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Ecology Research Volume I First Edition: 2021 ISBN: 978-93-88901-19-2 Copyright reserved by the publishers Publication, Distribution and Promotion Rights reserved by Bhumi Publishing, Nigave Khalasa, Kolhapur Despite every effort, there may still be chances for some errors and omissions to have crept in inadvertently. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. The views and results expressed in various articles are those of the authors and not of editors or publisher of the book. Published by: Bhumi Publishing, Nigave Khalasa, Kolhapur 416207, Maharashtra, India Website: www.bhumipublishing.com E-mail: [email protected] Book Available online at: https://www.bhumipublishing.com/books/ PREFACE We are delighted to publish our book entitled "Ecology Research (Volume I)". This book is the compilation of esteemed articles of acknowledged experts in the fields of ecology providing a sufficient depth of the subject to satisfy the need of a level which will be comprehensive and interesting. It is an assemblage of variety of information about advances and developments in ecology. With its application oriented and interdisciplinary approach, we hope that the students, teachers, researchers, scientists and policy makers will find this book much more useful. The articles in the book have been contributed by eminent scientists, academicians. Our special thanks and appreciation goes to experts and research workers whose contributions have enriched this book. We thank our publisher Bhumi Publishing, India for compilation of such nice data in the form of this book. Finally, we will always remain a debtor to all our well-wishers for their blessings, without which this book would not have come into existence. - Editorial Team Ecology Research (Volume I) ISBN: 978-93-88901-19-2 Index Sr. Name of the Paper and Page No. No. Author(s) 1. BIOCHEMICAL GENETIC MARKERS FOR MONITORING AQUATIC GENOTOXICITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: SINCE FIVE 1 – 10 DECADES Subodh Kumar Tripathy 2. NO VEHICLE DAY - A WISE STEP TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION: A CASE STUDY IN S.R.T.M. UNIVERSITY’S CAMPUS 11 – 18 Anupama P. Pathak, Mukundraj G. Rathod, Kerba T. Sontakke, and Tukaram A. Kadam 3. POTENTIAL AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS 19 – 34 Mandaloju Venkateshwarlu 4. ETHNO-ECOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF SOME WEEDS OF FAMILY ASTERACEAE IN CROP FIELDS OF 35 – 47 BHANDARA DISTRICT (M.S) Padmavathi S. Rao 5. PHOTOCHEMICAL BLEACHING OF TEXTILE DYE DIRECT BLACK 155 AND REACTIVE RED 152 BY PHOTOCATALYST SnO2 48 – 55 K. S. Meena and Kanta Meena 6. PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF HERBACEOUS PLANT COMMUNITY IN NORTH-EAST PART OF MALEGAON FOREST, 56 – 62 DISTRICT NASHIK (MAHARASHTRA) Jagdish Tukaram Jadhav 7. STUDY OF SOIL NEMATODES ASSOCIATED WITH GARDEN PLANTS IN AURANGABAD 63 – 69 Sujeet Jamdar 8. A STUDY ON FERTILIZER RESIDUES IN SOIL SAMPLES OF AGRICULTURAL AREAS FROM PANDAVAPURA TALUK, 70 – 83 MANDYA DISTRICT Divya J, Rahul Dev S and S. L. Belagali 9. INSECT DIVERSITY AND HEALTH RISK IN LANDFILL GARBAGE AND SURROUNDING AREAS 84 – 91 Mohammad Ismail 10. EFFECT OF CHEMICALS ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM, MILL.) 92 – 99 Yahyakhan A. Pathan 11. TECHNIQUES OF RESEARCH IN ECOLOGY 100 – 111 Maruti S. Darade 12. ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEM DISTURBANCES 112 – 122 Pratap V. Deshmukh 13. FOREST ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN SATPURA MOUNTAIN REGION IN NANDURBAR DISTRICT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING APPLICATION 123 – 133 Mohan A. Vasave 14. MECHANISM OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Ashwini Verma Nayaker, Dharani Abirama Sundari Shanmugam 134 – 144 and Meenakumari Shakthivel 15. BIODIVERSITY: CONCEPT, THREATS AND CONSERVATION 145 – 150 Khan Rumana Shahin Amanullah 16. CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION –A NEED OF TOMORROW 151 – 157 Pankaj M. Kahate 17. STUDY OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF GODAVARI RIVER – PANCHAVATI NASHIK MAHARASHTRA 158 – 161 Khushbu N. Chaudhari 18. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FLORA OF CAMPUS AREA OF MAHATMA FULE ARTS, COMMERCE and SITARAMJI CHOUDHARI SCIENCE COLLEGE, 162 – 169 WARUD, DIST-AMRAVATI Sharada K. Ulhe – Deshmukh 19. ECOLOGICAL SOLUTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION – BIOREMEDIATION 170 – 179 K. E. Chaudhary 20. EFFECT OF ANESTHESIA WITH CLOVE OIL ON THE POECILIA RETICULATA, (GUPPY): REVIEW 180 – 188 M. S. Kadam Ecology Research (Volume – I) (ISBN: 978-93-88901-19-2) BIOCHEMICAL GENETIC MARKERS FOR MONITORING AQUATIC GENOTOXICITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: SINCE FIVE DECADES Subodh Kumar Tripathy Department of Zoology, Anchal College, Padampur, Dist: Bargarh, Odisha, India-768036, Mob: +91-9439535406 Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: Application of biochemical genetic markers in their molecular forms i.e. - allozymes and isozymes, has played decisive role to resolve taxonomic and population status of many organisms including fishes. This is also significant for monitoring of fish environment. More than half of the known enzymes occur as isozymes which are used to analyze genotypes of organisms and are not influenced by environmental factors. These are established as biochemical genetic tools in aquaculture since 1960s providing various criteria to clarify taxonomic status of species; evolutionary relationships of populations, species and higher taxa and also in genetic toxicology studies which have been proved as quite significant for fish environmental monitoring. This article aims to present an extensive review of utilities of some of these isozymes like esterase (EST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and super oxide dismutase (SOD) with special reference to fish, fisheries as well as their significance to fish ecology with special reference to genotoxicology. Keywords: Ecology; Electrophoresis; Fisheries; Isozymes; Toxicology Introduction: Genetic variations in a species are key materials for applied biology where biochemical genetics has significant contributions in consistence. Observed phenotypic variations in various organisms including fishes could be explained based on population structuring revealed by biochemical markers since their inception. These markers are used for study of genetics and molecular biology where the product(s) of a gene rather than the DNA sequence is examined for enzyme activity. Allozymes represent enzymes from different alleles of the samegene where as isozymes are enzymes from different genes that process or catalyse the same reaction. Isoenzymes are multiple forms of enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reactions. Their genes are expressed 1 Bhumi Publishing, India in co-dominant pattern which help to analyze the genotype and are not influenced by the environmental factors. The ease with which Mendelian variants could be detected by electrophoresis resulted in proliferation of descriptive studies of proteins in many organisms where fishes are not exceptions. These markers are extensively used in fisheries since 1970s. These enzymes are expressed by distinct gene loci with high degree of genetic variability involved in important physiological processes, reproduction, developmental stages, nervous impulse control, xenobiotics tolerance and detoxification. Electrophoretically detectable loci were reported in natural populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and the expression of the loci coding these enzymes were described and interpreted to serve as a basis for detailed examination of genetic variation in their population (Allendorff et al., 1977). As per Ferguson (1980), genetic markers like proteins and enzymes pertinent to allozymes and isoenzymes have played decisive role in determining the taxonomic and population status of many organisms. Whitt (1987) mentioned the significance of isozyme analysis in species differentiation and analysis of systematic and evolutionary trends. Utter et al. (1989) studied isozymes for fish genetics by interpreting genetic variation through electrophoresis where as Utter (1991) reported development and applications of biochemical genetic tools to solve problems of fishery management. The technique of isozyme/allozyme analysis is suitable for population studies as it is a fairly rapid procedure to perform on a large scale and a huge number of loci dispersed throughout the genome can be screened simultaneously (Park and Moran, 1994). Analysis of isozymes/allozymes is used for discrimination of species and clarification of taxonomic status in many taxa (Rossi et al., 1998; Gusmao et al., 2000 and Manchenko et al. 2000). According to Di Giulio and Meyer (2008) some of the isozyme forms the most important enzyme systems for detoxification of reactive oxygen species in all organisms which include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). This article aims to present an extensive review of utilities of isozymes like esterase (EST, EC: 3.1.1.), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC: 1.1.1.27), malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC: 1.1.1.37), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC: 1.1.1.49) and super oxide dismutase (SOD, EC: 1.15.1.1.) with special reference to fish genetics and management of environmental toxicology in aquaculture. Isozymes in Fishes: With reference to use of isozymes as biochemical markers in fishes, several investigations since 1970s have been concerned with the characterization of tissue and 2 Ecology Research (Volume – I) (ISBN:
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