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An appraisal of Underground Gas Storage technologies and incidents, for the development of risk assessment methodology Sustainable and Renewable Energy Programme Open Report OR/07/023 Version 1 Volume One - text This page is blank BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SUSTAINABLE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAMME OPEN REPORT OR/07/023 Version 1 Volume One - text An appraisal of Underground Gas Storage technologies and incidents, for the development of The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the risk assessment methodology Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Licence No: 100017897/2005. Keywords Keywords: underground gas storage, reservoirs, aquifers, salt caverns, depleted oil/gasfields, natural gas, halite, salt creep, cap rocks. D.J. Evans Bibliographical reference D.J. EVANS. 2007. An appraisal of Underground Gas Storage technologies and incidents, for the development of risk assessment methodology. British Contributor: Geological Survey Open Report, OR/07/023. 287pp. Dr. J.M. West (Microbiology) Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. Unless otherwise stated © Crown Copyright. All rights reserved Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2007 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS British Geological Survey offices Sales Desks at Nottingham, Edinburgh and London; see contact details below or shop online at www.geologyshop.com Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG The London Information Office also maintains a reference 0115-936 3241 Fax 0115-936 3488 collection of BGS publications including maps for consultation. e-mail: [email protected] The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of its maps and other www.bgs.ac.uk publications; this catalogue is available from any of the BGS Sales Shop online at: www.geologyshop.com Desks. The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey of Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the latter as an agency 0131-667 1000 Fax 0131-668 2683 service for the government of Northern Ireland), and of the e-mail: [email protected] surrounding continental shelf, as well as its basic research projects. It also undertakes programmes of British technical aid in geology in developing countries as arranged by the Department London Information Office at the Natural History Museum for International Development and other agencies. (Earth Galleries), Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2DE The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Natural Environment Research Council. 020-7589 4090 Fax 020-7584 8270 020-7942 5344/45 email: [email protected] Forde House, Park Five Business Centre, Harrier Way, Sowton, Exeter, Devon EX2 7HU 01392-445271 Fax 01392-445371 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Colby House, Stranmillis Court, Belfast BT9 5BF 028-9038 8462 Fax 028-9038 8461 Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB 01491-838800 Fax 01491-692345 Columbus House, Greenmeadow Springs, Tongwynlais, Cardiff, CF15 7NE 029–2052 1962 Fax 029–2052 1963 Parent Body Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1EU 01793-411500 Fax 01793-411501 www.nerc.ac.uk Foreword This report is the product of a study by the British Geological Survey (BGS) into published or reported problems with and incidents at underground fuel storage facilities. It forms part of a risk assessment of underground gas storage in the UK for the Health and Safety Executive for which a contribution by Quintessa is presented in a separate report (Watson et al., 2007). For ease of use, the BGS report is presented in two volumes. Volume One comprises the text and appendices. Volume Two contains the figures and tables referred to in Volume One. The report and results contained are subject to either NERC General Conditions of Contract or, if appropriate, conditions previously agreed between NERC and the customer. All such agreements include intellectual property rights (IPR) considerations, including appropriate digital data and copyright licensing fees. Disclaimer: this is wholly independent and impartial review and appraisal of the technology of Underground Fuel Storage (UFS), the incidents or problems encountered at various facilities and the general geological conditions of those areas, with an overview of the potential or likely areas for underground gas storage (UGS) in the UK, outlining the form that this might take. The BGS report neither promotes nor supports UFS, one particular form of UGS or any proposed facility location. Additionally, it does NOT address the control or prevention of pollution, safety of the surface or subsurface infrastructure: the assumption here being that the design, maintenance and operation of such facilities would be subject to the various HSE, waste and environmental regulations covered by such documents as the COSHH (2002), COMAH (1999) and appropriate British Standards. For specific elements of an underground gas storage facility, e.g. wells and surface installations, and operational procedures, it is assumed that UGS applications would be subject to existing BS standards and legislation for oil and gas exploration and should be applied or referred to in the first instance. The parallel legislation includes: • The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 • The Borehole Sites and Operations Regulations 1995 • The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002 • The Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999 • The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 (as amended) • The Pipelines Safety Regulations 1996 • The Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000 These are in addition to the controls imposed under the Planning (Hazardous Substances) Act 1990 and the Planning (Hazardous Substances) Regulations 1992. Whilst the BGS has made every effort to provide the HSE with a programme of work and report designed to meet their needs, this study is part of work in progress. BGS cannot be held responsible for: (i) any measurements, tests or other activities that have not been included in the work and any resulting report that subsequently become important at a later date; or (ii) any use which may be made of any part of this work in progress, nor any reliance placed on any part of this work in progress, nor any advice or information given in connection with this work in progress. The British Geological Survey (BGS) has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URL’s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. However, hardcopies of the documents referenced have generally been made by the report writer(s) and could be obtained by writing to them. i Acknowledgements Many individuals have provided discussion during the project and to whom the author is grateful. This assistance has been received at all stages of the study and their input or granting of permission to reproduce data/images in order to illustrate this report is acknowledged below. Dr Nigel Riley of the HSE is thanked for his detailed review of an early version of the draft report, comments on which greatly improved the final product. Ron Demaine is thanked for the final preparation of many of the diagrams contained in the report. The author would like to thank the following for support and advice during the work: Drs N Riley and S Welsh of the Health and Safety Executive Drs S Turner and D Keeley of the Health and Safety Laboratories Mr E Hough, Drs GA Kirby, S Holloway, R Cuss, AH Cooper & NJ Riley and Professor M Culshaw (BGS) Drs S Watson and R Metcalfe (Quintessa) Jennifer Cunningham, BGS Wallingford (Figure 15 - major aquifers cropping out in England and Wales) G Church and R Smith (BGS, IPR section) Kate Sanderson (SABIC UK Petrochemicals) for information relating to the Teesside brine caverns and their usage Richard Stevenson (INEOS) for information relating to operations in the Cheshire saltfield Schlumberger for permission to reproduce Figure 3 David Lee Photography Ltd, Barton upon Humber for permission to reproduce the photograph in Figure 8 The Geological Society, London for permission to reproduce both the line drawing and photograph in Figure 8 and the image of salt core in Figure 10b (From Smith, D.B. 1997; deceased, July 2007) NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD (NTSB) for permission to reproduce the images of the Carlsbad pipeline and Brenham incidents in Figure 25 California History Room, California State Library, Sacramento, California for permission to reproduce the image in Figure 23a (www.library.ca.gov/calhist/index.html). Lena Tabilio and the California Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources for permission to reproduce the image in Figure 23c (http://www.consrv.ca.gov/index/siteMap.htm#doggr) Springer Verlag for permission to reproduce Figure 28 (from Scherer et al.,
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