volume One - text An appraisal of Underground Gas Storage technologies and incidents, for the development of The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the risk assessment methodology Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Licence No: 100017897/2005. Keywords Keywords: underground gas storage, reservoirs, aquifers, salt caverns, depleted oil/gasfields, natural gas, halite, salt creep, cap rocks. D.J. Evans Bibliographical reference D.J. EVANS. 2007. An appraisal of Underground Gas Storage technologies and incidents, for the development of risk assessment methodology. British Contributor: Geological Survey Open Report, OR/07/023. 287pp. Dr. J.M. West (Microbiology) Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract.
  • LIFESTYLE and ENTERTAINMENT in YANGZHOU - - - Cul Under Great a the Historical of of to Bring Together Bringtogether to Comprehensible Comprehensible To

    LIFESTYLE and ENTERTAINMENT in YANGZHOU - - - Cul Under Great a the Historical of of to Bring Together Bringtogether to Comprehensible Comprehensible To

    BØRDAHL & OLIVOVÁ Exploring the richness and complexity of one of the most important centres of traditional culture in China The Chinese city of Yangzhou has been of great cultural significance lifestyle and for many centuries, despite its destruction by invaders in the 17th and 19th centuries. It was a site of virtual pilgrimage for aspiring LIFESTYLE AND ENTERTAINMENT IN YANGZHOU LIFESTYLE AND ENTERTAINMENT members of the Chinese educated class during the Ming and Qing entertainment periods. Moreover, because it was one of the foremost commercial centres during the late imperial period, it was the place where the merchant and scholarly classes merged to set new standards of in yangzhou taste and to create a cultural milieu quite unlike that of other cities, even other major centres in the region. The luxurious elegance of its gardens and the eminence of its artistic traditions meant that Yangzhou set aesthetic standards for the entire realm for much of the late imperial age. Over the years, particular regional forms of art and entertainment arose here, too, some surviving into the present Edited by time. Yangzhou’s rich cultural tradition is celebrated in this volume Lucie Olivová and Vibeke Børdahl through a well-balanced spectrum of topics spanning the period from the late 17th century to modern times. These are grouped into four thematic parts: Yangzhou’s cultural heritage during historic downfalls and revivals; regional literature and book production; lo- cal theatre and storytelling; and various artists of the 18th-century Yangzhou School of Painting. This beautifully illustrated volume is the first to bring together the history, literature, and performing and visual arts of a great cul- tural centre that currently is being considered for listing as a Unesco world heritage site.
  • Richard Von Glahn University of Califomia, Los Angeles

    Richard Von Glahn University of Califomia, Los Angeles

    The Economic History of China From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century Richard von Glahn University of Califomia, Los Angeles ~CAMBRIDGE V UNIVERSITY PRESS Economic transformation in Tang-Song transition 209 finance, and international trade. Sustained economic growth fueled unpreced­ ented demographic expansion. By 1100 the empire's population reached 100 million, Economic far surpassing the peak levels (roughly 60 million) of the Han 6 transformation in the Tang-Song and Tang. The new foundations of the Chinese economy laid during the Tang­ transition (755 to 1127) Song transition would endure throughout the rest of China's imperial era. The extraordinary sweep of economic change during the Tang-Song transi­ tion bespoke fundamental institutional transformations. Following the collapse of the equal-field system, private ownership of land became the rule. Progres­ sive taxation based on household assets of villagers and towndwellers alike replaced the principle of uniform taxation that underlay the Tang zu-yong-diao tax regime. The abolition of statutory labor obligations for most of the . 755 of the An Lushan rebellion, led by a disgruntled frontier The outb re ak m h · · 1 court dealt a population and the long-term decline in personal bondage eliminated key eneral of Sogdian descent who turned against t e tmpena , constraints on the allocation of household labor. The steady trend toward g . the Tan d nasty. The reigning emperor was forced to flee shattenng blow to . g y L h . 756 and later sacked by a monetization of taxation - and the sharply reduced scale of tax payments in Chan 'an which was setzed by An us an m .