Centers of Provocation and Progress: Anatolian Missionary Stations Within The

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Centers of Provocation and Progress: Anatolian Missionary Stations Within The View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Istanbul Bilgi University Library Open Access Fitnenin ve Terakkinin Merkezleri: Osmanlı Devletinde Apostolik Ermeniler Arasında Anadolu Misyoner İstasyonları, 1878-1896 Scott Rank 107671014 İSTANBUL BİLGİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARIH YÜKSEK LİSANS PROGRAMI Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Christoph K. Neumann 2009 “Centers of Provocation and Progress: Anatolian Missionary Stations Within the Ottoman State and Among Apostolic Armenians, 1878-1896.” "Fitnenin ve Terakkinin Merkezleri: Osmanlı Devletinde Apostolik Ermeniler Arasında Anadolu Misyoner İstasyonları, 1878-1896." Scott Rank 107671014 Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Christoph K. Neumann: ............................... Jüri Üyesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. M. Erdem Kabadayı: ............................... Jüri Üyesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Bülent Bilmez: ............................... Tezin Onaylandığı Tarih: .............................. Toplam Sayfa Sayısı: 138 Anahtar Kelimeler (Türkçe) Anahtar Kelimeler (İngilizce) 1) Misyonerlik faaliyetleri 1) Missionary activity 2) 19. yüzyılı 2) 19th century 3) Eğitim 3) Education 4) Yabancı okullari 4) Foreign schools 5) Apostolik Ermeniler 5) Apostolic Armenians ii An abstract of the Thesis of Scott Michael Rank, for the degree of Master of Arts in History from the Institute of Social Sciences to be taken June 2009. Title: “Centers of Provocation and Progress: Anatolian Missionary Stations Within the Ottoman State and Among Apostolic Armenians, 1878-1896.” This thesis examines American missionaries in the north central Anatolian city of Marsovan, their attempts to convert Apostolic Armenians to Protestantism, the nature of their relations to the Ottoman Empire, and how the sides narrated their encounters between 1878 and 1896. The subject of missionaries in the Near and Middle East has become quite popular in recent years, as interactions between Muslims and Protestant missionaries are a useful prism for research in postcolonial studies. Nineteenth-century American missionaries have also come under closer inspection for their role in the political collapse of the Ottoman Empire and rising nationalism of its non-Muslim groups. I explore these topics by using missionary reports and correspondence, British and American consular reports, contemporary newspapers, and accounts by converts to Protestantism. This research project accomplishes two goals. First, it explores the neglected relations between American missionaries under the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), Armenian Protestants, and Apostolic Armenians; namely, their cooperation in education and religion. The nature of these relations is useful in determining new social orientations that were created in Anatolia as a result of the American-Ottoman interaction. Second, it re-examines the clashes between the Ottoman state and the Marsovan missionaries that resulted in the 1893 arrest of two Armenian iii teachers suspected of revolutionary activity and the burning of a girls’ school. I explore whether these events were the inevitable collision of two groups whose ideologies were diametrically opposed (as both sides’ rhetoric and saber rattling in the 1890s would suggest) or the inability for both the growing ABCFM network and the expanding Ottoman bureaucracy to co-exist within Anatolia as their operations overlapped and ultimately clashed with each other. Scholarly literature portrays the relationship between foreign missionaries, the Ottoman state and Apostolic Armenians as static acrimony, but as this thesis will show the relationship was far more complex. Co-existence and cooperation are a part of their story equally as much as anathemas against Protestant converts, Ottoman police burning ABCFM schools, and American missionaries filling the Western press with inflammatory attacks against Sultan Abdülhamid II. This study highlights the dynamic nature of the environment in which these encounters took place. iv Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü’nde Tarih Yüksek Lisans derecesi için Scott Michael Rank tarafından Haziran 2009’de teslim edilen tezin özeti Başlık: "Fitnenin ve Terakkinin Merkezleri: Osmanlı Devletinde Apostolik Ermeniler Arasında Anadolu Misyoner İstasyonları, 1878-1896." Bu tez, orta Karadeniz bölgesinde bir kasaba olan Merzifon’daki Amerikan misyonerlerini, onların Apostolik Ermeniler Protestanlığa döndürme girişimlerini, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile kurdukları ilişkinin doğasını ve her iki tarafın da 1878 – 1896 yılları arasında bu karşılaşmayı anlatış biçimlerini ele alır. Son yıllarda, Yakın ve Ortadoğuda misyonerlik konusu, oldukça popüler olmuştur. Zira Protestan misyonerlerin İslam dünyasıyla karşılaşması, postkolonyal çalışmalar açısından faydalı olabilecek bir bakış açısı sunar. 19. yüzyıl Amerikan misyonerleri, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun siyasi çöküşünde ve gayrimüslimlerin yükselen milliyetçiliğinde oynadıkları rol açısından da yakından inceleme altına alınmıştır. Bu tezde, bu konular, misyoner raporları ve yazışmaları, İngiliz ve Amerikan konsolosluk raporları, dönemin gazeteleri ve Protestanlığa geçenlerin anlattıkları kullanılarak incelenir. Bu araştırma projesinin iki hedefi vardır. İlki, American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) altında çalışan Amerikan misyonerleri ve Protestan Ermeniler ve Apostolik Ermeniler arasındaki gözardı edilmiş ilişkileri, özellikle din ve eğitim konularındaki işbirliğini incelemektir. Bu ilişkilerin yapısı Amerikan-Osmanlı etkileşiminin sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan yeni toplumsal yönelimleri belirlemekte işimize yarar. İkincisi, Osmanlı Devleti ve Merzifon’daki misyonerler arasında, 1893’de iki Ermeni öğretmenin devrimci faaliyetlere katıldıkları şüphesiyle tutuklanması ve bir kız okulunun yakılmasıyla sonuçlanan çatışmaları yeniden değerlendirmektir. Bu olaylar, – v her iki tarafın da söylemlerinin ve 1890’lardaki iddialarının öne sürdüğü gibi- birbirine tamamen zıt iki grubun kaçınılmaz çatışması mı yoksa hem gittikçe büyüyen ABCFM ağının hem de Osmanlı bürokrasisinin, Anadolu’da birbiriyle örtüşen faaliyet alanlarının, önünde sonunda çatışmaya yol açmış olması mıdır? Akademik yazında, yabancı misyonerler, Osmanlı devleti ve Apostolik Ermeniler arasındaki ilişkiler durağan bir karşıtlıkla tarif edilir ancak bu tez, bu ilişkinin çok daha karmaşık olduğunu göstermeyi amaçlar. Esasında, Patrikhane’nin Protestanlığa geçenleri aforoz etmesi, Osmanlı polisinin ABCFM okullarını yakması ve Amerikan misyonerlerinin Batı basınını II. Abdülhamid’e karşı tahrik edici saldırılarla doldurması kadar birlikte yaşamak ve işbirliği de bu hikayenin bir parçasıdır. Bu çalışma, bu karşılaşmaların meydana geldiği ortamın dinamik yapısının önemini vurgular. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Christoph Neumann for his help in preparing this thesis through his encyclopedic knowledge of Ottoman institutions and pointing me away from paradigms that would have handicapped the research before it began. Thanks also to Mustafa Kabadayı for directing me toward sources that sharpened my knowledge of the content matter. I am grateful for the research assistance provided by Brian Johnson and Janet Durna at the Archives of the American Board in Istanbul for tracking down hard-to-find and out-of-print materials for my thesis research. Mr. Johnson’s recommendation to explore the neglected voice of the Armenian Protestants themselves proved invaluable to my research. Commendations are also in order for Faruk Taşkın, who provided help at Bilkent University in digging through miles of microfilm of missionary correspondence and finding unexpected treasures. For Thomas Berchtold for providing quite possibly the world’s most interesting Ottoman Turkish class (and showing the joy in studying fatwas as language practice) and Djene Bajalan for laboring with me as a fellow foreigner in gaining the hope that the language is comprehensible by a non-Turk. And special thanks to Pelin Unsal and her translation assistance. I would also like to thank Professors Suraiya Faroqhi, Sara Nur Yildiz, and Bülent Bilmez , who provided me direction for research when I initially began investigating inter-religious relations in the Ottoman Empire. And specifically for Prof. Faroqhi and vii her boundless energy and enthusiasm in showing our class historical sights in and around Istanbul. Special thanks to my parents, Michael and Maureen Rank, for providing frequent moral support to finish the project, along with Melissa Chapman for providing her copy editing expertise on the final draft and her love. I dedicate this project to them. Lastly, I would like to thank the History Department at Istanbul Bilgi University, whose academic scholarship made this research project possible, and the thirteen other students who along with me formed Bilgi University’s inaugural class in the History Department’s M.A. program. Each of you and your specific areas of expertise deepened my understanding in topics of interest, and broadened my knowledge in topics unexplored. Our experiences together have, at the very least, given us insight into the experiences of the first group of Serbian boys taken into the devşirme in the fourteenth century. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION…………..……………………...………………………………......…1 CHAPTER 1: That The Millennium Not Be Far Off: Missionary Growth in a Centralizing State and a Volatile Millet………………………………………………….12 Marsovan Station Within the ABCFM Turkish Mission………………………....15 A Faltering State…………………………………………………………………..18 Foreign Missionaries:
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