Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 2-15-2013 12:00 AM A Multispectral Assessment of Complex Impact Craters on the Lunar Farside Bhairavi Shankar The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Gordon R. Osinski The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Planetary Science A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Bhairavi Shankar 2013 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Geology Commons, Geomorphology Commons, Physical Processes Commons, and the The Sun and the Solar System Commons Recommended Citation Shankar, Bhairavi, "A Multispectral Assessment of Complex Impact Craters on the Lunar Farside" (2013). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 1137. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1137 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A MULTISPECTRAL ASSESSMENT OF COMPLEX IMPACT CRATERS ON THE LUNAR FARSIDE (Spine title: Multispectral Analyses of Lunar Impact Craters) (Thesis format: Integrated Article) by Bhairavi Shankar Graduate Program in Geology: Planetary Science A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Bhairavi Shankar 2013 ii Abstract Hypervelocity collisions of asteroids onto planetary bodies have catastrophic effects on the target rocks through the process of shock metamorphism. The resulting features, impact craters, are circular depressions with a sharp rim surrounded by an ejecta blanket of variably shocked rocks. With increasing impact energy, the inner crater cavity can preserve complex morphologies including terraced walls, central uplifts, and melted rocks. The lack of erosion due to the absence of water or an atmosphere makes the Moon the perfect target to study impact crater processes, in particular the distribution of highly shocked materials within impact craters of different sizes. This study focuses on the characterization and distribution of highly shocked impact melt deposits using multispectral satellite datasets around three complex craters on the farside of the Moon. The study sites have varying morphologies of central uplifts on the crater floor: 1) the 81 km Olcott crater has a cluster of peak hills; 2) Kovalevskaya crater is a 113 km diameter complex crater with a central peak; and 3) Schrödinger basin has a central peak ring. Models propose that the collapse of crater walls and central uplifts during the final stages of crater formation determine where much of the melt rich rocks are eventually emplaced. The results of this study indicate that for increasing crater sizes, the volume of melt-rich rocks generated also increases – at rates greater than model estimates. Impact melt deposits are emplaced beyond the crater rims at each of the sites and preserve a range of morphologies, including melt veneers, melt sheet, and ponded deposits. The regional and local topography, together with crater modification processes greatly affect where the impact melts are finally emplaced. The compositional analyses of the farside crust, using multispectral reflectance spectroscopy in the UV-VIS-NIR range, indicates that there is increasing evidence of highly mafic compositions (i.e., rocks rich in high-Ca pyroxene, olivine, spinel) intercalated within the original crustal highlands (rocks rich in plagioclase feldspar, and low-Ca pyroxenes) on the lunar farside, proving that the lunar farside is a far more geologically complicated terrain than originally assumed. Keywords Impact Cratering, Moon, Multispectral, Remote Sensing, Mineralogy, Data Fusion, Surface Processes iii Co-Authorship Statement Chapter 1 was a compilation of the existing literature relevant to the topic of this study. Dr. G. R. Osinski and Dr. I. Antonenko contributed to the editing of the chapter. Chapter 2 of this thesis has been accepted as a scientific publication in the January 2013 edition of the Canadian Journal of Earth Science. This article is published in the special issue of Canadian contributions to Planetary Geoscience. The title of the article is “A Multispectral geological study of the Schrödinger impact basin”, and co-authors of the paper are Dr. G. R. Osinski and Dr. I. Antonenko (Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration – Western University, London, ON), and Dr. C. D. Neish (Applied Physics Laboratory – The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD). The processing and analysis of the data was done by B. Shankar. The co-authors contributed to the writing and editing of the manuscript. Dr. I. Antonenko provided the automated script for the identification of basalt-rich spectra (Fig. 2.7) and the 3-D LRO-LOLA topography data (Fig. 2.14). Dr. C.D. Neish provided the Mini- RF radar data (Figs. 2.10, 2.11) in Chapter 2 and Appendix A (Fig. A3). Dr. Scott Mest (Planetary Science Institute) and an anonymous reviewer provided reviewer comments during the journal submission process. Data processing and analysis for Olcott crater (Chapter 3) was done by B. Shankar. Dr. G. R. Osinski, Dr. I. Antonenko, Dr. L. L. Tornabene (Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration – Western University, London, ON), and Dr. B.R. Hawke (Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology – University of Hawai’i at Manoa) contributed to the writing and editing of the chapter. Processing and analysis of data for Kovalevskaya crater (Chapter 4) was done by B. Shankar. Valuable discussion on the techniques for melt calculation was provided by Dr. G. R. Osinski, I. Antonenko, and Dr. L. L. Tornabene (Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration – Western University, London, ON). Dr. G. R. Osinski and Dr. I. Antonenko (Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration – Western University, London, ON) also contributed to the writing and editing of the chapter. iv Chapter 5 was a summary on the contributions of the study. Dr. G. R. Osinski and Dr. I. Antonenko (Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration – Western University, London, ON) contributed to the writing and editing of the chapter. The examining committee provided valuable feedback and comments on various topics discussed in the text that were later implemented in the thesis manuscript. v Acknowledgments It has been an interesting journey getting to this point of my academic career. If you had asked me 10 years ago if I’d do a Ph.D., I would have given an appalling stare given how well (not) my undergraduate study was going that sophomore year. But I am glad I stuck around. The one good thing that came from doing my undergraduate in a small program of Planetary Science was the opportunity to take a geology course in my third year. As soon as I took that mineralogy class, I knew I was hooked. I finally found a way to combine my love of Astronomy, and my fascination with volcanism and plate tectonics. The concept of studying and graduating with a degree in such a topic was becoming real. I really value the opportunity, as an undergrad, to attend the 2005 Planetary Science Workshop in Whistler, BC. It was the first opportunity for me to learn the 101 of Planetary Science, meet other members in the field (academia, and grad students), and learn about the varied types of research that was happening in Canada. The opportunity was truly enriching, particularly conversations with other students (both undergraduate and graduate) who encouraged me to continue, and more importantly not to give up the thought of doing scientific research just because my marks were not at the top. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Ralph Chou and Leslie Harvey (from the Toronto chapter of the R.A.S.C.), Mrs. Barbara Stewart (from my high school in Mississauga, ON), and Drs. James Mungall, Grant Henderson, and James Brennan for many insightful conversations and guidance during those formative years. Special acknowledgment also goes to my Master’s degree advisor Dr. Vicki Hansen (University of Minnesota – Duluth), whose role as a mentor was truly valued. Her support throughout the degree program, introducing me to the endless excitement and possibilities of understanding another planet, has made the first part of my graduate experience enriching. The scientific results from the Master’s study, and the general sense of accomplishment in contributing to science encouraged me to continue further, and embark on a doctoral study. The past four and a half years have honestly gone in a flash and as I reflect back on my Ph.D. experience, I have many positive experiences to take away with me. Firstly, “thanks for the opportunity” is too small a phrase to express my gratitude to my Ph.D. advisor, Dr. Gordon Osinski. As a thesis advisor, he has been very approachable, and has provided valuable vi insights in helping me define the scope of this doctoral study. He has been a great mentor, providing the resources and opportunities to conduct effective research. Under his direction I was able to participate with the rest of our research team on analogue missions, hone many of my technical research skills, and really self-discover aspects of scientific research I see myself conducting in the future. He has also been highly supportive in letting me work from home to accommodate my family commitments this past year, which is greatly appreciated. The other person who has provided immense guidance is Dr. Irene Antonenko, who was on my supervisory committee. I cannot properly express my gratitude in writing of how much her mentoring has been of value. The conversations have been endless, and more often than not she has picked on my writing styles. But it has, in my mind, made me a better scientific researcher.