1912 and 1917, he had a relationship with Felice Bauer (1887–1960). They were twice engaged but never married. (He wrote her 500 letters but they only met 17 times.) Kafka had the smallest output of any K major writer, three short novels (all unfinished), one novella, 23 short stories, diaries and five collections of Kabila, Laurent-Desiré (1939–2001). Congolese letters, almost all published posthumously. He lived politician. A guerilla and bandit for 30 years, his forces briefly with two unhappily married women. overthrew *Mobutu in July 1997 and he became The novella Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung), President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo published in 1915, is famous for the image of the (formerly Zaire). Assassinated in January 2001 by his central character Gregor Samsa waking to find bodyguard, 135 people were tried, mostly convicted himself transformed into ‘a monstrous vermin’, which but apparently not executed. His son Joseph is usually rendered in English as an insect or beetle. Kabila Kabange (1971– ) was President of the DRC Kafka does not explain why the transformation 2001–19. In 2018, a corrupt and violent election was occurred. won by an opposition candidate Félix Tshisekedi; a bizarre result that appeared to be a democratic He suffered from tuberculosis of the larynx, died transition but was engineered to guarantee Kabila’s —essentially of starvation—in a sanatorium at continuing influence and preservation of his family’s Klosterneuburg, near Vienna, and was buried in wealth. Prague. He left instructions that his literary works be burnt, unread, but his friend and executor Max Brod Kaczyński, Jarosław (1949– ) and Lech Aleksander (1882–1968) ignored the direction and published Kaczyński (1949–2010). Polish conservative his novels Der Prozess (The Trial, 1925), Der Schloss politicians, identical twins, born in Warsaw. Jaroslaw (The Castle,1926) and Amerika (The Man Who broke away from Solidarity in 1990 and became Disappeared, 1927), as well as collections of short Leader of the Law and Justice Party. He organised stories and letters. The first English translation, ofThe the election of Lech as President 2005–10, becoming Castle, by Willa and Edwin *Muir, appeared in 1930. Prime Minister himself 2006–07. Jarosław’s sexuality became a controversial issue, using homophobic Another fiancée, Julie Wohryzek, and his three sisters language while believed to be homosexual himself. died in the Holocaust, Only after 1945 did Kafka Lech Kaczyński was killed in an air crash at Smolensk gain full recognition for his extraordinary prophecy of while visiting Russia for a commemoration of the totalitarianism and alienation. (The word Kafkaesque Katyn massacre (1940). In the presidential election describes an individual oppressed by institutions or (July 2010), Jaroslaw Kaczyński failed to win. forces he is not able to understand). His introspective and symbolic novels are marked by a discomforting Kadar, Janos (1912–1989). Hungarian politician. sense of spiritual oppression and frustration, their He joined the Communist Party, then illegal, in strange events seeming the more uncanny because 1932. In 1948 when the party took control he of the clarity of the author’s style. Some interpreters became Minister for Home Affairs. After three years’ suggest that a hidden theme is humanity’s vain imprisonment, accused of Titoism, he became Prime struggle to establish a relationship with God. There is Minister and First Secretary of the Hungarian CP an enormous critical literature about Kafka. The Castle 1956–88. In the October 1956 rising, at first he joined and The Trial were both filmed twice, the best known the anti-Stalinist revolutionaries, then in November version being Orson *Welles’ The Trial (1962). he set up an opposing, pro-Soviet government and with Soviet military help crushed the revolt. He later Hayman, R., K: A Biography of Kafka. 1981; Calasso, followed pro-Moscow policies while allowing some R., K. 2005; Major, M., Kafka … for our time. 2011; liberal measures until his deposition in 1988. Stach, R., Kafka: The Years of Insight. 2013; Stach, R., Kafka: The Decisive Years. 2005; Kafka: The Years of Zinner, P. F., Revolution in Hungary. 1962. Insight. 2008. Kael, Pauline (1919–2001). American film critic. Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseivich (1893–1991). As film reviewer for the New Yorker 1967–78, 1979– Russian Communist politician. Of Jewish origin, he 91, she influenced directors deeply. Her volumes of became a shoemaker and joined the Bolsheviks in collected criticism included I Lost it at the Movies 1911. He worked for *Stalin in the CP apparatus, (1965), Deeper Into Movies (1973), State of the Art was a Politburo member 1930–57, ran the Moscow (1985) and For Keeps (1996). party machine 1930–35 and created the Moscow Metro (underground). His sister Rosa became Stalin’s Kafka, Franz (1883–1924). Czech-Jewish novelist, third wife. He became Commissar for Transport writing in German, born in Prague. Son of an 1935–37, Heavy Industry 1937–42 and Oil 1940– overbearing retailer and a withdrawn mother, he 42, ran all Soviet transport during World War II and gained a doctorate in law and worked as a senior (and was Deputy Premier 1938–46, 1947–53. He joined well-paid) public servant in the Workers’ Accident Insurance Institute in Prague 1908–22. Between the ‘anti-party group’ against his former protégé 481 Dictionary of World Biography *Khrushchev and was sacked. The last of the Old range of subjects was wide enough to include social Bolsheviks, he remained an undeviating Stalinist to comedies, problem plays, and to take up many other the end. themes, to each of which he adapted his style. Kahlo, Frida (1907–1954). Mexican painter. Kenworthy, B., George Kaiser. 1957. Permanently damaged by a road accident in 1925, she Kalecki, Michał twice married Diego *Rivera (1929, 1940), and was a (1889–1970). Polish economist, lover of *Trotsky. She developed her own surrealistic born in Łódź. Trained as an engineer, he worked treatment of Mexican folk and colonial art, marked as a journalist and economic analyst, and in 1933 Essays in Business Cycle Theory by intense colour and strong figures and painted published (in Polish) many powerful self-portraits. Her house in Coyoacan which largely anticipated J. M. *Keynes’ theories on became an important museum of pre-Columbian art. demand management and employment. (His priority was not recognised until after Keynes’ death.) He Kahn, Louis I(sadore) (1901–1974). American worked in England 1936–45, then with the UN architect, born in Estonia. Educated at the University 1946–55, returning to Poland in 1955 in an attempt of Pennsylvania, but particularly influenced by to provide a theoretical framework for growth in a buildings in Rome, Greece and Karnak, he was a socialist economy. relatively late developer whose first major project, Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich the Yale Art Gallery, dates from 1947. Professor of (1875–1946). Russian architecture at Yale 1947–57 and Pennsylvania 1957– Communist politician. A sheet metal worker, he 74, he broke away from the sleek, bland ‘International joined the RSDLP in 1898, adhered to the Bolsheviks Style’ with his monumental buildings, including the after 1905 and was a candidate member 1919–25, Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, the Salk Institute then a full member of the Politburo of the CPSU at La Jolla, the capitol in Dacca, Bangladesh and 1926–46. He succeeded Yacob *Sverdlov as head of government offices in Ahmadabad, India. state, retaining office until just before his death, with two different titles: President of the Central Executive Kahn, Richard Ferdinand, Baron Kahn (1905– Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets 1989). English economist, born in London. A disciple 1919–38, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme of J. M. *Keynes, he worked with him at King’s Soviet 1938–46. His wife was imprisoned by *Stalin College, Cambridge. He is famous for developing as a Trotskyist 1938–46. the principle of the multiplier: the relation between Kamehameha increases and outputs in aggregate expenditure. Five kings of Hawaii. Kamehameha I (1758–1819) was King of Hawaii Kahneman, Daniel (1934– ). Israeli-American 1795–1819. As a young chief he negotiated with James psychologist, born in Tel Aviv. His parents came from *Cook in 1779 and united the warring islands under his Lithuania; they moved to Palestine, then France. He sole rule 1782–1810. He was friendly towards traders survived the war with his mother. Educated in Israel and encouraged western influences.Kamehameha II and at Berkeley, he taught in Jerusalem, Vancouver, (1797–1824), King 1819–24, continued his father’s Berkeley and was professor of psychology at Princeton policies. His brother Kamehameha III (1814–1854), 1993–2007. With Amos Tversky (1937–1996) he King 1824–54, developed the islands into a modern developed ‘prospect theory’, which analyses rational monarchy of a constitutional kind, and obtained and irrational factors in decision making. For this recognition of their independence by France, Britain Kahneman received the Nobel Prize in Economic and the US. Kamehameha V (1831–1872) succeeded Science in 2002. In prospect theory, individuals use his brother in 1863, abrogated the constitution ‘heuristics’ (familiar short cuts) to make intuitive and tried to restore tribalism and monarchical rule. judgments, and are not always rational actors. However, he died without heir and the Kamehameha He became the outstanding authority on behavioural dynasty ended. economics and social psychology. His Thinking Fast Daws, A. G., Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian and Slow (2011), a bestseller, described ‘cognitive ease’ Islands. 1968. in which people accepted ideas they were comfortable with and rejected facts that made their brains work Kamenev (né Rosenfeld), Lev Borisovich (1883– harder. *Obama awarded him the Presidential Medal 1936). Russian politician. Active in the Bolshevik of Freedom in 2013. wing of the Social Democratic Party, he married Lewis, M., The Undoing Project.