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An Appraisal of Underground Gas Storage Technologies and Incidents, for the Development of Risk Assessment Methodology

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Health and Safety Executive An appraisal of underground gas storage technologies and incidents, for the development of risk assessment methodology Prepared by the British Geological Survey for the Health and Safety Executive 2008 RR605 Research Report Health and Safety Executive An appraisal of underground gas storage technologies and incidents, for the development of risk assessment methodology D J Evans British Geological Survey Kingsley Dunham Centre Keyworth Nottingham NG12 5GG with contribution from: Dr J M West (Microbiology) This report was commissioned by the Health and Safety Executive to help assess the safety issues associated with the underground storage of natural gas. This has arisen because of the need to consider a number of applications submitted by various operators in the UK who wish to develop such facilities. The rising numbers of applications are as a result of UKCS oil and gas reserves showing rapid decline, to the extent that the UK became a net importer of gas during 2004. The Government recognises that the UK faces an increasing dependency on imports, yet has very little gas storage capacity and is, therefore, at a very real risk of supply shortfalls. It notes that the UK’s capacity to import, transport and store gas and LNG efficiently has to be improved and this will require greater investment in new, timely and appropriately sited gas (and LNG) supply infrastructure, part of which is likely to include (safe) onshore underground (natural) gas storage (UGS) facilities. This report and the work it describes were funded by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Its contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy. HSE Books © Crown copyright 2008 First published 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to: Licensing Division, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ or by e-mail to [email protected] ii Foreword This report is the product of a study by the British Geological Survey (BGS) into published or reported problems with and incidents at underground fuel storage facilities. It forms part of a risk assessment of underground gas storage in the UK for the Health and Safety Executive for which a contribution by Quintessa is presented in a separate report (Watson et al., 2007). For ease of use, the BGS report is presented in two volumes. Volume One comprises the text and appendices. Volume Two contains the figures and tables referred to in Volume One. The report and results contained are subject to either NERC General Conditions of Contract or, if appropriate, conditions previously agreed between NERC and the customer. All such agreements include intellectual property rights (IPR) considerations, including appropriate digital data and copyright licensing fees. Disclaimer: this is wholly independent and impartial review and appraisal of the technology of Underground Fuel Storage (UFS), the incidents or problems encountered at various facilities and the general geological conditions of those areas, with an overview of the potential or likely areas for underground gas storage (UGS) in the UK, outlining the form that this might take. The BGS report neither promotes nor supports UFS, one particular form of UGS or any proposed facility location. Additionally, it does NOT address the control or prevention of pollution, safety of the surface or subsurface infrastructure: the assumption here being that the design, maintenance and operation of such facilities would be subject to the various HSE, waste and environmental regulations covered by such documents as the COSHH (2002), COMAH (1999) and appropriate British Standards. For specific elements of an underground gas storage facility, e.g. wells and surface installations, and operational procedures, it is assumed that UGS applications would be subject to existing BS standards and legislation for oil and gas exploration and should be applied or referred to in the first instance. The parallel legislation includes: • The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 • The Borehole Sites and Operations Regulations 1995 • The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002 • The Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999 • The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 (as amended) • The Pipelines Safety Regulations 1996 • The Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000 These are in addition to the controls imposed under the Planning (Hazardous Substances) Act 1990 and the Planning (Hazardous Substances) Regulations 1992. Whilst the BGS has made every effort to provide the HSE with a programme of work and report designed to meet their needs, this study is part of work in progress. BGS cannot be held responsible for: (i) any measurements, tests or other activities that have not been included in the work and any resulting report that subsequently become important at a later date; or (ii) any use which may be made of any part of this work in progress, nor any reliance placed on any part of this work in progress, nor any advice or information given in connection with this work in progress. The British Geological Survey (BGS) has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URL’s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. However, hardcopies of the documents referenced have generally been made by the report writer(s) and could be obtained by writing to them. iii iv Acknowledgements Many individuals have provided discussion during the project and to whom the author is grateful. This assistance has been received at all stages of the study and their input or granting of permission to reproduce data/images in order to illustrate this report is acknowledged below. Dr Nigel Riley of the HSE is thanked for his detailed review of an early version of the draft report, comments on which greatly improved the final product. Ron Demaine is thanked for the final preparation of many of the diagrams contained in the report. The author would like to thank the following for support and advice during the work: Drs N Riley and S Welsh of the Health and Safety Executive Drs S Turner and D Keeley of the Health and Safety Laboratories Mr E Hough, Drs GA Kirby, S Holloway, R Cuss, AH Cooper & NJ Riley and Professor M Culshaw (BGS) Drs S Watson and R Metcalfe (Quintessa) Jennifer Cunningham, BGS Wallingford (Figure 15 - major aquifers cropping out in England and Wales) G Church and R Smith (BGS, IPR section) Kate Sanderson (SABIC UK Petrochemicals) for information relating to the Teesside brine caverns and their usage Richard Stevenson (INEOS) for information relating to operations in the Cheshire saltfield Schlumberger for permission to reproduce Figure 3 David Lee Photography Ltd, Barton upon Humber for permission to reproduce the photograph in Figure 8 The Geological Society, London for permission to reproduce both the line drawing and photograph in Figure 8 and the image of salt core in Figure 10b (From Smith, D.B. 1997; deceased, July 2007) NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD (NTSB) for permission to reproduce the images of the Carlsbad pipeline and Brenham incidents in Figure 25 California History Room, California State Library, Sacramento, California for permission to reproduce the image in Figure 23a (www.library.ca.gov/calhist/index.html). Lena Tabilio and the California Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources for permission to reproduce the image in Figure 23c (http://www.consrv.ca.gov/index/siteMap.htm#doggr) Springer Verlag for permission to reproduce Figure 28 (from Scherer et al., 2005, Environmental Geology) Kansas Geological Survey for permission to reproduce images and figures from their website relating to the Hutchinson incident, 2001 (Figures 5c&d, 25 and 35) Chief Forbes and the Hutchinson Fire Department for permission to reproduce photographs of the scenes in Hutchinson town immediately following the January 2001 gas storage incident (Figures 25 and 35) Mike Heideman and the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) for permission to reproduce the photograph of the S-1 well site at the Hutchinson gas storage facility (Figure 35) v CUDD Drilling and Shannon Pope of RPC Inc are thanked for permission to reproduce images in Figures 25 and 35 DS and MJ Jackson for permission to reproduce photographs relating to salt brining activities at Preesall, Lancashire (Figure 5a&b) Jeanette Vosberg, Save Ballona Wetlands for permission to reproduce the image of gas bubbling up along old well (Figures 22d and 44c) Hertfordshire County Council and the Chiltern Air Support unit for permission to reproduce images of the Buncefield accident (Figure 27) Star Energy for permission to reproduce images of the Humbly Grove gas storage facility (Figure 29) E. Schweizerbart Science Publishers for permission to reproduce the photographs of the Teutschental incident (Figure 30) This product includes mapping data licenced from Ordnance Survey with permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown Copyright and/or database right 2007. All rights reserved. 100037272
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