Αςπι `νΧημι Coptic Language اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺑطﯾﺔ ϫινϭι `ςβω `ναςπι `νΧημι Learning Coptic Language ﺗﻌﻠم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺑطﯾﺔ Coptic Alphabet ﺣروف اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺑطﯾﺔ

α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι

κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ ς

τ υ φ χ ψ ω ϣ ϥ ϧ

ϩ ϫ ϭ ϯ Coptic Alphabet ﺣروف اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺑطﯾﺔ alpha, άλφα beta, βήτα gamma, γάμμα [a] [aː] [b] [v] [ɡ] [ŋ] [ɣ] ج = γ = g ب = β = b أ = α = a غ = γ + ω = gh ڤ = v =ﺣﺮف ﻣﺘﺤﺮك α = a= car β+ vowel غ = β = b = Bag γ + ο = gh غ = β = v = very γ + α = gh ﻧﻜﺲ = γ + ξ = nx ﻧﻚ = γ + χ = nk ﻧﻚ = γ+κ = nk ﻧﺞ = γ+γ= ng delta, δέλτα epsilon, έψιλον zeta, ζήτα [d] [ð] ei, ει [z] ذ = e] ζ = z] د = δ = d ا = in Greek words) ε = e) ذ = δ = z ε = a = age ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺔ

ε = e = went Coptic Alphabet ﺣروف اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺑطﯾﺔ eta, ήτα theta, θήτα iota, ιωτα [i] [tʰ] [i] إ = ι = i ث = θ = th إ = η = I ﺗﻢ θ + μ = tm η = e = ear ι = i = need ت = θ + τ = t ﺗﺲ = θ + ς = ts ﺗﺶ = θ + ϣ = tsh ت = θ = t ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﮭﺠﺎت (in southern dialect) اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﯿﺔ kappa, κάππα lambda, λάμδα mi, μυ [k] [l] [m] م = μ = m ل = λ = l ك = κ = k Coptic Alphabet ﺣروف اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺑطﯾﺔ ni, νυ xi, ξι omicron, [n] [ks] όμικρον [o] أﻛﺲ = ξ = x ن = ν = n ο = o و = ου = ο ουε = owe ουα = owa ουο = owo ουω = o-o pi, πι rho, ρώ sigma, σίγμα [p] [r] [s] [z] س = ς = s ر = ρ = r ب = π = p زم = ς + μ = zm (in greek words)

ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺔ Coptic Alphabet ﺣروف اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺑطﯾﺔ tau, ταυ upsilon, ύψιλον phi, φι [t] [i] [v] [pʰ] [f] ف = φ = f ي = υ = i ت = τ = t أڤ = α + υ = av (in greek words) ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺔ α + υ = aʊ or av = aw or av (ﻧﻄﻖ ﺣﺪﯾﺚ modern pronunciation) (in coptic words at end of word) ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ α + υ = a (in coptic words in middle of word) ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ε + υ = ev (in greek words and in some coptic ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ وﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت (words اﻟﻘﺒﻄﻲ Coptic Alphabet ﺣروف اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺑطﯾﺔ chi, χι psi, ψι omega, ωμέγα [k] [kʰ] [ʃ] [ps] [o:] أو = ω = o ﺑﺲ = ψ = ps ﻓﻲ اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﻘﺑطﻲ χ = k χ = k ωου = ο in coptic words ὼου = o - o ﻓﻲ اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﻘﺑطﻲ ﺷﻲ = χ + υ = shi ﺷﻰ = χ + ι = shi ﺷﻰ = χ + ε = she ﺷﻲ = χ + η = shi ﺧو = χ + ω = kho ﺧو = χ + ο = kho ﺧﺎ = χ + α = kha Shai, ϣαι fai, ϥαι Khai, ϧαι [ʃ] [f] [kʰ] خ = ϧ = kh ف = ϥ = f ش = ϣ = sh Coptic Alphabet ﺣروف اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺑطﯾﺔ

Hori, ϩορι Gingia, ϫινϫια Tshima, ϭιμα [h] [g][ʒ] [tʃ] ج = ϫ = g ه = ϩ = h ﺗﺶ = ϭ = tsh ﭽي = ϫ + I = ji ﭽ ϫ + e = je

Ti,ϯ [ti]

ﺗﻲ = ϯ = ti Πι λαυ `μμευι the sentence اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ

A simple sentence in coptic language is made by Subject + Verb + (`ν ,`μ , `ε “complement indicator”) + object “complement” Or Subject + Verb + object اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺑﺳﯾطﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺑطﯾﺔ ﺗﺗﻛون ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ:

اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ + اﻟﻔﻌﻞ + ν , `μ , `ε` + اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل Example ﻣﺛﺎل أداة ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ + اﻟﻔﻌﻞ + اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل

ϯ `ςϧαι `ν (ου) ϫωμ

I write (a) book

ﻛﺘﺎب أﻛﺘﺐ أﻧﺎ Indefinite & Definite أدوات اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ واﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ

ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﯿﮫ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺬﻛﺮ Singular Singular Plural (both) masculine feminine Indefinite article Ου Ου Ϩαν أداة ﻧﻜﺮة A , An One One Some of ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ واﺣﺪة واﺣﺪ Generic definite Πι Ϯ Νι أدوات اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ”article “the اﻟـ

Particular usage `π `τ Νεν أدوات اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ definite After `ντε اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ”article “The اﻟـ Particular usage `φ `θ Before words أدوات اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ definite beginning اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ article “The” with اﻟـ Β-ι-λ-μ-ν-ο-ρ Indefinite article أدوات اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ

ου `ςϩιμι ϩαν `ςϩιμι ου ρωμι ϩαν ρωμι

a woman women a man men

رﺟﺎل رﺟﻞ ﻧﺴﺎء إﻣﺮأة

Indefinite Indefinite Indefinite Indefinite article article article article plural أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ plural أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻣﻔﺮد أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻣﻔﺮد ﺟﻤﻊ ﺟﻤﻊ Indefinite article أدوات اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ

إذا ﺳﺒﻖ ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﯾﺪﻣﺠﺎن ﻣﻌﺎ ﻛﺎﻷﺗﻲ If the preposition ε comes before indefinite article they merge together to make: ευ

Ε + ου = ευ إﻟﻲ ﺻﺤﺮاء Towards a desert

Ε ουϣαϥε › ευϣαϥε أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻛﺄداة ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﺰء Indefinite article as partitive

ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮ Some Myrrh

Ου ϣαλ Indefinite article أدوات اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ

ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ، اﻟﺤﺎل ، The indefinite article is used before nouns in اﻟﻈﺮف .(adverbial constructions (adverb

ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ Righteously

Σωουτεν › ϧεν ου ςωουτεν

ﺑﺤﻖ ، ﺣﻘﺎ truly Μεθμηι › Ϧεν ου μεθμηι Indefinite article أدوات اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ

ﺣﺎﻻت ﺣذف أداة اﻟﺗﻧﻛﯾر The cases of removing indefinite article ﺑﻌد اﻻﺳم ، ﻛل ، إذا ﺟﺎءت ﺣذف أداة اﻟﺗﻧﻛﯾر , removing indefinite article if the word , all, every follows a noun Νιβεν إﻧﺳﺎن ﻛل Every man Ρωμι νιβεν إذا ﺗﻼ اﻻﺳم رﻗم ﺣذف أداة اﻟﺗﻧﻛﯾر removing indefinite article If the noun is followed by number رﺟﻼن Two men Ρωμι `ςναυ إذا ﻣﺎ ﺳﺑق اﻻﺳم أداة ﻧﻔﻲ ﺣذف أداة اﻟﺗﻧﻛﯾر removing indefinite article If the noun is preceded by negation article `μμον `μμον ﺷﻲء ﻻ No thing `μμον ενχαι Indefinite article أدوات اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ

ﺣﺬف أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ إذا ﺟﺎءت اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ removing indefinite article If the following words precedes a noun

αϭνε , χωρις , ϩως αϭνε , χωρις , ϩως

دون ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ Without knowledge

Αϭνε ςωουν ﻛـ ﺣﻜﯿﻢ As (a) wise Ϩως ςαβε ﺣﺬف أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﺎن ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺎن ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ removing indefinite article If the two words are forming compound noun

ﺣﻘﻞ زﯾﺘﻮن A field (of) olive Ου ιαϩ-ϫωιτ Indefinite article أدوات اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ

ﺣﺬف أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﺎن ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺎن ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ removing indefinite article If the two words are forming compound verb or noun ﻓﻌﻞ أو اﺳﻢ ﯾﺪﻋﻮ ، ﯾﺴﻤﻲ To call Ραν > ϯ + ραν > Ϯραν ﻣﺤﺐ اﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ، طﯿﻊ acquiescent, docile Μαιςωτεμ ﺣﺬف أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ إذا ﺳﺒﻖ اﻻﺳﻢ ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺬف أداة removing indefinite article If the word is اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ preceded by a preposition ھﻮ ﯾﺒﺮر ﺷﺨﺼﺎ He Justifies someone αϥμαιο `ν ουον Indefinite article أدوات اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ

ﺣﺬف أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﺮد اﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺣﺪ ﺣﺮوف removing indefinite article in case of repeating اﻟﻌﻄﻒ nouns using the following conjunctions

ϩι , ιε , ειτε , ουδε ϩι , ιε , ειτε , ουδε أﺧﺖ أو أب أو أم أو اﻣﺮأة Sister or father or mother or woman

Σωνι ιε ιωτ ιε μαυ ιε `ςϩιμι ﺗﺤﺬف اﻷداة ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ removing indefinite article in case of adding ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺘﮭﺎ pronoun at the end of the noun

ﺣﻀﻦ › ﺣﻀﻨﮫ Bosom › his bosom

κεν › κενϥ Indefinite & Definite أدوات اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ واﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ

ϯ `ςϩιμι νι `ςϩιμι πι ρωμι νι ρωμι

the woman the women the man the men

رﺟﺎل ال رﺟﻞ ال ﻧﺴﺎء ال إﻣﺮأة ال

Definite Definite Definite Definite article article article article feminine plural masculine plural أداة ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ singular أداة ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ singular ﺟﻤﻊ أداة ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺟﻤﻊ أداة ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻣﻔﺮد Indefinite & Definite أدوات اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ واﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ

`φ νουϯ νι νουϯ `θ νουνι νι νουνι

the God the Gods the root the root

أﺻﻮل ال أﺻﻞ ال أﻟﮭﺔ ال إﻟﮫ ال

Definite article Definite Definite article Definite masculine singular article feminine singular article With words beginning plural With words beginning plural أداة ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ :with أداة ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ :with ﺟﻤﻊ Β-ι-λ-μ-ν-ο-ρ ﺟﻤﻊ Β-ι-λ-μ-ν-ο-ρ أداة ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻣﻔﺮد أداة ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮوف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮوف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ Β-ι-λ-μ-ν-ο-ρ Β-ι-λ-μ-ν-ο-ρ Indefinite & Definite أدوات اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ واﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ

ϩαν γενεα `ντε νεν ϣηρι `ν νι ρωμι

descendancy of the sons of the men

ﺑﺸﺮ ال أﺑﻨﺎء ال ذرﯾﺔ

أداة رﺑﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ أداة أداة رﺑﻂ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ Indefinite & Definite أدوات اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ واﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ

`π εμι νι εμι `τ αφε νι αφε

the science the sciences the head the heads

رؤوس ال رأس ال ﻋﻠﻮم ال ﻋﻠﻢ ال

Definite article Definite article singular masculine singular feminine used used alternatively alternatively with ϯ أداة ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺆﻧﺚ with πι ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺎدل ﻣﻊ أداة ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ϯ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺎدل ﻣﻊ πι Singular & Plural

اﻟﻤﻔﺮد واﻟﺠﻤﻊ

• The singular in coptic Language usually indicated by ου in front of the noun • The plural in coptic is indicated by adding ϩαν in front of indefinite noun and νι , νεν in front of definite noun. • There is a small number of irregular plural.

اﻟﻣﻔرد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺑطﯾﺔ ﯾﺗﻛون ﻣن إﺿﺎﻓﺔ أداة ﻧﻛرة ﻗﺑل اﻻﺳم ﻟﻠﻣﻔرد Ου اﻟﺟﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺑطﯾﺔ ﯾﺗﻛون ﻣن إﺿﺎﻓﺔ أداة اﻟﻧﻛرة ﻟﻠﺟﻣﻊ أو أداة اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف ﻟﻠﺟﻣﻊ ﻟﻠﺟﻣﻊ Ϩαν ﻟﻠﺟﻣﻊ Νι , νεν Singular & Plural اﻟﻤﻔﺮد واﻟﺠﻤﻊ

ου `ςϩιμι ϩαν `ςϩιμι ου ρωμι ϩαν ρωμι

a woman women a man men

رﺟﺎل رﺟﻞ ﻧﺴﺎء إﻣﺮأة

`π εμι νι εμι `τ αφε νι αφε the science the sciences the head the heads

رؤوس ال رأس ال ﻋﻠﻮم ال ﻋﻠﻢ ϩαν γενεα `ντε νεν ϣηρι `ν νι ρωμι descendancy of the sons of the men ﺑﺸﺮ ال أﺑﻨﺎء ال ذرﯾﺔ Irregular plural اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ

There are irregular nouns in plural around 150 nouns :

ھﻨﺎك أﺳﻤﺎء ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ 150اﺳﻢ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻤﻌﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ

Example ﻣﺜﺎل

Αβοτ Αβητ

month months

ﺷﮭﻮر ﺷﮭﺮ Days , seasons , months اﻷﯾﺎم واﻟﻔﺼﻮل واﻟﺸﮭﻮر

اﻻﺣﺪ ϯ κυριακη Sunday اﻻﺣﺪ πι ουαι Sunday

اﻻﺛﻨﯿﻦ πι `ςναυ Monday

اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺎء πι ϣομτ Tuesday

اﻷرﺑﻌﺎء πι `ϥτου Wednesday

اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺲ πι `τιου Thursday

اﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ϯ παραςκευη Friday اﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ πι ςοου Friday

اﻟﺴﺒﺖ πι ςαββατον Saturday اﻟﺴﺒﺖ πι ϣαϣϥ saturday Days , seasons , months اﻷﯾﺎم واﻟﻔﺼﻮل واﻟﺸﮭﻮر

اﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﮭﺮ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﺸﮭﺮ اﻟﺸﮭﺮ Name Of Month Month northern dialect suddern dialect Coptic Arabic beginning of month ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻗﺒﻄﻲ ﻟﮭﺠﺔ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﺠﺔ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ Tūt 11 September – 10 October ﺗﻮت θωουτ θοοτ Thout 1 Bāba 11 October – 9 November ﺑﺎﺑﮫ παοπι πααπε Paopi 2

Hātūr 10 November – 9 December ھﺎﺗﻮر αθορ ϩατωρ Hathor 3

Kiyāhk 10 December – 8 January ﻛﯿﮭﺎك χοιακ κιαϩκ Koiak 4

Ṭūba 9 January – 7 February طﻮﺑﮫ Ϯωβι Ϯωβε Tobi 5 Amshīr 8 February – 9 Marchأﻣﺸﯿﺮ μεϣιρ μεϣηρ Meshir 6 Baramhāt 10 March – 8 Aprilﺑﺮﻣﮭﺎت φαρεμϩατ παρεμϩατ Paremhat 7 Baramūda 9 April – 8 Mayﺑﺮﻣﻮده Φαρμοθι παραμουτε Parmouti 8 Bashans 9 May – 7 Juneﺑﺸﻨﺲ Παϣανς Παϣονς Pashons 9 Ba’ūnah 8 June – 7 Julyﺑﺆﻧﺔ Παωνι Παωνε Paoni 10 Abīb 8 July – 6 August أﺑﯿﺐ Επηπ Επεπ Epip 11 Misrá 7 August – 5 Septemberﻣﺴﺮى Μεςωρη Μεςωρη Mesori 12 Nasī’ 6–10 September ﻧﺴﯿﺊ πι κουϫι `ναβοτ πι κουϫι `ναβοτ Pi Kogi Enavot 13 Days , seasons , months اﻷﯾﺎم واﻟﻔﺼﻮل واﻟﺸﮭﻮر

اﻟﺮﺑﯿﻊ πι ϩη`νϣωμ spring

اﻟﺨﺮﯾﻒ πι ϩη`νεφρω autumn

اﻟﺼﯿﻒ πι ϣωμ summer

اﻟﺸﺘﺎء ϯ `φρω winter Coordinates اﻟﺠﮭﺎت

اﻟﺸﺮق π ειεβτ east`

اﻟﻐﺮب π εμεντ west`

اﻟﺸﻤﺎل π εμϩιτ north`

اﻟﺠﻨﻮب φ ρης south` Numbers اﻷرﻗﺎم

ουαι one 1 μετ ουαι eleven 11 μητ ten 10

`ςναυ two 2 μετ `ςναυ twelve 12 ϫουτ twenty 20

ϣομτ three 3 μετ ϣομτ thirteen 13 μαπ thirty 30

`ϥτου four 4 μετ `ϥτου fourteen 14 `ϩμε forty 40

`τιου five 5 μετ `τιου fifteen 15 τεβι fifty 50

ςοου six 6 μετ ςοου sixteen 16 ςε sixty 60

ϣαϣϥ seven 7 μετ ϣαϣϥ seventeen 17 `ϣβε seventy 70

`ϣμην eight 8 μετ `ϣμην eighteen 18 ϧαμνε eighty 80

ψιτ nine 9 μετ ψιτ nineteen 19 πιςταυ ninety 90

μητ ten 10 ϫουτ twenty 20 ϣε hundred 100 Numbers اﻷرﻗﺎم

ϫουτ twenty 20 μαπ thirty 30 `ϩμε forty 40

ϫουτ ουαι twenty one 21 μαπ ουαι thirty one 31 `ϩμε ουαι forty one 41

ϫουτ `ςναυ twenty two 22 μαπ `ςναυ thirty two 32 `ϩμε `ςναυ forty two 42

ϫουτ ϣομτ twenty three 23 μαπ ϣομτ thirty three 33 `ϩμε ϣομτ forty three 43

ϫουτ `ϥτου twenty four 24 μαπ `ϥτου thirty four 34 `ϩμε `ϥτου forty four 44

ϫουτ `τιου twenty five 25 μαπ `τιου thirty five 35 `ϩμε `τιου forty five 45

ϫουτ ςοου twenty six 26 μαπ ςοου thirty six 36 `ϩμε ςοου forty six 46

ϫουτ ϣαϣϥ twenty 27 μαπ ϣαϣϥ thirty 37 `ϩμε ϣαϣϥ forty 47 seven seven seven ϫουτ twenty eight 28 μαπ thirty eight 38 `ϩμε forty eight 48 `ϣμην `ϣμην `ϣμην ϫουτ ψιτ twenty nine 29 μαπ ψιτ thirty nine 39 `ϩμε ψιτ forty nine 49 Numbers اﻷرﻗﺎم

τεβι fifty 50 ςε sixty 60 `ϣβε seventy 70

τεβι ουαι fifty one 51 ςε ουαι sixty one 61 `ϣβε ουαι seventy one 71

τεβι `ςναυ fifty two 52 ςε `ςναυ sixty two 62 `ϣβε `ςναυ seventy two 72

τεβι ϣομτ fifty three 53 ςε ϣομτ sixty three 63 `ϣβε ϣομτ seventy three 73

τεβι `ϥτου fifty four 54 ςε `ϥτου sixty four 64 `ϣβε `ϥτου seventy four 74

τεβι `τιου fifty five 55 ςε `τιου sixty five 65 `ϣβε `τιου seventy five 75

τεβι ςοου fifty six 56 ςε ςοου sixty six 66 `ϣβε ςοου seventy six 76

τεβι ϣαϣϥ fifty seven 57 ςε ϣαϣϥ sixty seven 67 `ϣβε ϣαϣϥ seventy seven 77

τεβι `ϣμην fifty eight 58 ςε `ϣμην sixty eight 68 `ϣβε `ϣμην seventy eight 78

τεβι ψιτ fifty nine 59 ςε ψιτ sixty nine 69 `ϣβε ψιτ seventy nine 79 Numbers اﻷرﻗﺎم

ϧαμνε eighty 80 πιςταυ ninety 90 ϣε hundred 100

ϧαμνε ουαι eighty one 81 πιςταυ ουαι ninety one 91 ϣε ουαι hundred and one 101

ϧαμνε `ςναυ eighty two 82 πιςταυ `ςναυ ninety two 92 ϣε `ςναυ hundred and two 102

ϧαμνε ϣομτ eighty three 83 πιςταυ ϣομτ ninety three 93 ϣε ϣομτ hundred and three 103

ϧαμνε `ϥτου eighty four 84 πιςταυ `ϥτου ninety four 94 ϣε `ϥτου hundred and four 104

ϧαμνε `τιου eighty five 85 πιςταυ `τιου ninety five 95 ϣε `τιου hundred and five 105

ϧαμνε ςοου eighty six 86 πιςταυ ςοου ninety six 96 ϣε ςοου hundred and six 106

ϧαμνε ϣαϣϥ eighty seven 87 πιςταυ ϣαϣϥ ninety seven 97 ϣε ϣαϣϥ hundred and seven 107

ϧαμνε `ϣμην eighty eight 88 πιςταυ `ϣμην ninety eight 98 ϣε `ϣμην hundred and eight 108

ϧαμνε ψιτ eighty nine 89 πιςταυ ψιτ ninety nine 99 ϣε ψιτ hundred and nine 109 Numbers اﻷرﻗﺎم

ϣε hundred 100 ϣε ουαι hundred and one 101

`ςναυ ϣε two hundred 200 `ςναυ ϣε `ςναυ two hundred and two 202

ϣομτ ϣε three hundred 300 ϣομτ ϣε ϣομτ three hundred and three 303

`ϥτου ϣε four hundred 400 `ϥτου ϣε `ϥτου four hundred and four 404

`τιου ϣε five hundred 500 `τιου ϣε `τιου five hundred and five 505

ςοου ϣε six hundred 600 ςοου ϣε ςοου six hundred and six 606

ϣαϣϥ ϣε seven hundred 700 ϣαϣϥ ϣε ϣαϣϥ seven hundred seven 707

`ϣμην ϣε eight hundred 800 `ϣμην ϣε `ϣμην eight hundred and eight 808

ψιτ ϣε nine hundred 900 ψιτ ϣε ψιτ nine hundred and nine 909 Numbers اﻷرﻗﺎم

ϣε μετ ουαι one hundred and eleven 111 ϣο thousand 1000

`ςναυ ϣε μετ `ςναυ two hundred and twelve 212 `ςναυ `ν ϣο two thousand 2000

ϣομτ ϣε μετ ϣομτ three hundred and thirteen 313 ϣομτ `ν ϣο three thousand 3000

`ϥτου ϣε μετ `ϥτου four hundred and fourteen 414 `ϥτου `ν ϣο four thousand 4000

`τιου ϣε μετ `τιου five hundred and fifteen 515 `τιου `ν ϣο five thousand 5000

ςοου ϣε μετ ςοου six hundred and sixteen 616 ςοου `ν ϣο six thousand 6000

ϣαϣϥ ϣε μετ ϣαϣϥ seven hundred and seventeen 717 ϣαϣϥ `ν ϣο seven thousand 7000

`ϣμην ϣε μετ `ϣμην eight hundred and eighteen 818 `ϣμην `ν ϣο eight thousand 8000

ψιτ ϣε μετ ψιτ nine hundred and nineteen 919 ψιτ `ν ϣο nine thousand 9000 Numbers اﻷرﻗﺎم

μητ `ν ϣο ten thousand 10,000 ϣε `ν ϣο hundred thousand 100,000

ϫουτ `ν ϣο twenty thousand 20,000 `ςναυ ϣε `ν ϣο two hundred thousand 200,000

μαπ `ν ϣο thirty thousand 30,000 ϣομτ ϣε `ν ϣο three hundred thousand 300,000

`ϩμε `ν ϣο forty thousand 40,000 `ϥτου ϣε `ν ϣο four hundred thousand 400,000

τεβι `ν ϣο fifty thousand 50,000 `τιου ϣε `ν ϣο five hundred thousand 500,000

ςε `ν ϣο sixty thousand 60,000 ςοου ϣε `ν ϣο six hundred thousand 600,000

`ϣβε `ν ϣο seventy thousand 70,000 ϣαϣϥ ϣε `ν ϣο seven hundred thousand 700,000

ϧαμνε `ν ϣο eighty thousand 80,000 `ϣμην ϣε `ν ϣο eight hundred thousand 800,000

πιςταυ `ν ϣο ninty thousand 90,000 ψιτ ϣε `ν ϣο nine hundred thousand 900,000 Numbers اﻷرﻗﺎم

βιλλιον Billion 10 ϣο `ν ϣο million 1,000,000 μιλλιον million 1,000,000 to power 12

βιλλιαρδ Billiard 10 ϣε `ν μιλλιον hundred million 100,000,000 to power 15

10 milliard 1,000,000,0 τριλλιον Trillion to 10,000,000,000 μιλλιαρδ milliard 00 power 18

τριλλιαρ 10 ten milliard μητ Ten 10,000,000, μητ `ν ϣο ϣο `ν ϣο δ Trilliard to μιλλιαρδ milliard 000 power 21

Quadrill 10 κωαδριλ io to λιον n power 24 Number’s Gender اﻷرﻗﺎم ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ

Masculine Feminine

ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ

واﺣﺪة ουι one واﺣﺪ ουαι one اﺛﻨﺘﺎن ςνουϯ two` اﺛﻨﺎن ςναυ two` ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ϣομϯ three ﺛﻼث Ϣομτ three أرﺑﻌﺔ ϥτουε four` أرﺑﻊ ϥτου four` ﺧﻤﺴﺔ τιε five` ﺧﻤﺲ τιου five` ﺳﺘﺔ ςο six ﺳﺖ ςοου six ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ϣαϣϥι seven ﺳﺒﻊ ϣαϣϥ seven ﺛﻤﺎﻧﯿﺔ ϣμηνι eight` ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻲ ϣμην eight` ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ψιϯ nine ﺗﺴﻊ ψιτ nine ﻋﺸﺮة μηϯ ten ﻋﺸﺮ μητ ten Number’s Gender اﻷرﻗﺎم ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ

Masculine Feminine ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ

أﺣﺪى ﻋﺸﺮة μηϯ ουι eleven أﺣﺪ ﻋﺸﺮ μετ ουαι eleven أﺛﻨﻰ ﻋﺸﺮة μητ `ςνουϯ twelve أﺛﻨﻰ ﻋﺸﺮ μετ `ςναυ twelve ﺛﻼث ﻋﺸﺮة μηϯ ϣομϯ thirteen ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ μετ ϣομτ thirteen أرﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮة μηϯ `ϥτουε fourteen أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ μετ `ϥτου fourteen ﺧﻤﺲ ﻋﺸﺮة μηϯ `τιε fifteen ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ μετ `τιου fifteen ﺳﺖ ﻋﺸﺮة μηϯ ςο sixteen ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ μετ ςοου sixteen ﺳﺒﻊ ﻋﺸﺮة μηϯ ϣαϣϥι seventeen ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ μετ ϣαϣϥ seventeen ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮة μηϯ `ϣμηνι eighteen ﺛﻤﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ μετ `ϣμην eighteen ﺗﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺮة μηϯ ψιϯ nineteen ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ μετ ψιτ nineteen Number’s Gender اﻷرﻗﺎم ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ

Masculine Feminine

ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ

ﻋﺸﺮون ϫωϯ twenty ﻋﺸﺮون ϫουτ twenty أﺣﺪى وﻋﺸﺮون ϫωϯ ουι twenty one واﺣﺪ وﻋﺸﺮون ϫουτ ουαι twenty one ϫωϯ أﺛﻨﺘﺎن وﻋﺸﺮون twenty two أﺛﻨﺎن وﻋﺸﺮون ϫουτ `ςναυ twenty two `ςνουϯ ﺛﻼث وﻋﺸﺮون ϫωϯ ϣομϯ twenty three ﺛﻼﺛﺔ وﻋﺸﺮون ϫουτ ϣομτ twenty three ϫωϯ أرﺑﻊ وﻋﺸﺮون twenty four أرﺑﻌﺔ وﻋﺸﺮون ϫουτ `ϥτου twenty four `ϥτουε ﺧﻤﺲ وﻋﺸﺮون ϫωϯ `τιε twenty five ﺧﻤﺴﺔ وﻋﺸﺮون ϫουτ `τιου twenty five ﺳﺖ وﻋﺸﺮون ϫωϯ ςο twenty six ﺳﺘﺔ وﻋﺸﺮون ϫουτ ςοου twenty six

ﺳﺒﻊ وﻋﺸﺮون ϫωϯ ϣαϣϥι twenty seven ﺳﺒﻌﺔ وﻋﺸﺮون ϫουτ ϣαϣϥ twenty seven

ϫωϯ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻲ وﻋﺸﺮون twenty eight ﺛﻤﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﻋﺸﺮون ϫουτ `ϣμην twenty eight `ϣμηνι ﺗﺴﻊ وﻋﺸﺮون ϫωϯ ψιϯ twenty nine ﺗﺴﻌﺔ وﻋﺸﺮون ϫουτ ψιτ twenty nine Cardinals اﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ for expressing cardinal numbers the following words and structures are used ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻷول أو اﻷﺧﯿﺮ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺼﯿﻎ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ Singular masculine Singular feminine plural

اﻷواﺋﻞ νιϩουαϯ first ones اﻷوﻟﻰ ϯϩουιϯ first اﻷول πι ϩουιτ first

اﻷﺧﯿﺮون νιϧαευ last ones اﻷﺧﯿﺮة ϯϧαη last اﻷﺧﯿﺮ πι ϧαε last Cardinals اﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ

for expressing cardinal numbers the following words and structures are used the word μαϩ is added before the number ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻘﯿﺔ اﻷرﻗﺎم ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم μαϩ أﻣﺎم اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ masculine اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ πι μαϩ `ςναυ second feminine اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ϯ μαϩ `ςναυϯ second masculine اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ πι μαϩ ϣομτ third feminine اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ϯ μαϩ ϣομϯ third Cardinals اﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ with days the word ςου "day" is used

ﻣﻊ اﻷﯾﺎم ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ςου ςου μετ ϣομτ `μ πι αβοτ day thirteen of the month

ﺷﮭﺮ ال ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ ﯾﻮم The usage of numbers with nouns اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷرﻗﺎم ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت

the number is connected to the noun with `ν or `μ in words beginning with βπψφμ ﯾﺘﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﺪد ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺪود ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ν` ﺗﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ μ` أﻣﺎم اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ βπψφμ πι Ϣομτ `ν αλου the Three of children ﻓﺘﯿﺔ أداة رﺑﻂ اﻟﻌﺪد ﺛﻼث ال three children اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﺘﯿﺔ Πι μετ`ςναυ `μ μαθητης The twelve of disciples ﺗﻠﻤﯿﺬ أﺛﻨﻰ ﻋﺸﺮ ال the twelve disciples اﻷﺛﻨﻰ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺗﻠﻤﯿﺬا Noun اﻻﺳﻤﺎء

اﻻﺳﻢ ھﻮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮة ، واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪد إﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﺮك (ﺷﺨﺺ The noun, also called "substantive", is a أو ﺣﯿﻮان) ، أو ﺷﻲء (ﻛﺎﺋﻦ أو ﻓﻜﺮة) ؛ variable word, which designates either an animated being (person or animal), or a thing (object or idea);

ﺣﺼﺎن Horse `ϩθο اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ philosophy Φιλοςοφια ﻣﺎرك Mark Μαρκ Noun Masculine & Feminine اﻻﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ

اﻟﻨﻮع واﻟﻌﺪد Gender and number وﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء إﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ ، اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ واﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ ، وﯾﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﻨﻮع The nouns are divided into two genres, the واﻟﻌﺪد ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﻔﺎق ﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻻﺳﻢ وأدوات اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ masculine and the feminine, the gender and . واﻟﺘﻨﻜﯿﺮ واﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ the number are manifested by the agreement of articles and adjectives with nouns: اﻷخ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺬﻛﺮ (.The brother (singular , masculine) le frère (fr

Πι ςον اﻷﺧﺖ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺆﻧﺚ The sister ( singular, feminine) la sœur Ϯ ςωνι اﻷﺧﻮة ، ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ The brothers (plural, masculine) les frères Νι `ςνηου اﻷﺧﻮات ، ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ The sisters (plural feminine) les sœurs Νι σωνι Noun Masculine & Feminine اﻻﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ

:أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺒﺸﺮ واﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ھﻲ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ أو ﻣﺆﻧﺚ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ The names of humans and certain animals are masculine or feminine according to sex: اﻷب ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺬﻛﺮ The father (singular, masculine) le père `π ιωτ اﻷم ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺆﻧﺚ The mother (singular, feminine) la mère `τ μαυ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻷﺷﯿﺎء ، و اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺠﺮدة ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل The names of things, the abstract names are اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﺮة أو ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ distributed by use in one or the other gender اﻟﺒﯿﺖ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺬﻛﺮ (The house (singular , masculine `Π ηι اﻟﻜﺮم ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺆﻧﺚ (The vineyard (singular, feminine Ϯ αλολι اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺬﻛﺮ (The knowledge (singular, masculine Πι εμι Noun Masculine & Feminine اﻻﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ

ھﻨﺎك أﺳﻤﺎء ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ وﻣﻌﻨﻰ أﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ There are nouns having a meaning in masculine and another meaning in feminine.

اﻟﻌﺠﯿﻦ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ,The past (the bake, flour and water) (singular masculine) Πι ϣωϯ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ,The well (place of getting water) singular feminine

ϯ ϣωϯ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮ واﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ The same word may be used for masculine and feminine nouns

اﻟﺒﻨﺖ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺆﻧﺚ (The girl (singular, feminine Ϯ αλου اﻟﻮﻟﺪ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺬﻛﺮ (The boy (singular , masculine Πι αλου Noun Masculine & Feminine اﻻﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ

ﺗﺪل اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﻛﮭﺔ واﻟﻤﺆﻧﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺠﺮة masculine nouns indicate fruits , feminine اﻟﻔﺎﻛﮭﺔ nouns indicate the trees of fruit

زﯾﺘﻮن The olive Πι ϫωιτ ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﺰﯾﺘﻮن The tree of olive Ϯ ϫωιτ أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ ﻻ ﯾﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎك ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ أو اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ Sometimes there is no change in meaning whether masculine or feminine

اﻟﺰﺟﺎج The glass Πι αβαϫηινι اﻟﺰﺟﺎج The glass Ϯ αβαϫηινι Noun Masculine & Feminine اﻻﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ

اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮة ﺗﻈﻞ ﻛﻤﺎھﻲ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺜﺔ أﻣﺎ The masculine and feminine greek nouns remain the اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺤﺎﯾﺪة ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺬﻛﺮة same, while neutral nouns become masculine

اﻟﺮوح The spirit Πι `πνευμα ﯾﺘﻢ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﺮﻓﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ The feminine is formed by changing ε to η at the end of the word ε › η اﻟﺤﻜﯿﻢ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺬﻛﺮ (The wise (singular, masculine Πι ςαβε اﻟﺤﻜﯿﻤﺔ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺆﻧﺚ (The wise (singular, feminine Ϯ ςαβη ﯾﺘﻢ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﺮﻓﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ The feminine is formed by changing ο to ω at the end of the word ο › ω اﻟﺸﯿﺦ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺬﻛﺮ (The old (singular, masculine Πι ϧελλο اﻟﺸﯿﺨﺔ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺆﻧﺚ (The old (singular, feminine ϯ ϧελλω Noun Masculine & Feminine اﻻﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ

ﯾﺘﻢ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﺮﻓﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ The feminine is formed by changing η to ε at the middle of the word

ε › η

اﻻﺑﻦ The son Πι ϣηρι اﻻﺑﻨﺔ The daughter Ϯ ϣερι Noun Masculine & Feminine اﻻﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ

ﯾﺘﻢ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﺮﻓﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ The feminine is formed by changing ο to ω at the middle of the word and adding ι at the end of the word ο › ω وإﺿﺎﻓﺔ ، ﯾﻮﺗﺎ ، أي ، ،ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ι اﻷخ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺬﻛﺮ (.The brother (singular , masculine) le frère (fr Πι ςον اﻷﺧﺖ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺆﻧﺚ The sister ( singular, feminine) la sœur

Ϯ ςωνι اﻷﺧﺮ (The other (singular, masculine) l'atro (ita

Πι χετ اﻷﺧﺮى (The other (singular, feminine) l'altra (ita

Ϯ χεϯ Noun Masculine & Feminine اﻻﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ

ﯾﺘﻢ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﺮﻓﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ، The feminine is formed by changing ο or ω at the middle of the verb to η and adding ι at the end of ο , ω ›η the verb وإﺿﺎﻓﺔ ، ﯾﻮﺗﺎ ، أي ، ،ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ι ﯾﻌﺪ› اﻟﻌﺪد To count › the number ωβ › ϯ `ηπι ﯾﺘﻢ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ The feminine is formed by adding ω at the end of the verb ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ، أوﻣﯿﺠﺎ ، ،ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ω ﯾﻐﻄﻲ ، ﯾﻠﺒﺲ › اﻟﻐﻄﺎء ، اﻟﺮداء To cover , to dress › the dress Ϩωβς › Ϯ ϩωβςω ﯾﺘﻢ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ The feminine is formed by adding ς at the end of the verb ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ، ﺳﯿﺠﻤﺎ ، ﺳﯿﻤﺎ ، ﺳﻲ ، ،ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ς

ﯾﺠﺘﻤﻊ › اﺟﺘﻤﺎع To meet › meeting Θωουϯ › θωουτς Noun Masculine & Feminine اﻻﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ

ﯾﺼﺎغ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻻﺳﻢ أو اﻟﺼﻔﺔ The feminine is formed by adding μετ at the begining of the noun or adjective. μετ اﻟﺼﺒﻮة ، ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺆﻧﺚ (Childhood (singular, feminine اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺆﻧﺚ Μεταλου اﻟﺸﯿﺨﻮﺧﺔ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺆﻧﺚ (Oldness (singular, feminine Μεταπας ﯾﺼﺎغ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ The masculine is formed by adding ϫιν at the begining of the verb ϫιν اﺣﺘﻔﺎل ، ﺗﻌﯿﯿﺪ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺬﻛﺮ (Celebration of feast (singular , masculine Ϫινερϣαι Noun Masculine & Feminine اﻻﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ

ﯾﺼﺎغ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ، ﺷﺠﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﻛﮭﺔ ﻟﯿﺪل The feminine is formed by adding βω (tree) at the ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة وﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ begining of the name of fruit to indicate the tree of. βω ﻋﻨﺐ ، ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﻌﻨﺐ ، ﻛﺮﻣﺔ ، ﻣﻔﺮد ، ﻣﺆﻧﺚ (Grapes › tree of grapes , vine (singular , feminine

αλολι › ϯ βω `ν αλολι اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﮭﺎ Greek adjectives ending in ος the feminine ends with α ος ﺗﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ α اﻟﻘﺪﯾﺲ ، اﻟﻘﺪﯾﺴﺔ (The saint (m) › the saint (f Πι αγιος › ϯ αγια

أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن ﻣﺬﻛﺮة the names of metals are masculine اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ The iron Πι Βενιπι Compound nouns اﻻﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ

أﺳﻤﺎء ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ وأﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ Simple nouns and compound nouns

ﻧﻤﯿﺰ ، ًوﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ :We distinguish, according to the form أﺳﻤﺎء ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ، ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ واﺣﺪة :simple nouns, consisting of a single word

اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء ھﻮ اﺳﻢ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ ;desert is a simple name ﺻﺤﺮاء desert Ϣαϥε أﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ، ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ اﺗﺤﺎد ﻋﺪة ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ,sadness (pain in heart) compound nouns formed from the union of several words: ﺣﺰن ، وﺟﻊ ﻗﻠﺐ ، ھﻮ اﺳﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻜﺘﻮب ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ واﺣﺪة .prefix + noun to form nouns ﺑﺎدﺋﺔ + اﺳﻢ ، ﯾﺘﻢ ﺑﮭﺎ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ أﺳﻤﺎء .Prefix + verb to form nouns ﺑﺎدﺋﺔ + ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺑﮭﺎ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ أﺳﻤﺎء Compound nouns اﻻﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ

Using `ν between two words to make compound `ν ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻷداة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﯿﻦ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ words

ﺣﺰن ، وﺟﻊ ﻗﻠﺐ sadness

`μκαϩ`νϩητ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺮ ، ﻣﺼﺮي Egyptian (a person (of , from) Egypt

ρεμ`νχημι Compound nouns اﻻﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ

اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺔ μετ + ﺻﻔﺔ ، اﺳﻢ Μετ + ραν اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺔ μντ + ﺻﻔﺔ ، اﺳﻢ μντ + ραν اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺔ met + noun ρα + Ϫιν اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺔ Ϫιν + ﻓﻌﻞ .met+ adj اﺳﻢ + اﺳﻢ mnt + noun

ﻓﻌﻞ + اﺳﻢ .mnt + adj

ﻓﻌﻞ + ﺻﻔﺔ Ϫιν + ρα

Ϫιν + verb

طﻔﻮﻟﺔ (Childhood (μετ+ραν) (μετ + ραν μεταλου μνταλου Compound nouns اﻻﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ

ﺷﯿﺨﻮﺧﺔ (Oldness (μετ + adjective ﺻﻔﺔ + μετ

Μεταπας ﻧﻀﻮج maturation Ϫιναιαι زﯾﺘﻮن ﺣﻘﻞ A field (of) olive ιαϩ-ϫωιτ ﻣﺤﺐ اﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ، طﯿﻊ Acquiescent , docile Μαιςωτεμ Compound nouns اﻻﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ

Adding the prefix ρεϥ to the verb it indicates who makes the verb إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻣﻘطﻊ ” رﯾف“ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻌل ﯾﻌطﻲ ﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﻣن ﯾﻘوم ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ρεϥθαμιο creator the following words are added before the verb or the adjective to form noun

ﯾﻣﻛن إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﻌل أو اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﻹﻋطﺎء ﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﻣن ﯾﻘوم ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل masculine masculine feminine plural plural masculine feminine masculine

ετ εθ φηετ πετ θηετ νηετ νετ πεθ θετ Σαν that That That who That who That Those Those That That The person who who who who who who makes ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ذاﻟﻚ ھﺆﻻء ھﺆﻻء ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺬي ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺬي اﻟذي اﻟذي ﯾﺼﻨﻊ اﻟﺬي اﻻﺋﻲ اﻟﻼﺋﻲ Compound nouns اﻻﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ feminine ﻟﻼﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ θηετϫω + θηετ ϫω sayer that who says ﯾﻘﻮل ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻠﺔ plural ﻟﻼﺳﻢ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ νηετϩεμςι + νηετ ϩεμςι masculine ﻟﻼﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ sitter those who sit masculine ﻟﻼﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ ﯾﺠﻠﺲ أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻟﺴﻮن

φηετουαβ φηετ ουαβ holy that who holy ﻣﻘﺪس ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪﯾﺲ

πετνανεϥ πετ νανεϥ good that who good ﺟﯿﺪ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺬي ﺟﯿﺪ Subject Pronoun ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ

There are two types of subject pronoun : • Separate which does not indicate tense. • Prefix subject Pronouns which is most used.

ھﻨﺎك ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ: ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ وھﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ زﻣﻦ وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ وھﻲ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎ Separate Subject Pronoun ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ

Subject pronoun ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ Eng. Coptic ﻋﺮﺑﻲ I ανοκ أﻧﺎ You (masculine) `νθοκ أﻧﺖ

You (feminine) `νθο أﻧﺖ he `νθοϥ ھﻮ she `νθος ھﻲ we ανον ﻧﺤﻦ you `νθωτεν أﻧﺘﻢ they `νθωου ھﻢ Prefix subject Pronoun ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ

Subject pronoun

ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ

I Ϯ , ι أﻧﺎ You (m) `κ , `χ أﻧﺖ

You (f) Τε أﻧﺖ he `ϥ ھﻮ she `ς ھﻲ we Τεν ﻧﺤﻦ you Τετεν أﻧﺘﻢ they Σε ھﻢ Coptic Verbs & Tenses اﻷﻓﻌﺎل واﻷزﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ

The verb in coptic Language does not change according to tense but it has four forms according to the usage There are around 523 verbs of this kind: • The verb followed by indicator of complement `ν, `μ , `ε . • The verb followed by complement directly without the indicator of the complement. • The verb followed by complement pronoun. • The verb used as past participle.

اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ وﻟﻜﻦ ھﻨﺎك أرﺑﻌﺔ أﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ طﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻔﻌﻞ وﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ 523 ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ: اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮫ أداة ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل , `μ , `ε , `ν اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻻ ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮫ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﺼﻔﺔ Coptic Verbs & Tenses اﻷﻓﻌﺎل واﻷزﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ

Example ﻣﺜﺎل

φωρϣ φερϣ φορϣ φορϣ

spread spread spread spread

ﻣﻔﺮوش ، ﻣﻤﺪد ﯾﻔﺮش ، ﯾﻤﺪ ﯾﻔﺮش ، ﯾﻤﺪ ﯾﻔﺮش ، ﯾﻤﺪ

Verb followed by Verb not followed Verb followed by Verb used as past complement by complement complement pronoun participle indicator indicator اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮫ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ν , `μ , `ε` اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻻ ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮫ أداة ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮫ أداة ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل `ν , `μ , `ε Coptic Verbs & Tenses اﻷﻓﻌﺎل واﻷزﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ

Example ﻣﺜﺎل

ςε φωρϣ `ν νου `ϩβως ϩι πι μωιτ they spread Complem their clothes on the road ent indicator طﺮﯾﻖ ال ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻼﺑﺴـ ـﮭﻢ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﻔﺮﺷﻮن ھﻢ ςε φερϣ νου `ϩβως ϩι πι μωιτ they spread their clothes on the road طﺮﯾﻖ ال ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻼﺑﺴـ ـﮭﻢ ﯾﻔﺮﺷﻮن ھﻢ ςε φορϣ ου ϩι πι μωιτ they spread them on the road طﺮﯾﻖ ال ﻋﻠﻰ ــﻧﮭم ﯾﻔﯨرﺷوﻧــ ھم νου `ϩβως ςε φορϣ ϩι πι μωιτ their clothes Passive Are on the road voice spread indicator طﺮﯾﻖ ال ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔروﺷﺔ أداة ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻣﻼﺑﺴـ ـﮭﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل Phonetic changes in verbs اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل

verb + `ν + complement verb + complement verb + pronoun past participle

اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺼﻔﺔ ، اﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ + ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ + ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ + أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل + ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ω ε ο η βωλ βελ βολ βηλ solve solve solve solved ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﯾﺤﻞ ﯾﺤﻞ ﯾﺤﻞ κωτ κετ κοτ κητ build build build built ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﯾﺒﻨﻲ ﯾﺒﻨﻲ ﯾﺒﻨﻲ not every verb is having four forms ﻟﯿﺲ ﻛﻞ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﮭﺎ 4 ﺻﯿﻎ ςω ςε ςο xxxx drink drink drink xxxx xxxx ﯾﺸﺮب ﯾﺸﺮب ﯾﺸﺮب μουν xxxxx xxxxx μην be permanent xxxxx xxxxx permanent داﺋﻢ xxxxx xxxxx ﯾﻜﻮن داﺋﻢ Phonetic changes in verbs اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل

verb + `ν + complement verb + complement verb + pronoun past participle

اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺼﻔﺔ ، اﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ + ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ + ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ + أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل + ﻣﻔﻌﻮل vowel + ϣ ω ε α η θωϣ θεϣ θαϣ θηϣ determine determine determine determined ﻣﺤﺪد ﯾﺤﺪد ﯾﺤﺪد ﯾﺤﺪد vowel + ϧ ω ε α η φωϧ φεϧ φαϧ φηϧ tear apart tear apart tear apart torn apart ﻣﻤﺰق ﯾﻤﺰق ﯾﻤﺰق ﯾﻤﺰق vowel + ϩ ο α α ε ουοϩ ουαϩ ουαϩ ουεϩ add add add added ﻣﻀﺎف ﯾﻀﯿﻒ ﯾﻀﯿﻒ ﯾﻀﯿﻒ Phonetic changes in verbs اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل

verb + `ν + complement verb + complement verb + pronoun past participle

اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺼﻔﺔ ، اﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ + ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ + ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ + أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل + ﻣﻔﻌﻮل verbs with three consonants اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ﺣﺮوف ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ ο xxxx xxxxx η `ϧμομ xxxx xxxxx ϧημ heat xxxx xxxxx hot ﺳﺎﺧﻦ xxxx xxxxx ﯾﺴﺨﻦ ω ε ο ο ϩωτπ ϩετπ ϩοτπ ϩοτπ unify unify unify unified ﯾﻮﺣﺪ ﯾﻮﺣﺪ ﯾﻮﺣﺪ ﯾﻮﺣﺪ ι,ι ε α ο,ι μιςι μες μας μοςι bear bear bear born ﻣﻮﻟﻮد ﯾﻠﺪ ﯾﻠﺪ ﯾﻠﺪ Phonetic changes in verbs اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل

verb + `ν + complement verb + complement verb + pronoun past participle

اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺼﻔﺔ ، اﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ + ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ + ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ + أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل + ﻣﻔﻌﻮل

verbs with three letters

اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ﺣﺮوف

ι ε ε xxxxx ϫιμι ϫεμ ϫεμ xxxxx find find find xxxxx xxxxx ﯾﺠﺪ ﯾﺠﺪ ﯾﺠﺪ

vowel + ϧ,ϣ,κ

ι,ι ε α α ρικι ρεκ ρακ ρακι bend bend bend bent ﻣﺤﻨﻲ ﯾﺤﻨﻲ ﯾﺤﻨﻲ ﯾﺤﻨﻲ Phonetic changes in verbs اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل

verb + `ν + complement verb + complement verb + pronoun past participle

اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺼﻔﺔ ، اﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ + ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ + ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ + أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل + ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ϩερι xxxxx xxxxx ϩερωου to calm xxxxx xxxxx calm ھﺎديء Xxxxx xxxxx ﯾﮭﺪأ ϣι Ϣι ϣιτ ϣηου measure Measure measure measured ﻣﻘﺎس ﯾﻘﯿﺲ ﯾﻘﯿﺲ ﯾﻘﯿﺲ ςι Xxxxx xxxxx ςηου eat enough Xxxxx xxxxx eaten enough ﺷﺒﻌﺎن xxxxx xxxxx ﯾﺸﺒﻊ Phonetic changes in verbs اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل

compound verbs

أﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ واﺳﻢ أو ﻓﻌﻞ

ϯ ϭι ερ ϫεμ ϣεν ϣεπ ϩι give take make find ask accept through

ﯾﻠﻘﻲ ﯾﻘﺒﻞ ﯾﻄﻠﺐ ﯾﺠﺪ ﯾﺼﻨﻊ ﯾﺄﺧﺬ ﯾﻌﻄﻲ Phonetic changes in verbs اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل

verb + `ν + complement verb + complement verb + pronoun past participle

اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺼﻔﺔ ، اﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ + ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ + ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ + أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل + ﻣﻔﻌﻮل

ο,ε ε,ε ε,ω ε,ω

βορβερ βερβερ βερβωρ βερβωρ

through through through throughen

ﻣﻠﻘﻰ ﯾﻠﻘﻲ ﯾﻠﻘﻲ ﯾﻠﻘﻲ

`ςκορκερ `ςκερκερ `ςκερκωρ `ςκερκωρ

roll roll roll rolled

ﻣﺪﺣﺮج ﯾﺪﺣﺮج ﯾﺪﺣﺮج ﯾﺪﺣﺮج Phonetic changes in verbs اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل

verb + `ν + complement verb + complement verb + pronoun past participle

اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺼﻔﺔ ، اﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ + ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ + ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ + أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل + ﻣﻔﻌﻮل

α,ι ε,ε α,η ηουτ

ςαϩνι ςεϩνε φαϩνητ ςεϩνηουτ

order order order ordered

ﻣﺄﻣﻮر ، ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﯾﺄﻣﺮ ﯾﺄﻣﺮ ﯾﺄﻣﺮ

ο ε ο ηουτ

ταιο ταιε ταιο ταιηουτ

honor honor honor honored

ﻣﻜﺮم ﯾﻜﺮم ﯾﻜﺮم ﯾﻜﺮم Coptic Verbs & Tenses اﻷﻓﻌﺎل واﻷزﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ

The verb in coptic does not change according to tense present , past, future nor pronoun.

اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ طﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺎرع ﻣﺎﺿﻲ أو ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ طﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻞ

Example ﻣﺜﺎل Present Past tense Future زﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ زﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻀﺎرع ϯ `ςϧαι α ι `ςϧαι ϯ να `ςϧαι I write Past I wrote I will write indicator أﻛﺘﺐ ﺳﻮف أﻧﺎ ﻛﺘﺒﺖ أﻧﺎ أداة ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ أﻛﺘﺐ أﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ No No No change in change in change in the verb the verb the verb ﻻ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ Coptic Verbs & Tenses اﻷﻓﻌﺎل واﻷزﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ

The present tense is formed by pronoun or name + verb The tense is formed by α + pronoun or name + verb The future tense is formed by pronoun or name + να + verb

ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ أو اﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮫ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮف أﻟﻔﺎ ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮫ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ أو اﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮫ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ أو اﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ (ﻧﺎ) ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮫ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ

`ϥ `ςϧαι ου Ωϣ Present he writes a Lesson درس أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ھﻮ α ϥ `ςϧαι Ου Ωϣ Past Past indicator he wrote a Lesson درس أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻛﺘﺐ ھﻮ أداة ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ `ϥ να `ςϧαι ου Ωϣ Future he will write a Lesson درس أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﺳﻮف ھﻮ Verb to be in coptic ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ verb to be in coptic is having different forms ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ in present simple is used as following πε ﯾﻜﻮن ، ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺬﻛﺮ πε is masculine singular τε ﺗﻜﻮن ، ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺆﻧﺚ τε is feminine singular νε ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮا ، ﺟﻤﻊ νε are plural اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ in present in indicating status to say "being" the following verb is used οι وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ :and its usage as following ειοι , εκοι , ερεοι, εϥοι , εςοι, ενοι , ερετενοι , ευοι ﻓﻲ اﻷزﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ، ﻣﻀﺎرع اﻟﺘﻜﺮار ، ﻣﻀﺎرع , in compound tenses present of repitition, present of questions , past اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ ، اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ future verb to be is as following ϣωπι ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻔﮫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ :in present it’s conjugated as following ϣαιϣωπι , ϣακϣωπι , ϣαρεϣωπι , ϣαϥϣωπι , ϣαςϣωπι , ϣανϣωπι , ϣαρετενϣωπι , ϣαυϣωπι ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻔﮫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ :in future it’s conjugated as following ϯναϣωπι , `χναϣωπι , τεραϣωπι , `ϥναϣωπι , `ςναϣωπι , τενναϣωπι , τετενναϣωπι , ςεναϣωπι ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻔﮫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ :in past it’s conjugated as following αιϣωπι , ακϣωπι , αρεϣωπι , αϥϣωπι , αςϣωπι , ανϣωπι , αρετενϣωπι , αυϣωπι Verb to be in coptic ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ

in present simple

ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ

φαι πε ου ρωμι this is a man رﺟﻞ أداة ﺗﻜﯿﺮ ﯾﻜﻮن ھﺬا θαι τε ου `ςϩιμι this is a woman إﻣﺮأة أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﺗﻜﻮن ھﺬه ναι νε νι αφοφι those are the giants ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻘﺔ ال ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮا ھﺆﻻء Verb to be in coptic ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ

to indicate status

ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ

ει οι `ν ρεμϩε I am indicator of complement free ﺣﺮا أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل أﻛﻮن أﻧﺎ εϥ οι `ν νουβ he is indicator of complement golden ذھﺒﯿﺎ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﻜﻮن ھﻮ τετεν οι `ν νιϣϯ you are indicator of complement great ﻋﻈﻤﺎء أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺗﻜﻮﻧﻮا أﻧﺘﻢ Verb to be in coptic ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ

in present indicating repitition

ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺪال ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار

φηετ μοϣι νεμ νι ςαβευ who walks with the wise ﺣﻜﻤﺎء ال ﻣﻊ ﯾﻤﺸﻲ اﻟﺬي ϣαϥ ϣωπι εϥ οι `ν he , "usually" present of repetition is "becomes" he is indicator of adjective أداة ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﯾﻜﻮن ھﻮ ﯾﻜﻮن ، ﯾﺼﯿﺮ ھﻮ ، ﻋﺎدة ، ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺗﻜﺮار

ςαβε

wise

ﻣﻔﻌﻮل Verb to be in coptic ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ

in future tense ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ `ϥ να ϣωπι εϥ ρανα he will be he pleased ﻣﺴﺮورا ھﻮ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺳﻮف ھﻮ ϥ `μ `π ϭοις he in the Lord رب ال ﺑـ ھﻮ in past ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ πι ρωμι αϥ ϣωπι ευ "ε +ου" the man he was "became" a أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻣﻊ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺻﺎر ھﻮ أﻧﺴﺎن ال ψυχη ες ονϧ soul it's living ﺣﯿﺔ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻧﻔﺲ Verb to have in coptic ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ ουον

ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع ﯾﻮﺟﺪ أﻣﻠﻚ ، ﻟﺪي in present to have there is ουον

اﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ negation there is not `μμον

ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ in future there will be ϣωπι

Past ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ there was not νε `μμον negation

ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ In past there was νε ουον

Present اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻛﺎﺋﻦ having , being εουον Participial Negation ﻧﻔﻲ of ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻏﯿﺮ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ not having , not being εμμον اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ Present participal Verb to have in coptic ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ ουον

ουοντηι ουοντακ ουοντε ουονταϥ ουοντας ουονταν ουοτωτεν ουοντωου ουον`ντωτ ουον`ντωο ουον`ντηι ουον`ντακ ουον`ντε ουον`νταϥ ουον`ντας ουον`νταν εν υ ουονϯ ουοντεκ ουοντε ουοντεϥ ουοντες ουοντεν ουοντετεν ουοντου ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻛﻢ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪه ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪك ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪك ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪي I have you have you have he has she has we have you have they have there is at there is at there is at there is at there is at there is at there is at there is at my your your his her our your Their possesion possesion possesion possesion possesion possesion possesion possesion `μμοντωτε `μμοντηι `μμοντακ `μμοντε `μμονταϥ `μμοντας `μμονταν `μμοντωου ν `μμον`ντα `μμον`ντα `μμον`ντα `μμον`ντα `μμον`ντω `μμον`ντηι `μμον`ντε `μμον`ντου κ ϥ ς ν τεν `μμοντετε `μμονϯ `μμοντεκ `μμοντε `μμοντεϥ `μμοντες `μμοντεν `μμοντου ν ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻛﻢ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪه ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪك ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪك ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪي she does I do not you do not you do not he does not we do not you do not they do not not have have have have have have have have Verb to have in coptic ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ ουον

ουονϯ ϣηρι `ςναυ I have son "s" two اﺛﻨﺎن اﺑﻨﺎن ﻟﺪي ουοντακ ου `ϩλι `μ παι μα you have someone in this place ﻣﻜﺎن ھﺬا ﻓﻲ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻟﺪﯾﻚ ϯ βω `ν αλολι ναρε ουον the tree of graps there was ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻨﺐ أدة رﺑﻂ ﺷﺠﺮة ال ϣομτ `ν χαϥ πε three of trunks completion of past tense ﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻗﻀﺒﺎن أداة رﺑﻂ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ Verb to have in coptic ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ ουον

νε νε ουονϯ νε ουοντεκ νε ουοντε νε ουοντεϥ νε ουοντες νε ουοντεν ουοντε νε ουοντου τεν

ﻛﺎن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ ﻛﺎن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻛﻢ ﻛﺎن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻛﺎن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﻛﺎن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪه ﻛﺎن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪك ﻛﺎن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪك ﻛﺎن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪي

I had you had you had he had she had we had you had they had νε νε `μμονϯ νε `μμοντεκ νε `μμοντε νε `μμοντεϥ νε `μμοντες νε `μμοντεν `μμοντ νε `μμοντου ετεν ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪه ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻛﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﻨﺪك ﻋﻨﺪك ﻋﻨﺪي

you did not you did not he did not she did not we did not you did not they did not I did not have have have have have have have have

`ϥναϣωπι `ϥναϣωπι `ϥναϣωπι `ϥναϣωπι `ϥναϣωπι `ϥναϣωπι `ϥναϣωπι νηι `ϥναϣωπι νε νακ ναϥ νας ναν νωτεν νωου

ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻟﮭﻢ ، ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻟﻜﻢ ، ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻟﻨﺎ ، ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻟﮭﺎ ، ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻟﻚ ، ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻟﻚ ، ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻟﻲ ، ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻟﮫ ، ﺳﻮف ﺳﻮف ﺳﻮف ﺳﻮف ﺳﻮف ﺳﻮف ﺳﻮف ﺳﻮف ﯾﻤﻠﻚ ﯾﻤﻠﻜﻮن ﺗﻤﻠﻜﻮن ﻧﻤﻠﻚ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺗﻤﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ أﻣﻠﻚ it will be for it will be for it will be for it will be for it will be for it will be for it will be for it will be for me you you him her us you them they will I will have you will have you will have he will have she will have we will have you will have have Verb to have in coptic ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ ουον

ουον `νταν `ν ου ϧελλο `ν indication of article connecting we have an old complement adjective and noun أداة رﺑﻂ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﺻﻮف ﻋﺠﻮز أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﻦ ιωτ father أب φηετετεν ουαϣ ϥ ερειτιν `μμοϥ ουοϩ that you want it ask it and و ــﮫ أطﻠﺒﻮ ــﮫ ﺗﺮﯾﺪون اﻟﺬي أﻧﺘﻢ `ϥναϣωπι νωτεν it will be yours ﻟﻜﻢ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن Verb to have in coptic ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ ουον

`νθος `μμοντας ϣηρι

she does not have son

اﺑﻦ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ ھﻲ

νηετε `μμοντου καϯ `μμαυ

those they do not have understanding themselves

أﻧﻔﺴﮭﻢ ﻓﮭﻢ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺪﯾﮭﻢ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ Verb to have in coptic ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ ουον

νε `μμον ρωμι πε ε there have been not any man completion of past to ﻟﻢ ل ﻣﻜﻤﻞ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻧﺴﺎن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ

ερϩωβ ε πι καϩι

work complement indicator the land

أرض ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﻌﻤﻞ `μμον `ϩλι νεμαν `φ νουϯ there is no person with us the God إﻟﮫ ال ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ πετ ερμεθρε ουτωι νεμακ who testifies between me and you وأﻧﺖ ﺑﯿﻨﻲ ﯾﺸﮭﺪ اﻟﺬي Using verb to have in coptic with the meaning be in debit اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺪﯾﻮن ﺑـ ουον

ουοϩ χα νηετ ερον ναν εβολ :

(preposition and forgive which (is) upon us upon us ) : ﻟﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ أﻏﻔﺮ و `μ `φ ρηϯ ϩων `ντεν χω εβολ

as also we forgive

ﻧﻐﻔﺮ ﻧﺤﻦ أﯾﻀﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ

`ν νηετε ουον `ντ αν `ερω ου

(conjunctio n) which exists at us on them

ــﮭﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺎ ﻟﺪﯾــ ﯾﻮﺟﻮدون اﻟﺬﯾﻦ Using verb to have in coptic with the meaning be in debit اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺪﯾﻮن ﺑـ ουον

اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪي ، ﻣﺎ أدﯾﻦ ﺑﮫ "or πετ εροι which is upon me "my debt / أو νηετε

اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﯾﻚ ، ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﯾﻦ ﺑﮫ "or πετ εροκ which is upon you "your debt / أو νηετε

اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﯾﻚ ، ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﯾﻨﻲ ﺑﮫ "or πετ ερο which is upon you "your debt / أو νηετε

اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﯾﮫ ، ﻣﺎ ﯾﺪﯾﻦ ﺑﮫ "or πετ εροϥ which is upon him "his debt / أو νηετε

اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ ، ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﯾﻦ ﺑﮫ "or πετ ερος which is upon her "her debt / أو νηετε

اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﯾﻦ ، ﻣﺎ ﻧﺪﯾﻦ ﺑﮫ "or πετ ερον which is upon us "our debt / أو νηετε

اﻟﺬي ﻋﻠﯿﻜﻢ ، ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﯾﻨﻮن ﺑﮫ "or πετ ερωτεν which is upon you "your debt / أو νηετε

اﻟﺬي ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ ، ﻣﺎ ﯾﺪﯾﻨﻮن ﺑﮫ "or πετ ερωου which is upon them "their debt / أو νηετε Using verb to have in coptic with the meaning be in debit اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺪﯾﻮن ﺑـ ουον

ﻋﻠﻰ εροι on me اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪي or πετ ουον`ντηι which I have / أو νηετε

ﻋﻠﯿﻚ εροκ on you اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﯾﻚ or πετ ουον`ντακ which you have / أو νηετε

ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ερο on you اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﯾﻚ or πετ ουον`ντε which you have / أو νηετε

ﻋﻠﯿﮫ εροϥ on him اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﯾﮫ or πετ ουον`νταϥ which he have / أو νηετε

→ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ερος on her اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ or πετ ουον`ντας which she have / أو νηετε

ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ερον on us اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ or πετ ουον`νταν which we have / أو νηετε

ﻋﻠﯿﻜﻢ ερωτεν on you اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﯾﻜﻢ or πετ ουον`ντωτεν which you have / أو νηετε

ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ ερωου on them اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﯾﮭﻢ or πετ ουον`ντωου which they have / أو νηετε Using verb to have in coptic with the meaning be in debit اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺪﯾﻮن ﺑـ ουον

ουοϩ χα νηετ ερον ναν εβολ :

and forgive which (is) upon us upon us (preposition) :

ﺣرف ﺟر ﻟﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ أﻏﻔﺮ و `μ `φ ρηϯ ϩων `ντεν χω εβολ As also we forgive ﻧﻐﻔﺮ ﻧﺤﻦ أﯾﻀﺎ ﻛﻣﺎ `ν νηετε ουον `ντ αν `ερω ου

indicator Of which exists at us on them complement

ــﮭﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺎ ﻟﺪﯾــ ﯾﻮﺟﻮدون اﻟﺬﯾﻦ أداة ﻣﻔﻌول Verb to do in coptic اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ιρι , ερ , αιτ , οι

when independent in front before before Used form of of words to complement complement indicating the verb form verbs pronoun pronoun status

ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺪل اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻟﯿﻜﻮن ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ

ιρι ερ αι αιτ οι

to do to do to do to do Being doing ﻛﻮﻧﮫ ﻓﺎﻋﻼ ﯾﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﻔﻌﻞ Verb to do in coptic اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ιρι , ερ , αιτ , οι

αϥ ιρι `ν νι μηνι he did "to do" indicator of complement the signs أﯾﺎت ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺻﻨﻊ ھﻮ ، ﻣﺎﺿﻲ `μπε`μθο `ν νι μηϣ in front indicator of complement the multitude of ﺟﻤﻮع ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل أﻣﺎم `π ϭοις αι ερϩελπις εροκ O "the" Lord I got help from you ﺑﻚ اﺣﺘﻤﯿﺖ أﻧﺎ رب ﯾﺎ ου πε φαι ετακ αι ϥ what is this you have done "to do" it ــﮫ ﻓﻌﻠﺘــ اﻟﺬي أﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ھﺬا ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺎذا ναν ? to us ? ? ﻟﻨﺎ Verb to do in coptic اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ιρι , ερ , αιτ , οι

αϥ εμι ε νη τηρου

he knew indicator of complement those all

ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻋﺮف ھﻮ

ετα πεϥ κουϫι `ν ϣηρι

that his younger connector between adjective and noun son

اﺑﻦ أداة رﺑﻂ اﺳﻢ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻠﻜﮫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ

αιτ ου ναϥ

done "to do" them to him

ﺑﮫ ــﮭﻢ ﻓﻌﻠــ Coptic Verb Conjugation in simple tenses ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ واﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ

Present Tense اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع No change in meaning in any verb form ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أي ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻔﻌﻞ

I spread Ϯ φωρϣ Ϯ φερϣ Ϯ φορϣ أﻧﺎ أﻓﺮش

You spread (m) `κ φωρϣ `κ φερϣ `κ φορϣ أﻧﺖ ﺗﻔﺮش

You spread (f) Τε φωρϣ Τε φερϣ Τε φορϣ أﻧﺖ ﺗﻔﺮﺷﻲ he spreads `ϥ φωρϣ `ϥ φερϣ `ϥ φορϣ ھﻮ ﯾﻔﺮش she spreads `ς φωρϣ `ς φερϣ `ς φορϣ ھﻲ ﺗﻔﺮش

We spread Τεν φωρϣ Τεν φερϣ Τεν φορϣ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻔﺮش you spread Τετεν φωρϣ Τετεν φερϣ Τετεν φορϣ أﻧﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﺮﺷﻮن they spread Σε φωρϣ Σε φερϣ Σε φορϣ ھﻢ ﯾﻔﺮﺷﻮن Article indicating past tense اﻷدوات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ

In past tense the letter alpha “α” indicates past simple. In past perfect the relative pronoun + letter alpha “ετα”indicate past perfect. In past indicating repetition the letter shai “ϣ” + alpha “α” are used.

α ﯾدل ﺣرف أﻟﻔﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻧد وﺿﻌﮫ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ετα ﯾدل ﺿﻣﯾر اﻟوﺻل وﺣرف أﻟﻔﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم ﻋﻧد وﺿﻌﮫ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﺎﻋل Ϣ + α = ϣα ﯾدل ﺣرف ﺷﺎي وﺣرف أﻟﻔﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻛرار ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻧد وﺿﻌﮭم ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﺎﻋل Coptic Verb Conjugation in simple tenses ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ واﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ

Past Tense اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ No change in meaning in any verb form ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أي ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻔﻌﻞ

I spreaded αι φωρϣ αι φερϣ αι φορϣ أﻧﺎ ﻓﺮﺷﺖ

You spreaded (m) ακ φωρϣ ακ φερϣ ακ φορϣ أﻧﺖ ﻓﺮﺷﺖ

You spreaded (f) αρε φωρϣ αρε φερϣ αρε φορϣ أﻧﺖ ﻓﺮﺷﺖ he spreaded αϥ φωρϣ αϥ φερϣ αϥ φορϣ ھﻮ ﻓﺮش she spread ας φωρϣ ας φερϣ ας φορϣ ھﻲ ﻓﺮﺷﺖ we spreaded αν φωρϣ αν φερϣ αν φορϣ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻓﺮﺷﻨﺎ you spreaded αρετεν φωρϣ αρετεν φερϣ αρετεν φορϣ أﻧﺘﻢ ﻓﺮﺷﺘﻢ they spreaded αυ φωρϣ αυ φερϣ αυ φορϣ ھﻢ ﻓﺮﺷﻮا Coptic Verb Conjugation in simple tenses ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ واﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ

Future Tense اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ No change in meaning in any verb form ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أي ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻔﻌﻞ

I will spread ϯνα φωρϣ ϯνα φερϣ ϯνα φορϣ أﻧﺎ ﺳﻮف أﻓﺮش

You will spread (m) `χνα φωρϣ `χνα φερϣ `χνα φορϣ أﻧﺖ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻔﺮش

You will spread (f) τερα φωρϣ τερα φερϣ τερα φορϣ أﻧﺖ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻔﺮﺷﻲ he will spread `ϥνα φωρϣ `ϥνα φερϣ `ϥνα φορϣ ھﻮ ﺳﻮف ﯾﻔﺮش she will spread `ςνα φωρϣ `ςνα φερϣ `ςνα φορϣ ھﻲ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻔﺮش we will spread τεννα φωρϣ τεννα φερϣ τεννα φορϣ ﻧﺤﻦ ﺳﻮف ﻧﻔﺮش you will spread τετεννα φωρϣ τετεννα φερϣ τετεννα φορϣ أﻧﺘﻢ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻔﺮﺷﻮن they will spread ςενα φωρϣ ςενα φερϣ ςενα φορϣ ھﻢ ﺳﻮف ﯾﻔﺮﺷﻮا Coptic Verb Conjugation in simple tenses ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ واﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ

Note Ϯ changes into ι in past tense. `κ changes into `χ in verbs beginning with μ, ν, ου. `κ changes into `χνα in future tense.

ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ

ϯ ﺗﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ ι ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ κ` ﺗﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ χ` أﻣﺎم اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑـ Μ , ν , ου κ` ﺗﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ χνα` ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ Writing a sentence in Coptic Language ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ

It’s simple to write a sentence in coptic. There are different ways to write it correctly 1. Subject pronoun or noun 2. Verb 3. complement

ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﮭﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ، وھﻨﺎك ﻋﺪة طﺮق ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ وﯾﻜﻮن أﻣﺎ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ أو اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل Writing a sentence in Coptic Language ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ

Example ﻣﺜﺎل

ϯ ςαϫι `ν αςπι `ν Χημι

Complement I speak indicator language of Egypt ﻣﺼﺮ أداة رﺑﻂ ﻟﻐﺔ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل أﺗﻜﻠﻢ أﻧﺎ ανοκ ςαϫι `ν αςπι `ν Χημι

Complement I speak indicator language of Egypt ﻣﺼﺮ أداة رﺑﻂ ﻟﻐﺔ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل أﺗﻜﻠﻢ أﻧﺎ ανοκ ϯ ςαϫι `ν αςπι `ν Χημι

Complement I I speak indicator language of Egypt ﻣﺼﺮ أداة رﺑﻂ ﻟﻐﺔ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل أﺗﻜﻠﻢ أﻧﺎ أﻧﺎ ϯ ςαϫι αςπι `ν Χημι I speak language of Egypt ﻣﺼﺮ أداة رﺑﻂ ﻟﻐﺔ أﺗﻜﻠﻢ أﻧﺎ Writing a sentence in Coptic Language ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ

Μαρκ ςαϫι `ν αςπι `ν Χημι

Complement Mark speaks indicator language of Egypt ﻣﺼﺮ أداة رﺑﻂ ﻟﻐﺔ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﺎرك Μαρκ `ϥ ςαϫι `ν αςπι `ν Χημι

Complement Mark he speaks indicator language of Egypt ﻣﺼﺮ أداة رﺑﻂ ﻟﻐﺔ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﺘﻜﻠﻢ ھﻮ ﻣﺎرك `ϥ Σαϫι `ν αςπι `ν Χημι

Complement he Speaks indicator language of Egypt ﻣﺼﺮ أداة رﺑﻂ ﻟﻐﺔ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﺘﻜﻠﻢ ھﻮ `νθοϥ `ϥ ςαϫι `ν αςπι `ν Χημι

Complement he he speaks indicator language of Egypt ﻣﺼﺮ أداة رﺑﻂ ﻟﻐﺔ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﺘﻜﻠﻢ ھﻮ ھﻮ `νθοϥ ςαϫι `ν αςπι `ν Χημι

Complement he speaks indicator language of Egypt ﻣﺼﺮ أداة رﺑﻂ ﻟﻐﺔ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﺘﻜﻠﻢ ھﻮ Writing a sentence in Coptic Language ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ

Last year Mary went to America اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﯿﺔ ﻣﺎرﯾﺎ ذھﺒﺖ إﻟﻰ أﻣﺮﯾﻜﺎ

ου ρομπι `ν ϣορπ α Μαρια ι ε αμερικα

past a year in previous Mary went to America indicator أداة ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ أﻣﺮﯾﻜﺎ إﻟﻰ ذھﺒﺖ ﻣﺎرﯾﺎ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ου ρομπι `ν ϣορπ Μαρια α ς ι ε Αμερικα past a year in previous Mary indicator she went to America

أداة ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ أﻣﺮﯾﻜﺎ إﻟﻰ ذھﺒﺖ ھﻲ ﻣﺎرﯾﺎ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ου ρομπι `ν ϣορπ α ς ι ε Αμερικα past a year in previous indicator she went to America

أداة ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ أﻣﺮﯾﻜﺎ إﻟﻰ ذھﺒﺖ ھﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ Writing a sentence in Coptic Language ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ

ςε να ωϣ `π ϫωμ they will read the book

ﻛﺗﺎب ال ﯾﻘرأون ﺳوف ھم

Μαρια νεμ αννα να ωϣ `π Ϫωμ

Mary and Anna will read the book

ﻛﺗﺎب ال ﯾﻘرأون ﺳوف أﻧﺎ و ﻣﺎرﯾﺎ

Μαρια νεμ αννα ςε να ωϣ `π ϫωμ

Mary and Anna they will read the book

ﻛﺗﺎب ال ﯾﻘرأون ﺳوف ھم أﻧﺎ و ﻣﺎرﯾﺎ

`νθωου να ωϣ `π ϫωμ they will read the book

ﻛﺗﺎب ال ﯾﻘرأون ﺳوف ھم Change in subject location اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺎﻋل

The subject can follow the verb preceded by the word `νϫε : ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ وﺗﺴﺒﻘﮫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ `νϫε Ιωαννης αϥ ι

John he came

ﺟﺎء ھﻮ ﯾﻮﺣﻨﺎ

αϥ ι `νϫε Ιωαννης he came namely John ﯾوﺣﻧﺎ أي ﺟﺎء ھو `ν - `μ The particle `ν (`μ before words beginning with βμπφψ) أداة اﻟرﺑط ”ن“ ، ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ”م“ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺐ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑـ βμπφψ

As a complement of noun As a complement of verb ﻛﻣﻛﻣل ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﻛﻣﻛﻣل ﻟﻼﺳم ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Adjective Complement of noun Adverb First complement for specifying or for (accusative or dative) indicating property (genitive, possessive) ﻣﻛﻣل ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﻣﻛﻣل ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﻣﻛﻣل ﻟﻼﺳم ﯾﻔﯾد اﻟﺗﺣدﯾد أو اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ ﻣﻛﻣل ﻟﻼﺳم ﻣﻔﻌول أول ظرف ، ﺣﺎل ﺻﻔﺔ Noun +`ν (`μ) + noun Noun +`ν (`μ) + noun verb +`ν (`μ) + noun verb +`ν (`μ) + noun اﺳم + (ν (`μ`+ ﻓﻌل اﺳم + (ν (`μ`+ ﻓﻌل اﺳم + (ν (`μ`+ اﺳم اﺳم + (ν (`μ`+ اﺳم → → → → أﻧﺎ أؤﻣن ﺑﻛﺗﺎب I believe in أﻧﺎ أﺗﺣدث I speak ﻛﺗﺎب ﻣﺎرك The book of اﻟﺗﺎج اﻟذھﺑﻲ The golden a book أﺳﺑوﻋﯾﺎ crown mark weekly πι`χλομ `ννουβ Πι ϫωμ `μ μαρκ ϯ ςαϫι `νανϣαϣϥ Ϯ ναϩϯ `ν ου ϫωμ ھو ﯾﻛﺗب درﺳﺎ He writes a ﻋﯾد اﻟﻣﯾﻼد The feast of Christ lesson mas `πϣαι `νϫινμιςι `Ϥ `ςϧαι `νωϣ Adjectives & Pronouns اﻟﺼﻔﺎت واﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ

Adjective is describing a noun Pronoun is “usually subject” followed by a verb اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﺼﻒ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻀﻤﯿﺮ ﯾﻘﻮم ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ وﯾﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﻌﻞ

Pronoun followed by verb Adjective followed by noun ﺻﻔﺔ ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮭﺎ اﺳﻢ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮫ ﻓﻌﻞ φαι πε ρωμι παι Ρωμι this is man this man رﺟﻞ ھﺬا رﺟﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن ھﺬا `ςμοτ Adjective اﻟﺻﻔﺔ demonstrative adjective ﺻﻔﺎت اﻹﺷﺎرة

Adjective before noun this this these ھؤﻻء ھذه ھذا ﺻﻔﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ Demonstrative adjectives παι ται ναι ﺻﻔﺔ إﺷﺎرة

παι ρωμι ται `ςϩιμι ναι ρωμι

this man this woman those people

ﻧﺎس ھؤﻻء إﻣرأة ھذه رﺟل ھذا Demonstrative pronouns ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻹﺷﺎرة

Demonstrative pronouns are used as subject in the sentence ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻷﺷﺎرة ﻛﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ Demonstrative pronouns ﺿﻤﯿﺮ إﺷﺎرة this this these ھﺆﻻء ھﺬه ھﺬا

φαι θαι ναι

Demonstrative pronouns for distant ﺿﻤﯿﺮ إﺷﺎرة ﻟﻠﺒﻌﯿﺪ that those that

أوﻟﺌﻚ ﺗﻠﻚ ذاك

Φη Θη νη Demonstrative pronouns ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻹﺷﺎرة

Example ﻣﺜﺎل when a definite article precedes the nouns

ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﺒﻖ اﻻﺳﻢ أداة ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ

φαι πε πι ρεϥϭιϯ θαι τε ϯ `ςϩιμι ναι νε νι κοι woma this is the commercent this is the n those are the fields ﺣﻘﻮل ال ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮا ھﺆﻻء ﻣﺮأة ال ﺗﻜﻮن ھﺬه ﺗﺎﺟﺮ ال ﯾﻜﻮن ھﺬا when an indefinite article precedes the nouns ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﺒﻖ اﻻﺳﻢ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﺳﻢ φαι ου ρεϥϭιϯ πε θαι ου `ςϩιμι τε ναι ϩαν κοι νε

this a commerce is this a woma is those indefi fields are nt n nite article ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﺣﻘﻮل أداة ھﺆﻻء ﺗﻜﻮن إﻣﺮأة أداة ھﺬه ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺎﺟﺮ أداة ھﺬا ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ Demonstrative pronouns ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻹﺷﺎرة

φη εθ να ιρι φαι ευε μουϯ εροϥ ϫε πι νιϣϯ that who will do this Will be, called him O the great passive voice أﻋﻈﻢ ال ﯾﺎ ــﮫ ﯾﺪﻋﻮﻧــ ﺳﻮف ، ھﺬا ﯾﻔﻌﻞ ﺳﻮف اﻟﺬي ذاك ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل ϯ `ςϩιμι θη ενας χη ϧεν `θ μηϯ the woman that (which) standin in the Middle Was g وﺳﻂ ال ﻓﻲ واﻗﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻣﺮأة ال

νη ευ νηου εβολ πι ϩητ ναι Πετ ςωϥ `μ πι ρωμι ϧεν those were coming from the heart these which defile Complemen the man t indicator

إﻧﺴﺎن ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﺪﻧﺴﻮن اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ھﺆﻻء ﻗﻠﺐ ال ﻣﻦ أﺗﻮا ھﻢ أوﻟﺌﻚ Possessive adjective ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ

Subject pronoun Possessive adjective the holder object gender ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺟﻨﺲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﯿﮫ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺬﻛﺮ .Eng. Coptic s.m. s.f. pl ﻋﺮﺑﻲ - + my ανοκ Πα + - Τα + - Να ﻣﻠﻜﻲ - + Your (m) `νθοκ Πεκ + - Τεκ + - Νεκ ﻣﻠﻜﻚ - + Your (f) `νθο Πε + - Τε + - Νε ﻣﻠﻜﻚ - + his `νθοϥ Πεϥ + - τεϥ + - νεϥ ﻣﻠﻜﮫ - + her `νθος Πες + - Τες + - Νες ﻣﻠﻜﮭﺎ - + our ανον Πεν + - Τεν + - Νεν ﻣﻠﻜﻨﺎ - + your `νθωτεν Πετεν + - Τετεν + - Νετεν ﻣﻠﻜﻜﻢ - + their `νθωου Που + - Του + - Νου ﻣﻠﻜﮭﻢ Possessive adjective ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ

ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﯿﮫ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﯿﮫ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﯿﮫ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺬﻛﺮ

s.m. s.f. pl. s.m. s.f. pl. s.m. s.f. pl.

Πα ραν Τα ςωνι Να ςαϫι Πεκ ραν Τεκ ςωνι Νεκ ςαϫι Πε ραν Τε ςωνι Νε ςαϫι

my name my sister my words your name your sister your words your name your sister your words Talking to female Talking to female Talking to female

ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﻚ أﺧﺘﻚ اﺳﻤﻚ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﻚ أﺧﺘﻚ اﺳﻤﻚ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﻲ أﺧﺘﻲ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﻷﻧﺜﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﻷﻧﺜﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﻷﻧﺜﻰ Πεϥ ραν τεϥ ςωνι νεϥ ςαϫι Πες ραν Τες ςωνι Νες ςαϫι Πεν ραν Τεν ςωνι Νεν ςαϫι

his name his sister his words her name her sister her words our name our sister our words

ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﻨﺎ أﺧﺘﻨﺎ اﺳﻤﻨﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﮭﺎ أﺧﺘﮭﺎ اﺳﻤﮭﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﮫ أﺧﺘﮫ اﺳﻤﮫ

Πετεν ραν Τετεν Νετεν ςαϫι Που ραν Του ςωνι Νου ςαϫι ςωνι your name your sister your words their name their sister their words

ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﮭﻢ أﺧﺘﮭﻢ اﺳﻤﮭﻢ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﻜﻢ أﺧﺘﻜﻢ اﺳﻤﻜﻢ Possessive pronouns ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ

Subject pronoun Possessive pronouns the holder object gender ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺟﻨﺲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﯿﮫ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺬﻛﺮ .Eng. Coptic s.m. s.f. pl ﻋﺮﺑﻲ mine ανοκ φωι θωι νουι ﻣﻠﻜﻲ Yours (m) `νθοκ φωκ θωκ νουκ ﻣﻠﻜﻚ

Yours (f) `νθο φω θω νου ﻣﻠﻜﻚ his `νθοϥ φωϥ θωϥ νωϥ ﻣﻠﻜﮫ hers `νθος φως τως νως ﻣﻠﻜﮭﺎ ours ανον φων θων νουν ﻣﻠﻜﻨﺎ yours `νθωτεν φωτεν θωτεν νουτεν ﻣﻠﻜﻜﻢ theirs `νθωου φωου θωου νουου ﻣﻠﻜﮭﻢ Possessive pronouns ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ φωι πε πι ςοϭνι θωι τε ϯ μετςαβε νουι νε νι ϣηρι mine is the counc mine is the wisdom mine are the children e l أوﻻد ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﻚ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﻚ ﻣﺸﻮرة ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﻚ φωκ πε πι ςοϭνι θωκ τε ϯ μετςαβε νουκ νε νι ϣηρι yours is the counc yours is the wisdom yours are the children e l أوﻻد ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﻚ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﻚ ﻣﺸﻮرة ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﻚ φω πε πι ςοϭνι θω τε ϯ μετςαβε νου νε νι ϣηρι yours is the counc yours is the wisdom yours are the children e l أوﻻد ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﻚ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﻚ ﻣﺸﻮرة ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﻚ φωϥ πε πι ςοϭνι θωϥ τε ϯ μετςαβε νωϥ νε νι ϣηρι his is the counc his is the wisdom his are the children e l أوﻻد ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﮫ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﮫ ﻣﺸﻮرة ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﮫ Possessive pronouns ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ Φως πε πι ςοϭνι τως τε ϯ μετςαβε νως νε νι ϣηρι hers is the counc hers is the wisdom hers are the children el أوﻻد ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﮭﺎ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﮭﺎ ﻣﺸﻮرة ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﮭﺎ

φων πε πι ςοϭνι θων τε ϯ μετςαβε νουν νε νι ϣηρι ours is the counc ours is the wisdom ours are the children el أوﻻد ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﻨﺎ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﻨﺎ ﻣﺸﻮرة ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﻨﺎ

φωτε πε πι ςοϭνι θωτε τε ϯ μετςαβε νουτ νε νι ϣηρι ν ν εν yours is the counc yours is the wisdom yours are the children el أوﻻد ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﻜﻢ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﻜﻢ ﻣﺸﻮرة ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﻜﻢ

φωου πε πι ςοϭνι θωου τε ϯ μετςαβε νουο νε νι ϣηρι υ theirs is the counc theirs is the wisdom theirs are the children el أوﻻد ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﮭﻢ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﮭﻢ ﻣﺸﻮرة ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﮭﻢ Special conjugation of some words when used in possessive ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﺧﺎص ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ

head ϫω ϫωι ϫωκ ϫω ϫωϥ ϫως ϫων ϫωτεν ϫωου رأس hand τοτ τοτ τοτκ τοϯ τοτϥ τοτς τοτεν τοτ θηνου τοτου ﯾﺪ eye ιατ ιατ ιατκ ιαϯ ιατϥ ιατς ιατεν ιατ θηνου ιατου ﻋﯿﻦ heart `ϩθη `ϩθηι `ϩθηκ `ϩθη `ϩθηϥ `ϩθης `ϩθην `ϩθητεν `ϩθηου ﻗﻠﺐ

-heart طﺮف ، ϩητ ϩητ ϩητκ ϩηϯ ϩητϥ ϩητς ϩητεν ϩητ θηνου ϩητου limb ﻗﻠﺐ mouth ρω ρωι ρωκ ρω ρωϥ ρως ρων ρωτεν ρωου ﻓﻢ foot ρατ ρατ ρατκ ραϯ ρατϥ ρατς ρατεν ρατ θηνου ρατου ﻗﺪم stomech ϧητ ϧητ ϧητκ ϧηϯ ϧητϥ ϧητς ϧητεν ϧητ θηνου ϧητου ﺑﻄﻦ

`ϩρεν face `ϩρ `ϩραι `ϩρακ `ϩρα `ϩραϥ `ϩρας `ϩραν `ϩραυ وﺟﮫ θηνου Complement Pronoun ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل

verb ending with verb ending with consonant verb ending with ν , μ, β vowel

ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻣﺘﺤﺮك "ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ ب"أم ، أن ، ﺑﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺳﺎﻛﻦ me ـﻲ τ ετ ι ι , α = ατ , ιτ you ـﻚ α) κ εκ κ) you ـﻚ / / = ι / ο , ω Consonant sometimes = ϯ him ـﮫ α) ϥ εϥ ϥ) her ـﮭﺎ α) ς ες ς)

ι,τ + τεν = us ـﻨﺎ τεν εν ...τεν ν

θηνου you ـﻜﻢ θηνου ωτεν τεν / θηνου

....α + ου = αυ them ـﮭﻢ ου ...Ο + ου = ωου ...Ι + ου = ...ιτου Complement Pronoun ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل

verb ending with μ, ν, β Verbs in which the Verbs ending with letter ϯ appears with consonants θηνου is ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ ب v. Ends with Vowel v. Ends with consonant Μ, ν , β second person female used with second person plural أﻓﻌﺎل ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺣﺮف ﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﺛﯿﻨﻮ ، أﻧﺘﻢ ، ﻣﻊ اﻻﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺐ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑﺴﺎﻛﻦ To inform absolve argue Tie Choose ﯾﺨﺘﺎر ﯾﺮﺑﻂ ﯾﺠﺎدل ﯾﻔﻚ ﯾﺨﺒﺮ ، ﯾﻌﻠﻢ Ταμοι Βολτ ουαϩμετ Μορτ Σετπτ Ταμοκ Βολκ ουαϩμεκ Μορκ Σετπκ Ταμο Βολι ουαϩμι Μορϯ Σετπι Ταμοϥ Βολϥ ουαϩμεϥ Μορϥ Σετπϥ Ταμος Βολς ουαϩμες Μορς Σετπς Ταμον Βολτεν ουαϩμεν Μορτεν Σετπν Ταμωτεν Βελ θηνου Ουαϩμ-θηνου Μορ θηνου Σετπ θηνου Ταμε - θηνου ταμου βολου ουαϩμου μορου ςετπου Continuous tenses present , Past , Future & Gerund أزﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ واﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ واﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ

The continuous tense and the Gerund are formed by adding ε before the pronoun in present , past and future.

ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻷزﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮف ε ﻗﺒﻞ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع واﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ وﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ Verb Conjugation in continuous tenses and Gerund ﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺗﻣرار وﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﺳم اﻟﻔﻌل

اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ

اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎل

Present continuous Past continuous future continuous & Gerund in future

& Gerund Gerund in past tense Gerund

.I ει + v. εαι + v. εινα + v أﻧﺎ .You εκ + v. εακ + v. εκνα + v أﻧت .You ερε + v. εαρε + v. ερενα + v أﻧت .he εϥ + v. εαϥ + v. εϥνα + v ھو .she ες + v. εας + v. εςνα + v ھﻲ .we εν + v. εαν + v. ενννα + v ﻧﺣن .you ερετεν + v. εαρετεν + v. ερετεννα + v أﻧﺗم .they ευ + v. εαυ + v. ευνα + v ھم .Before ερε +sbj + v. εαρε + sbj + v. ερε + n. + να + v ﻗﺑل اﻻﺳم noun Verb Conjugation in continuous tenses and Gerund ﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺗﻣرار وﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﺳم اﻟﻔﻌل

This form of verb is usually translated as continuous tense , or being in the status of “so” , or Gerund. ﯾﺘﺮﺟﻢ ھﺬا اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪة طﺮق ﺣﺴﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻓﯿﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ أو اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ أو اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ أو ﻛﻮن اﻟﺸﺨﺺ أو اﻟﺸﻲء ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ أو اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر

Example ﻣﺜﺎل

ει ϯ `μ πι ουαι πι ουαι κατα νεϥ `ϩβηουι

Compleme “I’m” giving nt indicator the one the one according his deeds

أﻋﻤﺎﻟـــ ـــﮫ ﻛﺤﺴﺐ واﺣﺪ ال واﺣﺪ ال أداة ﻣﻌﻄﯿﺎ أﻧﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل Verb Conjugation in continuous tenses and Gerund ﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺗﻣرار وﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﺳم اﻟﻔﻌل

Example ﻣﺜﺎل

ακ ϣωπι εκ ενϩοτ ϧεν ϩαν κουϫι you were You being entrusted in Plural little indicator ﻗﻠﯿﻞ أداة ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﻨﺎ أﻧﺖ ﻛﻮﻧﻚ ﻛﻨﺖ أﻧﺖ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻨﻜﺮة Verb Conjugation in continuous tenses and Gerund ﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺗﻣرار وﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﺳم اﻟﻔﻌل

Example ﻣﺜﺎل

αυ ϫιμι `μ πι βωκ εαϥ ουϫαι

Indicator of They found complement the slave Past, He healed have being ﻣﻌﺎﻓﺎ ھﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻋﺒﺪ ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل وﺟﺪوا ھﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ κε μηϣ εαυ ὶ νεμαϥ and many They coming With were him ﻣﻌﮫ أﺗﯿﻦ ھﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻛﺜﯿﺮون أﯾﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ εαϥ ϣεν αϥ ὲ Πεϥ μα ὲτε φωϥ πε

Past , he going he to his place which his is was ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻜﮫ اﻟﺬي ﻣﻜﺎﻧـــ ـــﮫ إﻟﻰ ھﻮ ذاھﺒﺎ ھﻮ ﻛﺎن Verb Conjugation in continuous tenses and Gerund ﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺗﻣرار وﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﺳم اﻟﻔﻌل

`νθοκ εκνα τωβϩ μαϣεν ακ ὲϧουν ὲ πεκ ταμιον

you You pray go you inside to your room being

ﻏﺮﻓﺘــ ـــﻚ إﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ أﻧﺖ أدﺧﻞ ﺻﻠﯿﺖ أﻧﺖ ، أﻧﺖ ﻛﻮﻧﻚ Negation اﻟﻨﻔﻲ

Negation in coptic language in present and future tenses αν. Negation of past tenses is formed by adding `μπ

اﻟﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺑطﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ”أان“ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل αν اﻟﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ”أﻣﺑـ ، اﻟﺿﻣﯾر“ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﻌل μπ` Negation اﻟﻨﻔﻲ

`ϣϣην νιβεν ὲτε `ϥνα ὶρι αν `ν ου ουταϩ ὲ νανεϥ ςενα κορϫ ϥ

Complem Adjective tree all which It make not ent article Indef fruit conjuncti good They Cut it will inite on will down articl e ”ھﻲ“ ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ھﻲ ﺟﯿﺪ أداة ﺛﻤﺮ أداة أداة ﻻ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺳﻮف اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺠﺮة ﺳﻮف ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ϯ `ςϧαι αν `ν ου ωϣ

Complem I write not ent article a lesson

درس أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻻ أﻛﺘﺐ أﻧﺎ Negation اﻟﻨﻔﻲ

ﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ

Negation of past simple

`μπι + v. `μπεκ + v. `μπε + v. `μπεϥ + v. `μπες + v. `μπεν + v. `μπετεν + v. `μπου + v. .v + اﺳﻢ + μπε` Negation اﻟﻨﻔﻲ

Negation of past simple ﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ

`μπι εμι ϫε νιμ πε εταϥ ερ παι ϩωβ

I did know Oh who is He, past (Has this thing not perfect done) اﻟﺸﻲء ھﺬا ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ إذا أﻋﻠﻢ أﻧﺎ ﻟﻢ Infinitive اﻟﻤﺼﺪر

The infinitive in coptic is expressed by adding ε before the verb and by adding `ν , `μ after the verb “ερϩητς” begin to….

اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ε ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﻌل أو إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ν , `μ` ﺑﻌد ”ερϩητς“ ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻲ ﯾﺑدأ ﻋﻨﮫ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺮف اﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ Infinitive اﻟﻤﺼﺪر

Example ﻣﺜﺎل

`προφη `θμηι ερεπιθυ ςωτεμ ϩαν μηϣ `μ της νεμ ϩαν αυ μιν ε ναυ ουοϩ Ε

Indication many of prophe and Indicator righteo They, desired to see and To Listen of plural ts of plural us past

ﯾﺳﻣﻌوا أن و ﯾروا أن أﺷﺗﻌﮭوا ھم ، ﻣﺎﺿﻲ أﺑرار أداة ﺗﻧﻛﯾر و اﻻﻧﺑﯾﺎء ﻣن ﻛﺛﯾر أداة ﺗﻧﻛﯾر ﺟﻣﻊ ﺟﻣﻊ Infinitive اﻟﻤﺼﺪر

Example ﻣﺜﺎل

α ϥ ερϩητς `ν Ϯ`ςβω ϧεν ου ανζηβ

Past indicator he begin to teach in a school

أداة ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪرﺳﺔ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪأ ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ Negation of Infinitive ﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر

Negation of Infinitive by adding `ε +`ϣτεμ ”not to, literally “to not”“before the verb.

ﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻣﺻدر ﯾﺗم ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ε `ϣτεμ` ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ أن ﻻ

νεκ `ςφοτου `ε `ϣτεμ ςαϫι `ν ου `χροϥ your lips to not speak of A lie ﻛﺬب أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﺑـ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺛﺎ ﻻ أن ﺷﻔﺘﺎ ــﻚ Imperative اﻷﻣﺮ

Imperative is formed by the verb as is but in some cases the verb changes as following:

اﻷﻣﺮ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮھﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ:

`ςϧαι >>>>> `ςϧαι To write >>>>> write

أﻛﺘﺐ <<<<< ﯾﻜﺘﺐ

infinitive >>>>> Imperative . The verb as is Imperative اﻷﻣﺮ

The following verbs add α before the verb. اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﯾﻀﺎف ﺣﺮف أﻟﻔﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ

ﻗﻞ ﯾﻘول ϫε » αϫε to say say

أﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻔﻌل ιρι » αρι To do do

أﺣﻀﺮ ﯾﺣﺿر ινι » ανι To bring bring

أرﻓﻊ ﯾرﻓﻊ ωλι » αλι To lift lift

أﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻔﻌل ερ » αρι To do do Imperative اﻷﻣﺮ

Imperative of the verb ϯ “to give” and verbs beginning with additional τ.

اﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ” ﯾﻌﻄﻲ“ Ϯ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ ب ﺣﺮف ”ﺗﻲ“ زاﺋﺪ τ

ϯ μοι μα μηι ϯϩο μαϯϩο τουβο ματουβο

To give give give give To demand To cleanse demand cleanse طﮭر ﯾطﮭر أطﻠب ﯾطﻠب أﻋط أﻋط أﻋط ﯾﻌطﻲ

أﻣر ﻓﻌل أﻣر ﻓﻌل ﻗﺑل اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر ﻗﺑل اﻷﻓﻌﺎل أﻣر ﻓﻌل

verb imperative Before Before verb imperative verb imperative verbs pronouns Imperative اﻷﻣﺮ

There are other verbs when forming imperative μα is added : ھﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻷﺧﺮى ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻣﺮ ﯾﺘﻢ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ”ﻣﺎ“ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ

καϯ Μακαϯ

To understand understand

أﻓﮭﻢ ﯾﻔﮭﻢ Imperative اﻷﻣﺮ

There other verbs in the imperative form only: ھﻨﺎك أﻓﻌﺎل أﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ:

αυις

Give me Bring

أﻋﻄﻨﻲ ھﺎت ، ھﺎﺗﻮا Interdiction , Prohibition اﻟﻨﮭﻲ

Interdiction , prohibition is made by using `μπερ before the verb:

اﻟﻧﮭﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻣﻘطﻊ اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﻌل μπερ`

ϣιπι `μπερϣιπι ϯ`νϣωτ `μπερϯ`ν ερκουϫι`νϩ `μπερερκο ερπεςωβϣ `μπερερπες ϣωτ ητ υϫι`νϩητ ὲβολ ωβϣ ὲβολ

To Do not harden Do not despise Do not forget Do not Shame shame harden despise forget

ﻻ ﺗﻨﺴﻰ ﯾﻨﺴﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻘﺮ ﯾﺤﺘﻘﺮ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺴﻮ ﯾﻘﺴﻮ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺠﻞ ﯾﺨﺠﻞ Interdiction , Prohibition اﻟﻨﮭﻲ

The negation of future of certainty is used for interdiction or prohibition. ﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﯿﺪ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﮭﻲ

`ννεκ `ννες `ννετεν

You shall not You shall not You shall not

ﻻ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻻ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻻ ﯾﺠﺐ أن

(singular masculine) (singular feminine ) (plural) ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺬﻛﺮ Interdiction , Prohibition اﻟﻨﮭﻲ

Example ﻣﺜﺎل

`ννεκτακο `ννεςϣωπι `ννετενναυ

You shall not destroy God forbid You shall not see

ﻻ ﺗﺮون ﺣﺎﺷﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺮب Interdiction , Prohibition اﻟﻨﮭﻲ

There is another form of interdiction , prohibition by the negation of the verb “`θρε, make, do ”`μπ..`θρε “do not make” `μπι`θρε, `μπεκ`θρε, `μπε`θρε, `μπεϥ`θρε, `μπες`θρε, `μπεν`θρε, `μπετεν`θρε , `μπου`θρε. ھﻨﺎك ﺻﯿﻐﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﮭﻲ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ” إﺗﺮى“ ”ﯾﺠﻌﻞ“ وﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ ”إﻣﺐ. ... إﺗﺮى“ أي ”ﻻ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ“ وﯾﺼﺮف اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ: `μπι`θρε, `μπεκ`θρε, `μπε`θρε, `μπεϥ`θρε, `μπες`θρε, `μπεν`θρε, `μπετεν`θρε , `μπου`θρε.

`μπεν `θρε ου ϣοντ ϣωπι ουτωι νεμ ουτωκ

We do make a strife To be Between and Between not me you ﺑﯿﻨﻚ و ﺑﯿﻨﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺨﺎﺻﻤﺔ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻧﺠﻌﻞ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻻ Present of Repetition ﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﻛرار

The present of repetition is used to indicate repeated action or action used to happen. ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪث ﻣﻌﺘﺎد اﻟﺤﺪوث اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻔﻌﻞ

Present of Repetitive action (used to)

.I ϣαι + v أﻧﺎ .you ϣακ + v أﻧت .you ϣαρε + v أﻧت .he ϣαϥ + v ھو .she ϣας + v ھﻲ .we ϣαν + v ﻧﺣن .you ϣαρετεν + v أﻧﺗم .they ϣαυ + v ھم ϣαρε + sbj + v. Present of Repetition ﻣﻀﺎرع اﻟﺘﻜﺮار

ϣαυ ιρι `μ παιρηϯ

They, present of do conjunction The same repetition ھﻛذا ﯾﻔﻌﻠون ھم Negation of present of repetition ﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺪال ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار

The negation of the present of repetition is by adding `μπ before the pronoun and the verb.

ﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺪال ﻋﻠﻰ μπ` ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻀﻤﯿﺮ واﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار ﯾﺘﻢ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ Negation of present of repetitive action (not used to) .I `μπαι + v أﻧﺎ .you `μπακ + v أﻧت .you `μπαρε + v أﻧت .he `μπαϥ + v ھو .she `μπας + v ھﻲ .we `μπαν + v ﻧﺣن `μπαρετεν + .you v أﻧﺗم .they `μπαυν + v ھم `μπαρε + sbj + v. Negation of present of repetition ﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺪال ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار

πι ιοϩ `μπαϥ ερουωινι

the moon does not shine

ﯾﻀﻲء ﻻ ﻗﻤﺮ ال Future of certainty ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ

This kind of future is indicating certainty, order, demands. ﯾﺤﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎه اﻟﯿﻘﯿﻦ واﻹرادة واﻟﺘﻔﯿﺬ وﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺐ واﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺒﺔ ﯾﻔﯿﺪ اﻷﻣﺮ واﻟﻄﻠﺐ واﻻﻟﺘﻤﺎس

زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ واﻷﻣﺮ واﻟﻄﻠﺐ

Future indicates certainty, imperative and request

.I ειὲ + v أﻧﺎ .you εκὲ + v أﻧﺖ .you ερεὲ + v أﻧﺖ .he εϥὲ + v ھﻮ .she εςὲ + v ھﻲ .we ενὲ + v ﻧﺤﻦ .you ερετενὲ + v أﻧﺘﻢ - + they ευὲ ھﻢ ερεὲ + n. + να +- Future of certainty ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ

εϥε ταμωτεν `ν ϩωβ νιβεν `νϫε ϯχικος

He will Inform you of things all namely Tychicus

ﺗﯿﺨﯿﻜﻮس أي ﺟﻤﯿﻌﮭﺎ أﺷﯿﺎء ب ﯾﺨﺒﺮﻛﻢ ھﻮ ﺳﻮف Negation of Future of certainty ﻧﻔﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ

Negation of the Future which indicates certainty, imperative and request , don't do so , you shall not do so

ﻧﻔﻲ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ واﻷﻣﺮ واﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﯾﻔﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﮭﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ

.I `ννα + v أﻧﺎ .you `ννεκ + v أﻧت .you `ννε + v أﻧت .he `ννεϥ + v ھو .she `ννες + v ھﻲ .we `ννεν + v ﻧﺣن .you ννετεν + v أﻧﺗم .they `ννου + v ھم `ννε + n. + v. .v + ﻓﺎ+ ννε` Negation of Future of certainty ﻧﻔﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ

ουαι Εβολ `ννεϥ ϩει εϫεν πι Καϩι `νϧητου one Of them He Shall fall on the Ground not

أرض ال ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﺴﻘﻂ ھﻮ ﻟﻦ ﻣﻨﮭﻢ واﺣﺪ

ατϭνε πετεϩνε πετεν ιωτ ετϧεν νι Φηουι without The will your father Who in the heavens

ﺳﻤﻮات ال اﻟﺬي ﻓﻲ أﺑﯿـــ ــــﻜﻢ إرادة ﺑﺪون Present of questions and narration ﻣﻀﺎرع اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻟﻘﺼﺺ

Present of questions and proverbs and description

اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻟﻮﺻﻒ واﻟﺤﻜﻢ

.I αι + v أﻧﺎ .you ακ + v أﻧﺖ .you αρε + v أﻧﺖ .he αϥ + v ھﻮ .she ας + v ھﻲ .we αν + v ﻧﺤﻦ .you αρετεν + v أﻧﺘﻢ .they αυ + v ھﻢ αρε + sbj + v. negation `ν +sbj. + v.+ αν ﻧﻔﻲ Present & Future of questions and narration ﻣﻀﺎرع وﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻟﻘﺼﺺ

اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل اﻷﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ واﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻟﻮﺻﻒ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻟﻮﺻﻒ واﻟﺤﻜﻢ Present of questions Future of questions and proverbs and and proverbs and description description

.I αι + v. αινα + v أﻧﺎ .you ακ + v. ακνα + v أﻧﺖ .you αρε + v. αρενα + v أﻧﺖ .he αϥ + v. αϥνα + v ھﻮ .she ας + v. αςνα + v ھﻲ .we αν + v. αννα + v ﻧﺤﻦ .you αρετεν + v. αρετεννα + v أﻧﺘﻢ .they αυ + v. αυνα + v ھﻢ αρε + sbj + v. αρε + n. + να + v. negation `ν +sbj. + v.+ αν `ν + Sbj. + v.+ αν ﻧﻔﻲ Present & Future of questions and narration ﻣﻀﺎرع وﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻟﻘﺼﺺ

Ασθων ϯ μετςαβε αϥνα μουϯ ὲρωου

where is the wisdom what he would call them

ـــﮭﻢ ﯾﺪﻋﻮ ﻣﺎذا ﺳﻮف ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ال أﯾﻦ Imperfect past - Present perfect – Past continuous continuous اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ

It’s formed by να+ pronoun + πε after the verb or complement ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ”ﻧﺎ“ + ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ + ”ﺑﻰ“ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ أو اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل I ναι + v. + πε أﻧﺎ

You (m) νακ + v. + πε أﻧﺖ

You (f) ναρε + v. + πε أﻧﺖ he ναϥ + v. + πε ھﻮ she νας + v. + πε ھﻲ we ναν + v. + πε ﻧﺤﻦ you ναρετεν + v. + πε أﻧﺘﻢ they ναυ + v. + πε ھﻢ v. + πε + اﺳﻢ + ναρε Imperfect past “past continuous” اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ

ναϥ Ϯ`ςβω νωου

He was teaching them

ــــﮭﻢ ﯾﻌﻠﻢ ھﻮ ﻛﺎن Imperfect past “past continuous” اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ

ναυ ςωβι `μμοϥ πε

tense they were laughing at him completion

ﻣﺘﻤﻢ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﯾﻀﺤﻜﻮن ھﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا

ναϥ κωϯ πε `νϫε ιηςους ὲ νι βακι τηρου

going tense he was namely Jesus to the cities all around completion

ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﺪن ال ﻓﻲ ﯾﺴﻮع أي ﻣﺘﻤﻢ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﯾﻄﻮف ھﻮ ﻛﺎن Negation of imperfect past “past continuous” ﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ

The negation of imperfect past by adding αν after the verb. ﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ”أان“ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ

ανοκ ναι σωουν `μμοϥ αν πε

I (I) imperfect past knew him not completion of tense

ﻣﺘﻤﻢ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻻ ھﻮ ﯾﻌﺮف (أﻧﺎ) ﻛﻨﺖ أﻧﺎ Passive Voice اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل

Passive voice in coptic language is formed by adding ςε , ϣαυ , αυ , ευ in present and ςενα , αυνα , ευνα , ευε in future tenses and αυ , ναυ , νεαυ , εταυ , νεϣαυ , εαυ in past tense. ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ:

ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع ςε , ϣαυ , αυ , ευ

ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ςενα , αυνα , ευνα , ευε

ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ αυ , ναυ , νεαυ , εταυ , νεϣαυ , εαυ Passive Voice اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل

ευ `θμαιο `μμωου `νϫινϫη ϧεν πεϥ`ϩμοτ passive voice , acquited themselves freely by his grace are

ﻧﻌﻤﺘﮫ ﺑـ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﺎ ھﻢ ﻣﺒﺮرﯾﻦ م. ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل

παϣηρι νεκνοβι ςε χη νακ ὲβολ

forgive prepositio my son your sins passive voice, are to you n n

ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ ﻟﻚ ﻣﻔﻐﻮرة م. ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل ﺧﻄﯿﺎك ﯾﺎ ﺑﻨﻲ

φηὲτε ϣαυ ουαϩμε ϥ ϫε φ νουϯ νεμαν

which passive voice, is interpreted it (then) the God with us ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ إﻟﮫ ال أي ــﮫ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ اﻟﺬي م. ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل Passive Voice اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل

φη ὲ αυ μουϯ ὲροϥ ϫε καιὰφα that who passive voice, was called him (Oh) Caiaphas ﻗﯿﺎﻓﺎ أي ـــــﮫ ﯾﺪﻋﻰ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل اﻟﺬي ذاك φη ὲ νεϣαυ μουϯ ὲροϥ ϫε καιὰφα that who passive voice, was called him (Oh) Caiaphas ﻗﯿﺎﻓﺎ أي ـــــﮫ ﯾﺪﻋﻰ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل اﻟﺬي ذاك φη ὲ ναυ μουϯ ὲροϥ ϫε καιὰφα that who passive voice, was called him (Oh) Caiaphas ﻗﯿﺎﻓﺎ أي ـــــﮫ ﯾﺪﻋﻰ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل اﻟﺬي ذاك φη ὲ εταυ μουϯ ὲροϥ ϫε καιὰφα that who passive voice, was called him (Oh) Caiaphas ﻗﯿﺎﻓﺎ أي ـــــﮫ ﯾﺪﻋﻰ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل اﻟﺬي ذاك φη ὲ νεαυ μουϯ ὲροϥ ϫε καιὰφα that who passive voice, was called him (Oh) Caiaphas ﻗﯿﺎﻓﺎ أي ـــــﮫ ﯾﺪﻋﻰ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل اﻟﺬي ذاك Passive Voice اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل

ςενα ϯ `ν ϩαν κουϫι `ν ϣαϣ

passive voice future , to be given complement indicator indefinite article few of stripes

ﺟﻠﺪات ﻣﻦ ﻗﻠﯿﻞ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﺟﻤﻊ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﻀﺮب ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ Past with νε اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام νε The word Νε means “to exist” is used to create past tense when used with present it makes it past and when used with past it makes it past perfect.

ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛﻠﻣﺔ Νε ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ”ﻛﺎﺋن“ ﻟﻌﻣل اﻟزﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ وﻋﻧد اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع ﯾﺻﺑﺢ اﻟزﻣن ﻣﺎﺿﯾﺎ وﻋﻧد اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﯾﺻﺑﺢ اﻟزﻣن ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم Past with νε اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام νε Example in present ﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع

Βαραββας ου ςονι πε

Barabbas Indefinite article thief is

ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﺺ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﺑﺎراﺑﺎس

After adding νε it becomes past وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ

Βαραββας νε ου ςονι πε

Barabbas was Indefinite article thief Not translated ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻟﺺ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻛﺎن ﺑﺎراﺑﺎس Past with νε اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام νε Example in past tense ﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ

ου μηϣ αυ ι

Indefinite article many They, past came

أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﺟﺎءوا ھﻢ ، ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮون

It becomes past perfect ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم

ουμηϣ νε αυ ι many had They come

ﺟﺎءوا ھﻢ ﻛﺎﻧوا ﻗد ﻛﺛﯾرون Past perfect اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﺎم

اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻐﯿﺮه ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ

Subject pronoun Pluperfect past (perfect)

happened before another

.I ανοκ εται + v أﻧﺎ .You (m) `νθοκ ετακ + v أﻧﺖ .You (f) `νθο εταρε + v أﻧﺖ .he `νθοϥ εταϥ + v ھﻮ .she `νθος ετας + v ھﻲ .we ανον εταν + v ﻧﺤﻦ .you `νθωτεν εταρετεν + v أﻧﺘﻢ .they `νθωου εταυ + v ھﻢ Ετα + sbj + v. εταρε + sbj + v. Past perfect اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﺎم

`μπερ μευι ϫε ὲται ὶ ὲ βελ πι νομος ὲβολ

Do not think that I had come to dissolve the law preposition

ﺣرف ﺟر ﻧﺎﻣﻮس ال أﻧﻘﺾ ﻟﻜﻲ أﺗﯿﺖ أﻧﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻗﺪ أن ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪوا ﻻ

εταϥ ναυ `νϫε ζαχαριας αϥ `ϣθορτερ

He had seen namely Zacharias He, past troubled

أﺿطرب ھو زﻛرﯾﺎ أي رأى ھو ﻛﺎن ﻗد ουοϩ πεϫαϥ νωου ϫε εταρετεν χα ϥ θων and He said To that You put him where them had أﯾن ــــﮫ وﺿﻌﺗﻣوـ أﻧﺗم ﻛﻧﺗم ”أي“ ﻟﮭم ھو ﻗﺎل و ﻗد Past perfect with νε (plus que parfait) اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻷﺗﻢ

ﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﺎم اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﺎم ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ

Subject pronoun Past perfect Negation of past perfect .I ανοκ νεαι + v. νε`μπι + v أﻧﺎ .You (m) `νθοκ νεακ + v. νε`μπεκ + v أﻧﺖ .You (f) `νθο νεαρε + v. νε`μπε + v أﻧﺖ .he `νθοϥ νεαϥ + v. νε`μπεϥ + v ھﻮ .she `νθος νεας + v. νε`μπες + v ھﻲ .we ανον νεαν + v. νε`μπεν + v ﻧﺤﻦ .you `νθωτεν νεαρετεν + v. νε`μπετεν + v أﻧﺘﻢ .they `νθωου νεαυ + v. νε`μπου + v ھﻢ

.v + اﺳﻢ + v. νε`μπε + اﺳﻢ + νεαρε .v + اﺳﻢ + νεα Past perfect with νε (plus que parfait) اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻷﺗﻢ

νε αι ναυ εροϥ

I had seen (to) him

ـــــﮫ رأﯾﺘـــ أﻧﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻗﺪ

νε `μπου ναϩϯ ε πι ευαγγελιον

they had not believed in the gospel

إﻧﺠﯿﻞ ال ب أﻣﻨﻮا ھﻢ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻗﺪ Past indicating a repetition of an action - was used to اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ

ﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻓﻌﻞ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ Subject pronoun Past indicating a Negation of past repetition of indicating an action - repetition was used to .I ανοκ νεϣαι + v. νε`μπαι + v أﻧﺎ .You (m) `νθοκ νεϣακ + v. νε`μπακ + v أﻧﺖ .You (f) `νθο νεϣαρε + v. νε`μπαρε + v أﻧﺖ .he `νθοϥ νεϣαϥ + v. νε`μπαϥ + v ھﻮ .she `νθος νεϣας + v. νε`μπας + v ھﻲ .we ανον νεϣαν + v. νε`μπαν + v ﻧﺤﻦ .you `νθωτεν νεϣαρετεν + v. νε`μπαρετεν + v أﻧﺘﻢ .they `νθωου νεϣαυ + v. νε`μπαυ + v ھﻢ νεϣαρε + sbj + v. νε`μπαρε + sbj + v. Past indicating a repetition of an action - was used to اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ

`νθοϥ νεϣαϥ ϣεναϥ ὲ νι μα `ν ϣαϥε

he (he) was go to the wilderness used to ﺑﺮاري ال إﻟﻰ ﯾﺬھﺐ ھﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﺘﺎد ھﻮ أن `νθωτεν Νε`μπαρε ϣενωτεν ὲ νι μα `ν ϣαϥε τεν you (you) go to the wilderness were not used to ﺑﺮاري ال إﻟﻰ ﺗﺬھﺒﻮا أﻧﺘﻢ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﻮا أﻧﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺘﺎدون أن Past indicates status or Gerund or past continuous اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ أو اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ أو اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار

اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ Subject pronoun Past continuous Gerund in past tense

.I ανοκ εαι + v أﻧﺎ .You (m) `νθοκ εακ + v أﻧﺖ .You (f) `νθο εαρε + v أﻧﺖ .he `νθοϥ εαϥ + v ھﻮ .she `νθος εας + v ھﻲ .we ανον εαν + v ﻧﺤﻦ .you `νθωτεν εαρετεν + v أﻧﺘﻢ .they `νθωου εαυ + v ھﻢ εαρε + sbj + v. Past indicates status or Gerund or past continuous اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ أو اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ أو اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار

αυ ϫιμι `μ πι βωκ εαϥ ουϫαι

Complement They , found indicator the servant He was, sound past status in past ﻣﻌﺎﻓﺎ ھﻮ ﻛﺎن ، ﻋﺒﺪ ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل وﺟﺪوا ھﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ου εςωου `ν ϩωουτ εϥϫηκ εαϥ ερουρομ εϥε ϣωπι εβολ πι

Article of a lamb connecting male Without He was, Of a It will Be adjective and status in past noun blemish year ﯾﻜﻮن ھﻮ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺳﻨﺔ ھﻮ ﯾﻜﻮن ، ﺑﻼ ﻋﯿﺐ ذﻛﺮ أداة رﺑﻂ ﺣﻤﻞ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﺳﻢ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ νωτεν for

ﻟﻜﻢ Conditional present & unreal present طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع

There are different ways to express present conditional , “would like to” , “would + v.” , the imperfect past can be used “να+ pronoun + v.” , the present of repetition “ϣα+ pronoun” , present tense , or present of status

ھﻨﺎك ﻋﺪة طﺮق ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺎرع اﻟﺸﺮط ”ﻛﻨﺖ أود أن“ ”ﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن أن“ واﻷزﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ھﻲ:

اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر ”.v + ﺿﻤﯿﺮ +να“ ﻣﺿﺎرع اﻻﺳﺗﻣرار ”ﺿﻤﯿﺮ +ϣα“

اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط Ϯ, `κ, τε, `ϥ, `ς, τεν, τετεν, ςε

اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟدال ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ Ει, εκ, ερε, εϥ, ες, εν, ερετεν , ευ Conditional present & unreal present طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع

αγριππας πεϫαϥ `μφηςτος ϫε ναιουωϣ ϩω

I would like Agrippa said to Festus that also Je aurais voulu

أﯾﻀﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ أود أن أن إﻟﻰ ﻓﯿﺴﺘﻮس ﻗﺎل أﻏﺮﯾﺒﺎس

πε ὲ ςωτεμ ὲ πι ρωμι completion of imperfect to listen to the man

رﺟﻞ ال إﻟﻰ أﺳﻤﻊ أن ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ Conditional present & unreal present طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع

ναιτωβϩ ὰνοκ ὲ ερὰναθημα ὲβολ ϩα Πι Χριςτος

I would have asked I to be accursed from The christ Je aurais demandé

اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺢ ﻣﻦ أﻛﻮن ﻣﺤﺮوﻣﺎ أداة ﻣﺼﺪر أﻧﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ أود أن أطﻠﺐ Conditional present & unreal present طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع

ναιουωϣ ὲ ὶ ϩαρωτεν ϯνου

I wanted (Je aurais voulu, to come to you now Avrei voluto, fr.it, cond. Pass.)

اﻷن ﻋﻨﺪﻛﻢ أﺟﻲء أن ﻛﻨﺖ أود Conditional present & unreal present طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع

ϯουωϣ `ντε ρωμι νιβεν ϣωπι `μπαιρηϯ

I want , I would from men all to be in this way like to Je voudrais

ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﺤﺎل ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮن ﺟﻤﯿﻌﺎ ﻧﺎس ﻣﻦ أﻧﻲ أرﯾﺪ Conditional present & unreal present طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع

ϣαρε ουφωϧ ϣωπι `νϩουὸ it would (be) (the) gap (be) worse

أرداء ﯾﻜﻮن ﺧﺮق ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺗﻜﺮار

εϥ ναϣτ νακ πε ὲ ϯϣενφατ ὲϧουν ϧεν ϩανςουρι

it would be difficult to you pe e kick against sting

ﻣﻨﺎﺧﺲ ﻓﻲ ﯾﺮﻓﺲ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﺻﻌﺐ ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺣﺎﻟﺔ Conditional past طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺣﺪث ﻛﺎن ﺳﯿﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ وﻟﻢ ﯾﺤﺪث

Past conditional Subject pronoun would have + p.p. I ανοκ ναινα + v. + πε أﻧﺎ You (m) `νθοκ νακνα + v. + πε أﻧﺖ You (f) `νθο ναχνα + v. + πε أﻧﺖ he `νθοϥ ναρενα + v. + πε ھﻮ she `νθος ναϥνα + v. + πε ھﻲ we ανον ναςνα + v. + πε ﻧﺤﻦ you `νθωτεν ναννα + v. + πε أﻧﺘﻢ they `νθωου ναρετεννα + v. + πε ھﻢ Subject noun ναυνα + v. + πε اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﺳﻢ ﺷﺨﺺ ναρε + n. + να + v. + πε + .να + v + ﻓﺎ + ναρε πε Conditional past طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ

ναινα ϫος νωτεν πε ϫε ϯναϣενηι

I would have said to you completion of imperfect that I will go

ﺳﻮف أذھﺐ أن ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻟﻜﻢ ﻗﻠﺖ ﻛﻨﺖ ، أﻧﺎ

`νταςεβτε ουμα νωτεν

to prepare a place for you

ﻟﻜﻢ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻟﻜﻲ أﻋﺪ Subjunctive ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻮف ﺻﯿﻐﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﮭﺪف اﻷﻣﺮ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ، اﻟﻨﮭﻲ ، اﻟﺨﺸﯿﺔ Subject pronoun it’s used in subordinate clause and it has no tense with Subjective form indicates: so as to , one conjugation only in order to , demand , well , imperative , negative imperative ھﺬه اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﯿﺔ و ﻻ زﻣﻦ ﻟﮭﺎ وﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻒ واﺣﺪ worriness , goal , ﻓﻘﻂ

`ντε .I ανοκ `ντα + v أﻧﺎ .You (m) `νθοκ `ντεκ + v أﻧﺖ .You (f) `νθο `ντε + v أﻧﺖ .he `νθοϥ `ντεϥ + v ھﻮ .she `νθος `ντες + v ھﻲ .we ανον `ντεν + v ﻧﺤﻦ .you `νθωτεν `ντετεν + v أﻧﺘﻢ .they `νθωου `ντου + v ھﻢ `ντε + noun +v. Subjunctive ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻮف

The subjunctive form is used sometimes after some verbs and words such as imperative verbs and words indicating goals: ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻷﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺨﻮف واﻟﺮأي ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل واﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت:

So as to ﺣﺘﻰ ، ﻟﻜﻲ So as to Ϫε ﻟﻜﻲ ، ﺑﻐﯿﺔ أن Ϩινα it’s must ﯾﺠﺐ So as to `ςϣε ﻟﻜﻲ ، ﺑﻐﯿﺔ أن Ϩοπως

It’s necessary ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ، ﯾﻠﺰم For fear of , so Ϩωϯ ﻟﺌﻼ ، ﺧﺸﯿﺔ أن Μηποτε as not to It’s necessary ﺿﺮوري ، ﯾﻠﺰم For fear of , Αναγκη ﻟﺌﻼ ﺧﺸﯿﺔ أن Μηπως So as not to It’s needed ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ، ﺿﺮورة then `χρια ﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ Τοτε

It’s possible ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ، ﯾﺴﺘﻄﺎع So as to Ουον`ϣϫομ ﻟﻜﻲ ، ﺑﺤﯿﺚ Ϩωςτε

It’s not ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ، ﻻ Unless `μμον`ϣϫομ إﻻ ، ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ Ιμηϯ possible ﯾﺴﺘﻄﺎع It’s good ﺟﯿﺪ ، ﺣﺴﻦ Except for Νανες إﻻ ، ﺳﻮى ، ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪا Εβηλ

So as to make ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺠﻌﻞ Watch out Εθρε اﺣﺬروا μπερχας` til ﺣﺘﻰ Until ϣαντε إﻟﻰ ، ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺔ ϣα Subjunctive ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻮف

ϫωκ ὲβο φαι τηρϥ αϥ ϣωπι ϩινα `ντεϥ λ νι ϫωμ it (so as to it

this all It, past was so as to would) complete the books

ﻛﺘﺐ ال ﺗﻜﻤﻞ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻛﺎن ھﻮ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﻠﮫ ھﺬا ματαμ οι ϩινα `ντα ὶ ϩω `ντα ουωϣτ `μμοϥ tell me so as to I would come also I would bow to him

ﻟﮫ أﺳﺠﺪ ﻟﻜﻲ أﻧﺎ أﯾﻀﺎ أﺗﻲ أﻧﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ أﺧﺒﺮوﻧﻲ εθ να ὶρι ουοϩ `ντεϥ ϯ`ςβω φαι ευὲ μουϯ who will do and he would teach this passive voice called ﯾﺪﻋﻰ ﺳﻮف ھﺬا ﯾﻌﻠﻢ ھﻮ ﻗﺪ و ﯾﻔﻌﻞ ﺳﻮف اﻟﺬي ὲροϥ ϫε πι νιϣϯ ϧεν ϯμετουρο `ντε νι φηουὶ him that the great in the kingdom of the heavens ﺳﻤﻮات ال أداة رﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻮت ﻓﻲ أﻋﻈﻢ ال أي ھﻮ Subjunctive ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻮف

so I would ﺣﺘﻰ أﻗﻮم ب so I would ϣαϯ ﺣﺘﻰ أﻗﻮم ب ϣα`ντα so you would ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻘﻮم ب so you would ϣατεκ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻘﻮم ب ϣα`ντεκ so you would ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻘﻮم ب so you would ϣατε ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻘﻮم ب ϣα`ντε so he would ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻘﻮم ب so he would ϣατεϥ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻘﻮم ب ϣα`ντεϥ so she would ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻘﻮم ب so she would ϣατες ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻘﻮم ب ϣα`ντες so we would ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻘﻮم ب so we would ϣατεν ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻘﻮم ب ϣα`ντεν so you would ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻘﻮﻣﻮا ب so you would ϣατετεν ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻘﻮﻣﻮا ب ϣα`ντετεν so they would ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮا ب so they would ϣατου ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮا ب ϣα`ντου Subjunctive ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻮف

`μπερ ταμε `ϩλι ϣατε `π ϣηρι do not tell someone til the son اﺑﻦ ال ﺣﺘﻰ أﺣﺪ ﺗﺨﺒﺮ ﻻ `μ `φ ρωμι των ϥ ὲβολϧεν of the man rise himself from

ﻣﻦ ھﻮ ﯾﻨﮭﺾ اﻧﺴﺎن ال أداة رﺑﻂ

νηεθ μωουτ those who dead

اﻟﻤﻮت ﻣﻦ Subjunctive ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻮف

ﺻﯿﻐﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﮭﺪف ﻓﻲ وﺟﻮد ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯿﻦ

Subjective it indicates; so as to , in order to , when two different subject are in the sentence

Subject pronoun εθρε .I ανοκ εθρι + v أﻧﺎ .You (m) `νθοκ εθρεκ + v أﻧﺖ .You (f) `νθο εθρε + v أﻧﺖ .he `νθοϥ εθρεϥ + v ھﻮ .she `νθος εθρες + v ھﻲ .we ανον εθρεν + v ﻧﺤﻦ .you `νθωτεν εθρετεν + v أﻧﺘﻢ .they `νθωου εθρου + v ھﻢ εθρε Subjunctive ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻮف

φη ουν ὲτα `φ νουϯ τομ ϥ

that truly which the God joined it

ــﮫ ﺟﻤﻌـــ إﻟﮫ ال ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ ﺣﻘﺎ اﻟﺬي

`μπεν `θρε `φ ρωμι φορϫ ϥ

we do not make the man separate it

ـــﮫ ﯾﻔﺮﻗــــ اﻧﺴﺎن ال ﻧﺠﻌﻞ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻻ Subjunctive ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻮف

ﺻﯿﻐﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﮭﺪف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ

Subjective form indicates: so as to , in order to , in the future tense

Subject pronoun `νταρε .I ανοκ `νταρι + v أﻧﺎ .You (m) `νθοκ `νταρεκ + v أﻧﺖ .You (f) `νθο `νταρε + v أﻧﺖ .he `νθοϥ `νταρεϥ + v ھﻮ .she `νθος `νταρες + v ھﻲ .we ανον `νταρεν + v ﻧﺤﻦ .you `νθωτεν `νταρετεν + v أﻧﺘﻢ .they `νθωου `νταρου + v ھﻢ `νταρε Subjunctive ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻮف

αμωινι ϩαροϥ `νταρετεν ερουωινι

come to me so that you would be enlightened

ﺗﺴﺘﻨﯿﺮوا ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﺤﻮي ھﻠﻤﻮا Subjunctive ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻮف

ﺻﯿﻐﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﻨﻲ

Subjective it expresses wish

μαρε .I ανοκ μαρι + v أﻧﺎ .You (m) `νθοκ μαρεκ + v أﻧﺖ .You (f) `νθο μαρε + v أﻧﺖ .he `νθοϥ μαρεϥ + v ھﻮ .she `νθος μαρες + v ھﻲ .we ανον μαρεν + v ﻧﺤﻦ .you `νθωτεν μαρετεν + v أﻧﺘﻢ .they `νθωου μαρου + v ھﻢ μαρε Subjunctive ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻮف

πεν ιωτ ετ ϧεν νι φηουὶ

our father who in the heavens

ﺳﻤﻮات ال ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬي أﺑﺎ ﻧﺎ

μαρε ϥ τουβο `νϫε πεκ ραν

let It (be) hollowed namely your name

اﺳﻤــــ ـــــﻚ أي ﯾﺘﻘﺪس ھﻮ ﻟﯿﺖ Subjunctive ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻮف

ﺻﯿﻐﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﮭﺪف ﺻﯿﻐﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﮭﺪف

ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل Passive voice future

Subjective form Subjective form

indicates: so as to indicates: so as to

in order to in order to for passive speech before infinitive

`ν + ςε `ε + v. Subjunctive ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻮف

The subjunctive can be formed using `ν + ςε + infinitive or ε + infinitive .

ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ + ν + ςε` ﻓﻌﻞ + Ε Subjunctive ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻮف

ιςϫεν ϯ ουνου Ετε`μμαυ αυ ςοϭνι

since the hour that they, past deliberated

ﺗﺸﺎوروا ھﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ال ﻣﻨﺬ

ϩινα `νςε ϧοθβ εϥ

so as to so as to kill him

ــــﮫ ﯾﻘﺘﻠﻮ ﻟﻜﻲ ھﻢ ﻟﻜﻲ Subjunctive ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل واﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻮف

`ϥ να κωϯ `νϫε `ηρωδης

he will ask namely Herod

ھﯿﺮودس أي ﯾﺴﺄل ﺳﻮف ھﻮ

`νςα πι αλου ε τακο ϥ towards the boy so as to destroy him

ـــﮫ ﯾﮭﻠﻜــ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺻﺒﻲ ال ﻧﺤﻮ Reflexive verbs اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ

The reflexive verbs are verbs which get pronoun at the end of the verbs refers to the subject. There two types of reflexive verbs: Verbs end with pronouns Verbs combined from a verb and a member of human body.

اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ھﻲ أﻓﻌﺎل ﯾﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﮭﺎ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل ، وھﻨﺎك ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ: أﻓﻌﺎل ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑﻀﻤﯿﺮ أﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ وﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻀﺎء ﺟﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن Reflexive verbs اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ

ϣε κοτ των

go return rise

ﯾﻘﻮم ﯾﺮﺟﻊ ﯾﺬھﺐ

ϯ ϣενηι ϯ κοτ ϯ τωντ `κ ϣενακ `κ κοτκ `κ τωνκ τε ϣενε τε κοϯ τε τωουνι `ϥ ϣεναϥ `ϥ κοτϥ `ϥ τωνϥ `ς ϣενας `ς κοτς `ς τωνς τεν ϣεναν τεν κοττεν τεν τωντεν τετεν ϣενωτεν τετεν κετ θηνου τετεν τεν θηνου ςε ϣενωου ςε κοτου ςε τωουνου Reflexive verbs اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ

πεϫε εϩνε ρανα

say want satisfy , please

ﯾﺮﺿﻲ ، ﯾﺴﺮ ﯾﺮﯾﺪ ﯾﻘﻮل

ϯ πεϫηι ϯ εϩνηι ϯ ρανηι `κ πεϫακ `κ εϩνακ `κ ρανακ τε πεϫε τε εϩνε τε ρανε `ϥ πεϫαϥ `ϥ εϩναϥ `ϥ ραναϥ `ς πεϫας `ς εϩνας `ς ρανας τεν πεϫαν τεν εϩναν τεν ραναν τετεν πεϫωτεν τετεν εϩωτεν τετεν ρανωτεν ςε πεϫωου ςε εϩνωου ςε ρανωου Reflexive verbs اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ

ρατ ϫω τοτ ρω

foot head hand mouth

ﻓﻢ ﯾﺪ رأس ﻗﺪم Reflexive verbs اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ

οϩι ερατ αμονι τοτ `ϭνε ϫω χα ρω

stand be patient submit be silent

ﯾﺴﻜﺖ ﯾﺨﻀﻊ ﯾﺼﺒﺮ ﯾﻘﻒ

οϩι ερατ ϯ αμονι `ντοτ ϯ `ϭνε ϫωι ϯ χα ρωι οϩι ερατκ `κ αμονι `ντοτκ `κ `ϭνε ϫωκ `κ χα ρωκ οϩι εραϯ τε αμονι `ντοϯ τε `ϭνε ϫω τε χα ρω οϩι ερατϥ `ϥ αμονι `ντοτϥ `ϥ `ϭνε ϫωϥ `ϥ χα ρωϥ οϩι ερατς `ς αμονι `ντοτς `ς `ϭνε ϫως `ς χα ρως οϩι ερατεν τεν αμονι `ντοτεν τεν `ϭνε ϫων τεν χα ρων οϩι ερατ θηνου τετεν αμονι `ντεν θηνου τετεν `ϭνε ϫωτεν τετεν χα ρωτεν οϩι ερατου ςε αμονι `ντοτου ςε `ϭνε ϫωου ςε χα ρωου Phrasal verbs اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻨﺎھﺎ ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ

εβολ

ﯾﮭﺮب φωτ εβολ escape ﯾﺴﺎﻣﺢ χω εβολ forgive ﯾﻨﺘﻈﺮ ϫουϣτ εβολ wait ﯾﺼﺮخ ωϣ εβολ scream ﯾﻜﻤﻞ ϫωκ εβολ complete ﯾﻨﺰع ωλι εβολ take of ﯾﺴﻘﻂ ϩει εβολ fall ﯾﻔﺮق ϫωρ εβολ disperse ﯾﻔﺎرق ، ﯾﺠﺘﺎز ςινι εβολ leave , surpass ﯾﻨﻘﺾ βωλ εβολ dissolve ﯾﺘﻮه ، ﯾﻀﻞ ςωρεμ εβολ get lost ﯾﺰھﺮ φιρι εβολ florish ﯾﻨﻜﺮ ، ﯾﺠﺤﺪ ϫωλ εβολ deny ﯾﻌﺘﺮف ουωνϩ εβολ confess ﯾﺰﯾﻦ ςολςελ εβολ decorate ﯾﻤﺪ ، ﯾﺒﺴﻂ ςουτων εβολ spread , strech ﯾﺴﺘﻤﺮ μουν εβολ continue ﯾﺒﺴﻂ ، ﯾﻔﺮش φωρϣ εβολ spread Phrasal verbs اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻨﺎھﺎ ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ

`νςα `μμο

ﯾﻔﺮح ουονϥ `μμο- to be happy ﯾﻄﻠﺐ ، ﯾﺴﻌﻰ ﺧﻠﻒ κωϯ `νςα seek ﯾﺴﺘﺮﯾﺢ μτον `μμο- to rest` ﯾﺘﺒﻊ μοϣι `νςα follow ﯾﻔﺘﺨﺮ ϣουϣου `μμο- to be proud ﯾﻄﯿﻊ ςωτεμ `νςα obey ﯾﮭﺪأ ϩερι `μμο- to calm down ﯾﺘﺒﻊ ουεϩ `νςα follow

ﯾﻨﻢ ، ﯾﻐﺘﺎب ςαϫι `νςα gossip

ﯾﻄﺎرد ϭοϫι `νςα chase Phrasal verbs اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻨﺎھﺎ ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ

ﯾﺪﺧﻞ ινι εϧουν enter ﯾﺪﺧﻞ ι εϧουν enter ﯾﺪﺧﻞ ϣε εϧουν enter

go up , ﯾﺼﻌﺪ ινι ε`πϣωι ﯾﺨﺮج ι εβολ exit ﯾﺨﺮج ϣε εβολ exit ascend

get out go up, go up , ﯾﺨﺮج , ινι εβολ ﯾﺼﻌﺪ Ι ε`πϣωι ﯾﺼﻌﺪ ϣε ε`πϣωι ascend ascend exit

go down go down , ﯾﻨﺰل ινι επεςητ descend ﯾﻨﺰل , ι επεςητ ﯾﻨﺰل ϣε επεςητ descend descend “Impersonal verbs” - Verbs without subject - Must اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ

ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ϩωϯ εροι I should, it's a must for me

ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ϩωϯ εροκ you should , it's a must for you

ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ϩωϯ ερο you should , it's a must for you

ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ϩωϯ εροϥ he should , it's a must for him

ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ϩωϯ ερος she should, it's a must for her

ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ϩωϯ ερον we should, it's a must for us

ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻜﻢ ϩωϯ ερωτεν you should, it's must for you

ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ ϩωϯ ερωου they should, it's a must them “Impersonal verbs” - Verbs without subject – it’s appropriate اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﻲ ςϣε νηι it's appropriate for me`

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﻚ ςϣε νακ it's appropriate for you`

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﻚ ςϣε νε it's appropriate for you`

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﮫ ςϣε ναϥ it's appropriate for him`

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﮭﺎ ςϣε νας it's appropriate for her`

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﻨﺎ ςϣε ναν it's appropriate for us`

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﻜﻢ ςϣε νωτεν it's appropriate for you`

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﮭﻢ ςϣε νωου it's appropriate for them` “Impersonal verbs” - Verbs without subject – it’s appropriate اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﻲ ερ`πρεπι νηι it's appropriate for me

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﻚ ερ`πρεπι νακ it's appropriate for you

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﻚ ερ`πρεπι νε it's appropriate for you

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﮫ ερ`πρεπι ναϥ it's appropriate for him

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﮭﺎ ερ`πρεπι νας it's appropriate for her

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﻨﺎ ερ`πρεπι ναν it's appropriate for us

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﻜﻢ ερ`πρεπι νωτεν it's appropriate for you

ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻟﮭﻢ ερ`πρεπι νωου it's appropriate for them “Impersonal verbs” - Verbs without subject اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ

اﻟﺠﻮ ﺣﺮ ςερϧημ it's hot` ﯾﻜﻮن ﺣﺮ ερϧημ be hot

اﻟﺠﻮ ﺑﺮد ςερϫαϥ it's cold` ﯾﻜﻮن ﺑﺮد ερϫαϥ be cold

ﯾﻮﺟﺪ زﻟﺰال ςμονμεν it's shaking` ﯾﺰﻟﺰل μονμεν quake

اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﺗﺒﺮق ςερςετβρηϫ it's making lightening` ﯾﺒﺮق ερςετβρηϫ lightining

اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﺗﺮﻋﺪ ςερϧαραβαι it's making thunder` ﯾﺮﻋﺪ ερϧαραβαι thunder

اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﺗﻤﻄﺮ ςερμουνϩωου it's raining` ﯾﻤﻄﺮ ερμουνϩωου rain Questions اﻟﺴﺆال

ﻣﻦ νιμ ? who ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ϩιτεν νιμ ? by who ﻟﻤﻦ φα νιμ ? of who whom masculine ﻟﻤﻦ θα νιμ ? of who whom feminine ﻟﻤﻦ να νιμ ? of who whom plural ﻣﺎ ، ﻣﺎذا αϣ ? what ﻣﺎ ، ﻣﺎذا ου ? what ﺑﻤﺎذا ναϣ ? with what` ﺑﻤﺎذا νου ? with what` ﺑﻤﺎذا ϧεν αϣ ? with what ﺑﻤﺎذا ϧεν ου ? with what ﻛﯿﻒ ναϣ `νρηϯ ? how` ﻛﯿﻒ ϧεν αϣ `νρηϯ ? how Questions اﻟﺴﺆال

ﻟﻤﺎذا ، ﻷﺟﻞ ﻣﺎذا εθβε ου ? why for what ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﺷﻲء ϩιϫεν ου ? over what about what ﻛﻢ ουηρ ? αυηρ? how much how many ﺑﻜﻢ ϧα ουηρ ? with how much ﻣﺘﻰ θναυ ? when` ﻣﺘﻰ ν`θναυ ? when` إﻟﻰ ﻣﺘﻰ ، ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﺘﻰ ϣα `θναυ ? til when ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﺘﻰ ιςϫεν `θναυ ? since when أﯾﻦ θων ? where ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻜﺎن νθων ? where` إﻟﻰ أﯾﻦ εθων ? where to إﻟﻰ أﯾﻦ ϣα θων ? where to ﻣﻦ أﯾﻦ εβολ θων ? from where Questions اﻟﺴﺆال

do, is , are , was , were has , have , ھﻞ ? μη when used in making questions أم ، أو …ϣαν… is….or.... ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄن ، ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎل ?αϧο ? what it has to do with ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﻲ ، ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻲ αϧοι ? what it has to do with me ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﻚ ، ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ αϧοκ ? what it has to do with you ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﻚ ، ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ αϧο ? what it has to do with you ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﮫ ، ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﮫ αϧοϥ ? what it has to do with him ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﮭﺎ ، ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﮭﺎ αϧος ? what it has to do with her ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﻨﺎ ، ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎ αϧον ? what it has to do with us ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﻜﻢ ، ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﻜﻢ αϧωτεν ? what it has to do with you ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﮭﻢ ، ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﮭﻢ αϧωου ? what it has to do with them ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﻚ ﺑﻲ ?αϧοκ νεμηι ? what do you have to do with me ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﻚ وھﺬا αϧοκ νεμ φαι ? what do you have to do with this Questions اﻟﺴﺆال

أﯾﻦ أﻧﺖ ?ακθων ? where are you

أﯾﻦ ھﻮ ?αϥθων ? where is he

أﯾﻦ ھﻲ ?αςθων ? where is she

أﯾﻦ ﻛﻨﺖ ?νακθων πε ? where have you been

أﯾﻦ ﻛﺎن ?ναϥθων πε ? where has he been

أﯾﻦ ﻛﻨﺘﻢ ?ναρετενθων πε ? where have you been أﯾﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ?ναυθων πε ? where they have been do, is , are , was , were has , have , ھﻞ ? αν when used in making questions? Whether ھﻞ ... أم , ϫε ? do, is , are , was , were has , have when used in making questions? Questions اﻟﺴﺆال

Usually the question is made by question word followed by subject and verb. ﻋﺎدة ﯾﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺴﺆال ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم ﯾﻠﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﯾﻠﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ

νιμ εθ να ταμε αβρααμ ϫε who that will inform Abram that أن إﺑﺮام ﯾﺨﺒﺮ ﺳﻮف اﻟﺬي ﻣﻦ ςαρρα ϯϭι `ν ου ὰλου ?

Sara breast feed complement indicator a child ?

? طﻔﻞ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺗﺮﺿﻊ ﺳﺎرة Questions اﻟﺴﺆال

The question word who «νιμ» may be followed by verb to be. ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم ﻣﻦ ”ﻧﯿﻢ“ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة:

νιμ πε ὲταϥ ταμο κ ϫε who is he who had informed you that أن ك أﺧﺒﺮ ذاك اﻟﺬي ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ

`κ βηϣ

you "are" naked

ﻋﺮﯾﺎن أﻧﺖ Questions اﻟﺴﺆال

ϫε αϣ `ν νιϣϯ `ν εθνος for what conjunction great conjunction nation

أﻣﺔ ﻋﻈﯿﻤﺔ أداة رﺑﻂ أي ﻷن

ετε ουονταϥ `μμαυ `ν ου νουϯ which there is for it in that place conjunction a God

إﻟﮫ أداة رﺑﻂ ھﻨﺎك ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ

εϥ ϧεντ ερωου he is near them

ﻣﻨﮭﻢ ﻗﺮﯾﺐ ھﻮ Questions اﻟﺴﺆال

The question word what? Ου? Αϣ? Can be followed by verb to be. ﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﻔﮭﺎم ﻣﺎذا؟ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﻓﻌل ﯾﻛون:

ου νε νι μετμεθρευ νεμ νι what are the testimonies and the ال و ﺷﮭﺎدات ال ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺎذا

μεθμηι νεμ νι ϩαπ

statutes and the ordinances

أﺣﻜﺎم ال و ﺑﺮ Questions اﻟﺴﺆال

Making a question with How the word order is question word “How” + subject + verb: ﻟﻌﻣل ﺳؤال ”ﻛﯾف“ ﯾﻛون ﺗرﺗﯾب اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ، ﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﻔﮭﺎم + اﻟﻔﺎﻋل + اﻟﻔﻌل

`ναϣ `νρηϯ ϫε α ςαουλ μου

how that past indicator Saoul died

ﻣﺎت ﺷﺎول ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ أن ﻛﯿﻒ Questions اﻟﺴﺆال

A question with “why” is formed by question word “εθβε ου”+ subject + verb اﻟﺴﺆال ”ﻟﻤﺎذا“ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ، ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﺆال + اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ + اﻟﻔﻌﻞ

εθβε ου τετεν ϥιρωουϣ

why you care

ﺗﮭﺘﻤﻮن أﻧﺘﻢ ﻟﻤﺎذا Questions اﻟﺴﺆال

The question how much , how many is used by question word + verb + noun or question word + noun اﻟﺴﺆال ﺑﻜﻢ ﺳﻮاء ﻟﻠﻌﺪد أو اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻨﮫ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم ”ﻛﻢ“ + اﻟﻔﻌﻞ + اﻻﺳﻢ أو ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم ﯾﻠﯿﮭﺎ اﻻﺳﻢ

ουηρ νε νι εϩοου

how many are the days

أﯾﺎم ال ﯾﻜﻮن ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد ὰτετεν ϭι ουηρ `μ βιρ you "have" taken how many of baskets اﻟﺴﻼل ﻣﻦ ﻛﻢ أﺧﺬﺗﻢ أﻧﺘﻢ Questions اﻟﺴﺆال

`θναυ πε πι ςηου

when is the time

وﻗﺖ ال ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻰ

ϣα `θναυ `κχω `μμοι ὲβολ αν for how long you let me away not

ﻻ ﺑﻌﯿﺪا ــﻨﻲ أﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﺮﻛـــ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﺘﻰ Questions اﻟﺴﺆال

αϥ θων πεκ ουρο

he where your king

ﻣﻠﻜـــ ــﻚ أﯾﻦ ھﻮ

`χ νηου ὲβολ θων you come from where

أﯾﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ أﻧﺖ

`χ να ὲ θων you go to where

أﯾﻦ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺬھﺐ أﻧﺖ Questions اﻟﺴﺆال

Word order is question word + subject + verb + object + “or”

ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ھﻮ أداة اﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم + اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ + اﻟﻔﻌﻞ + اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل + أو

μη ανοκ `π ουριτ `μ πα ςον

Am I the keeper of my brother

أﺧـــ ــــﻲ أداة رﺑﻂ ﺣﺎرس ال أﻧﺎ ھﻞ

μη τεννα ϫεμ ου ρωμι `μ παιρηϯ can we find a man conjunction in this way

ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬا أداة رﺑﻂ رﺟﻞ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻧﺠﺪ ﻧﺤﻦ ﺳﻮف ھﻞ Questions اﻟﺴﺆال

Word order is question word + subject + verb + object + “or” ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ھﻮ أداة اﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم + اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ + اﻟﻔﻌﻞ + اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل + أو αν `νθοκ πε πα ϣηρι question word "are" you "are" my child اﺑﻨـــ ــﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن أﻧﺖ ھﻞ

ηςαυ ϣαν `μμον ?

Isau or not ?

? ﻻ أم ﻋﯿﺴﻮ

About what أي ، ﻋﻤﺎ Αν ϩι Over what Articles indicating complement, adjective and adverbs اﻷدوات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل واﻟﺼﻔﺔ وﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ”اﻟﺤﺎل“

There are three letters in coptic language with usage to indicate complement , adjectives and adverbs: For indicating a complement the following articles are used: `ν before all words `μ before words beginning with μ,π,β,φ,ψ. `ε after some verbs For indicating adjective or adverb the following articles are used: `ν before all words `μ before words beginning with μ,π,β,φ,ψ. For indicating a status usually translated “while being….., or “in……” ” the following articles are used: `ν before all words `μ before words beginning with μ,π,β,φ,ψ. Articles indicating complement, adjective and adverbs اﻷدوات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل واﻟﺼﻔﺔ وﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ”اﻟﺤﺎل“

ھﻨﺎك ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أدوات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل واﻟﺼﻔﺔ وﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ”اﻟﺤﺎل“ واﻷدوات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ھﻲ: ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل:

ν` أﻣﺎم ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت μ` أﻣﺎم اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮوف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ Μ, π, β, φ, ψ ε` ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل

ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺔ أو ﺣﺎل ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻷدوات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ:

ν` أﻣﺎم ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت

μ` أﻣﺎم اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮوف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ Μ, π, β, φ, ψ Articles indicating complement, adjective and adverbs اﻷدوات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل واﻟﺼﻔﺔ وﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ”اﻟﺤﺎل“

ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟدﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛون اﻟﺷﺧص أو اﻟﺷﻲء ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ:

ν` أﻣﺎم ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت

μ` أﻣﺎم اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮوف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ Μ, π, β, φ, ψ Articles indicating complement, adjective and adverbs اﻷدوات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل واﻟﺼﻔﺔ وﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ”اﻟﺤﺎل“

ὰ `φ νουϯ θαμιο `ν `τ φε

complement past indicator the God create the heavens indicator

ﺳﻤﺎء ال ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل ﺧﻠﻖ إﻟﮫ ال ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ

ϩαν φωςτηρ εθρ ου ερουωινι `μ πι καϩι indicator of So as to complement star them light the earth plural make indicator أرض ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﻨﯿﺮوا ــﮭﻢ ﯾﺠﻌﻞ ﻧﺠﻮم أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ

αϥ μουϯ ὲ πι ουωινι ϫε πι ὲϩοου Complement he , past called the light ”namely" the day indicator ﻧﮭﺎر ال "أي" ﻧﻮر ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل دﻋﻰ ھﻮ ، ﻣﺎﺿﻲ Articles indicating complement, adjective and adverbs اﻷدوات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل واﻟﺼﻔﺔ وﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ”اﻟﺤﺎل“

`φ νουϯ αϥ θαμιο `ν νι νιϣϯ `ν κητος

Complement Indicator the God he, past created the great whale indicator of adjective

ﺣﯿﺘﺎن أداة ﺻﻔﺔ ﻋﻈﻤﺎء ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺧﻠﻖ ھﻮ ، ﻣﺎﺿﻲ إﻟﮫ ال

ςαϫι νεμ πεκ ϣηρι `μ μενριτ

indicator talk with your son beloved of adjective

ﻣﺤﺒﻮب أداة ﺻﻔﺔ اﺑﻨـــ ــﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﺪث Articles indicating complement, adjective and adverbs اﻷدوات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل واﻟﺼﻔﺔ وﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ”اﻟﺤﺎل“

αβρααμ αϥ των ϥ `ν ϣωρπ

He Abraam he, past rose up Reflexive indicator of adverb early pronoun

ھﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺮا أداة ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﺳﺘﯿﻘﻆ ھﻮ إﺑﺮام ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ Adjective اﻟﺼﻔﺔ

Adjectives there are three ways of making adjective in coptic language the word originally adjective the noun preceded by `ν , `μ to form an adjective the adjective is derived from a verb اﻟﺼﻔﺎت ھﻨﺎك ﺛﻼﺛﺔ طﺮق ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ھﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ھﻲ اﺳﻢ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﺔ اﻷداة، ن ، م ، ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ Adjective اﻟﺼﻔﺔ

Making an adjective from noun

ﻋﻤﻞ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﻢ

Example

ﻣﺜﺎل

ΧΗΜΙ + `ν = `ΝΧΗΜΙ

Egypt of / related to Egyptian / related to Egypt / Coptic

ﻣﺼﺮي ، ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻤﺼﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ب ﻣﺼﺮ adjective / ﺻﻔﺔ أداة ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ noun / اﺳﻢ

βαρι + `μ = `μβαρι

boat of a boat / boatic / boaty

ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮارب ﻗﺎرب Adjective اﻟﺼﻔﺔ

For making an adjective from noun the article `ν is used in front of all words and `μ in front of words beginning with μ, β, π , φ,ψ.

ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﻢ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم أداة اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ν , `μ` ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﺼﻔﺔ μ` ، وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ ب μ, β, π , φ,ψ. Adjective اﻟﺼﻔﺔ

Example ﻣﺜﺎل ΧΗΜΙ + `ν = `ΝΧΗΜΙ Egypt of / related to = Egyptian / related to Egypt / Coptic ﻣﺼﺮي ، ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻤﺼﺮ = ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ب ﻣﺼﺮ ρεμ `ν Χημι = ρεμ`νΧημι person of Egypt = Egyptian / Coptic ﻣﺼﺮي / ﻗﺒﻄﻲ = ﻣﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ αςπι `ν Χημι = αςπι `νΧημι language of Egypt = Egyptian language / Coptic اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻄﯿﺔ / اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﯾﺔ = ﻣﺼﺮ أداة رﺑﻂ ﻟﻐﺔ Adjective اﻟﺼﻔﺔ words originally adjectives are used also with `ν or `μ as articles connecting word with adjectives The word order is definite (the) or indefinite article (a , an) + noun / adjective + `ν , `μ + noun / adjective اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺻﻔﺎت أﺻﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﯾﻀﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻷداﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺘﯿﻦ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺼﻔﺔ `ν , `μ وﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ھﻮ

أداة ﺗﻌرﯾف أو ﺗﻧﻛﯾر اﺳم ، ﺻﻔﺔ ν , `μ` اﺳم ، ﺻﻔﺔ

← ← ← Adjective اﻟﺼﻔﺔ

ου κομπιοτερ `μ βερι

a computer article connecting word with adjective new

ﺟﺪﯾﺪ أداة رﺑﻂ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ ﻛﻮﻣﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ

ου βερι `ν κομπιοτερ

a new article connecting word with adjective computer

ﻛﻮﻣﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ أداة رﺑﻂ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ Adjective: Masculine , Feminine & plural اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ واﻟﺠﻤﻊ

Some adjectives are having masculine , feminine and plural forms ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت ﻟﮭﺎ أﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ واﻟﺘﺄﻧﯿﺚ واﻟﺠﻤﻊ

masculine feminine plural

ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ςαβε ςαβη ςαβευ wise wise wise ﺣﻜﻤﺎء ﺣﻜﯿﻤﺔ ﺣﻜﯿﻢ νανεϥ νανες νενευ good good good ﺟﯿﺪﯾﻦ ﺟﯿﺪة ﺟﯿﺪ Adjectives from verbs ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل

The adjective made from verbs are used as following: Definite article`π, `φ, πι,`τ, ϯ , νι , νεν + noun + ετ , εθ + adjective Indefinite article “ου , ϩαν” + noun + εϥ , ες , ευ, .... + adjective اﻟﺼﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ

أداة ﺗﻌرﯾف + , π, `φ, πι,`τ, ϯ` اﺳم + ετ , εθ + ﺻﻔﺔ νι , νεν ← ← ← ← أداة ﺗﻧﻛﯾر + ου , ϩαν اﺳم + .... ,εϥ , ες , ευ + ﺻﻔﺔ

← ← ← ← Adjectives from verbs ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل

`φ νουϯ ετ ϭοςι the God which is high ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻜﻮن إﻟﮫ ال πι `ϣϣην ετ ϭοςι the tree which is high ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺷﺠﺮة ال `μμον `ϩλι εϥ ϩηπ no thing he hiding ﺧﻔﻲ ھﻮ ﺷﻲء ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ϩαν ϣηρι νε ευ ϭοςι indefinite article sons are they are of stature طﻮال اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ھﻢ ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮا أﺑﻨﺎء أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ Adjectives from verbs ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل

compound adjectives made from prefix + adjective , noun

ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ + ﺻﻔﺔ أو اﺳﻢ

λαςαϫι ﺛﺮﺛﺎر ﻛﺜﯿﺮ اﻟﻜﻼم talkative ﺗﻔﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺜﺮة λα indication of multiplicity

ﺧﻔﻲ αθναυ hidden ﺗﻔﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﻔﻲ αθ for negation

ﻏﺒﻲ ατκαϯ stupid ﺗﻔﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﻔﻲ ατ for negation

ﻓﺎﻋﻞ اﻻﺷﯿﺎء ﺻﺎﻧﻊ أو ﺗﻘﻲ ςα the person with function of ςα`μπετνανεϥ goddly person اﻟﺠﯿﺪة ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﺪﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺠﺎب νϣουερ`ϣφηρι admirable` ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻖ ϣου worthy `ν`ϣτεμερ`ϣφη ﻏﯿﺮ ﺟﺪﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺠﺎب unadmirable ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻖ ϣτεμ not worthy` ρι ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إدراﻛﮫ ϣταϩο comprehensab` ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ ϣ able` le Adjective اﻟﺼﻔﺎت

adjective comes always after the noun

ﺻﻔﺎت ﺗﺄﺗﻲ داﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﺳﻢ

νιβεν every all whole

ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﻛﻞ Comparison اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ for comparison of equality the following words are used

ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺎوي ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ

as ﻣﺜﻞ ε`

ﻣﺜﻞ μ`φρηϯ `ν as , similar`

ﻣﺜﻞ μ`φρηϯ `μ as , similar`

ϩως as , similar ﻣﺜﻞ Comparison اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

ϣας ϣωπι ε ου `ϣϣην she is as a tree ﺷﺠﺮة أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺼﯿﺮ ھﻲ ὲρε τεκ `ςϩιμι ερ `μ`φρηϯ she your woman becomes as ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺼﯿﺮ زوﺟﺘــ ــﻚ ھﻲ `ν ου βω `ν αλολι indicator of complement a tree of graps ﻋﻨﺐ أداة رﺑﻂ ﺷﺠﺮة أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل μοϣι ϩως ϩαν ϣηρι `ντε walk as indefinite article sons of أداة رﺑﻂ أﺑﻨﺎء أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﯿﺮوا πι ουωινι the light ﻧﻮر ال Comparison اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

for comparison between two parties one larger or smaller than the other the following words are used

ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ طﺮﻓﯿﻦ أﺣﺪھﻤﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ أو أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ before noun ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ εϩοτε more than better than` before noun ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ε more than better than` before noun ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ παρα more than better than before verb ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ εϩοτε `ντε more than better than` before verb ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ εϩοτε `ε more than better than` ﻣﻊ اﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ with pronouns أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ εϩοτεερο more than better than` اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ after noun ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺒﮫ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ εϩοτε `ερο more than better than` compared to ﺑﮫ after noun ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺒﮫ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ νϩουο more than better than` compared to ﺑﮫ Comparison اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

εκε ραϧ τ ειε ουβαϣ you will wash me I'll be whiter أﺑﯿﺾ أﻧﺎ ﺳﻮف ــﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﺴﻠــ أﻧﺖ ﺳﻮف εϩοτε ου χιων more than indefinite article snow ﺛﻠﺞ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ εϥ ςαϫι ὲϩοτε φα αβελ he talks better than that of abel ھﺎﺑﯿﻞ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺬي ل أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﯾﺘﻜﻠﻢ ھﻮ ου ςαβε `ν ϩουο wise of utmost, more than any أﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﻜﯿﻢ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ the wisest Comparison اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

μαλλον ὲαϥ ουωϣ ὲ ϣεπ`μκαϩ νεμ rather he, past gerund wanted to suffer with ﻣﻊ ﯾﺘﺄﻟﻢ أن أراد ھﻮ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮي πι λαος `ντε `φ νουϯ the people of the God إﻟﮫ ال أداة رﺑﻂ ﺷﻌﺐ ال ὲϩοτε `ντεϥ ϭιμη ϧεν `φ more than he would enjoy with the ال ﺑـ ﯾﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ھﻮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ νοβι `προςουςηου sin temporally زﻣﻨﯿﺎ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ Comparison اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

ανοκ ου ϩηκι πε εϩοτεροκ

I a poor am more than you

ﻣﻨﻚ أﻛﻮن أﻓﻘﺮ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ أﻧﺎ Comparison اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

ﺑﯿﻦ ϧεν in among

ﺑﯿﻦ ουτε between among

πι νιϣϯ ϧεν νηετ ουαβ

the greatest among those who "are" saints

ﻗﺪﯾﺴﯿﻦ أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ أﻋﻈﻢ ال Comparison اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

superlative

درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻀﯿﻞ اﻟﻘﺼﻮى

ου νιϣϯ `ν ραϣι `εμαϣω a great conjunction joy very much ﺟﺪا ﻓﺮح أداة رﺑﻂ ﻋﻈﯿﻢ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ

ου ςαβε `ν ϩουο

a wise of utmost, more than any

أﻛﺜﺮ أداة رﺑﻂ ﺣﻜﯿﻢ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ Adverb اﻟﺤﺎل

The adverb is formed by: noun `ν + noun / adjective. Ϧεν ου + noun. `μ + noun / adjective beginning with μ,π,β,φ,ψ .

ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻣﻦ ν` + اﺳﻢ ، ﺻﻔﺔ Ϧεν ου + اﺳﻢ ، ﺻﻔﺔ μ` + اﺳﻢ ، ﺻﻔﺔ ﯾﺒﺪأ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ اﻷﺣﺮف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ μ,π,β,φ,ψ . Adverb اﻟﺤﺎل

Example

ﻣﺜﺎل

أن νου now ϯνου = ϯ + νου Now = the + now أن + ال = اﻷن `νεϩοου = `ν + εϩοου in day time = in + day

ﻧﮭﺎر = ﻧﮭﺎرا ϯ ςαϫι `νεϩοου νεμ ου ρεμ`ναμερικα I talk in day time with an american أﻣﺮﯾﻜﻲ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻧﮭﺎرا أﺗﺤﺪث أﻧﺎ Adverb اﻟﺤﺎل

`μφοου = `μ + φοου

daily = adverb indicator + day

ﯾﻮم أداة ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎل ﯾﻮﻣﯿﺎ

πεν ωικ `ντε ραςϯ μηιϥ ναν `μ φοου

our bread of tomorrow give it to us adverb indicator today

اﻟﯿﻮم أداة ﻟﻠﻈﺮف ﻟﻨﺎ أﻋﻄﮫ ﻏﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻟـ ﺧﺒﺰ أداة ﻣﻠﻜﯿﺔ Adverb اﻟﺤﺎل

ϧαϫωϥ in day ﻓﺠﺮا νατο at dawn` ﻧﮭﺎرا ν`εϩοου` اﻷن ϯνου now time ουι

`νςηου `νρικι at a wink طﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﯿﻦ ﻟﯿﻼ ν`εϫωρϩ at night` ﻛﻞ ﺣﯿﻦ every time νιβεν `μβαλ of an eye

أﺳﺒﻮﻋﯿﺎ νανϣαϣϥ weekly` ﺑﺎﻛﺮا νϣωρπ early` ﯾﻮﻣﯿﺎ μμηνι daily`

ﺷﮭﺮﯾﺎ ναβοτ monthly` ﺻﺒﺎﺣﺎ νατοουι morning` اﻟﯿﻮم μφοου today`

`νϩανατοο ﺳﻨﻮﯾﺎ ντεμρομπι yearly` ﺻﺒﺎﺣﺎ morning أﻣﺲ νςαϥ yesterday` υι

أﺑﺪﯾﺎ ν`ενεϩ eternally` ظﮭﺮا μμερι at noon` أول أﻣﺲ νςαςαϥ the day before`

at ﻗﺒﻞ ϧαϫεν before ﻣﺴﺎء νρουϩι` ﻏﺪا νραςϯ tomorrow` evening

the day after at ﺑﻌﺪ μενενςα after ﻣﺴﺎء νϩανρουϩι` ﺑﻌﺪ ﻏﺪا νςαραςϯ` tomorrow evening If Clause ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط

if indicates ﻟﻮ ، ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ϣαν if indicates certainty ﻟﻮ ، ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ εϣωπ certainty

ﻟﻮ ، ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ if indicates ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ιςϫε καν even if , Greek word اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل probability

ﻟﻮ ، ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ if indicates ﻟﻮ ، ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ if indicates ενε εναρε اﻻﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ impossibility اﻻﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ impossibility

ﻟﻮ ﻟﻢ εβηλϫε if not If Clause – zero conditional – “When” ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط – ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ”ﻣﺘﻰ“ ، ”ﻋﻨﺪ“

ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط ، إذا ، ﻟﻮ ، إن If clause ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ THE ZERO CONDITIONAL ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻮﻗﺖ The zero conditional is used for when the time اﻟﻤﺸﺎر إﻟﯿﮫ اﻵن أو ًداﺋﻤﺎ واﻟﻮﺿﻊ ًﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺎ ًوﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎ. ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ being referred to is now or always and the ﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة situation is real and possible. The zero إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ. إن اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ اﻟﺠﺰأﯾﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ conditional is often used to refer to general ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ. ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻞ ﺷﺮطﯿﺔ ، ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺒﺪال truths. The tense in both parts of the .ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "إذا" ﻋﺎدة ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ " ﻣﺘﻰ" دون ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ sentence is the simple present. In zero ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮأي conditional sentences, the word "if" can ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ + usually be replaced by the word "when" `ντε without changing the meaning. Usually the subjunctive form is used `ντε + pronoun If Clause – zero conditional – “When” ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط – ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ”ﻣﺘﻰ“ ، ”ﻋﻨﺪ“

The usage of subjunctive in this type of conditional اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺮأي واﻟﺘﺨﻮف ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ”ﻟﻮ“ ὲϣωπ `ντετεν ϫεμ ϥ ματαμοι when you find him inform me أﺧﺒﺮوﻧﻲ ــﮫ ﺗﺠﺪو أﻧﺘﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ϩινα `ντα ὶ ϩω `ντα so as to I would come also I would أﻧﺎ أﯾﻀﺎ أﺗﻲ أﻧﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ

ουωϣτ `μμοϥ

bow to him

ﻟﮫ أﺳﺠﺪ If Clause – first conditional – present , future - possible condition ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ – اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ – ﺷﺮط ﻣﻤﻜﻦ

اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط First conditional

اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ: اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ، ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮط ھﻮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible

.اﻟﻮﻗﺖ: ﯾﺸﯿﺮ ھﺬا اﻟﺸﺮط إﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ أو إﻟﻰ وﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ Time: This condition refers either to present or ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع أو اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ .to future time ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم أزﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ The tenses of present and the future are used If Clause – first conditional – present , future - possible condition ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ – اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ – ﺷﺮط ﻣﻤﻜﻦ

present simple and future

ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ وﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ

εϣωπ τετεν μει `μμοι if you love me ـــﻲ ﺗﺤﺒﻮﻧـــ أﻧﺘﻢ ﻟﻮ τετεν να αρεϩ ε you will keep indication of complement أداو ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺗﺤﻔﻈﻮن ﺳﻮف أﻧﺘﻢ

να εντολη

my comandments

وﺻﺎﯾﺎ ــﻲ If Clause – first conditional – present , future - possible condition ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ – اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ – ﺷﺮط ﻣﻤﻜﻦ

εϣωπ ε πι ηι `μ`πϣα indicator of present if the house deserves continuous or gerund ﯾﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺑﯿﺖ ال أداة ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﺎرع اﻟﺤﺎل إذا `ντετεν ϩιρηνη εςε ι εϫωϥ your peace it will come upon it ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺳﻮف ﺳﻼﻣــ ــﻜﻢ ιςϫε τεκ ϫιϫ `ν ουιναμ if your hand indicator of adjective right ﯾﻤﻨﻰ أداة ﺻﻔﺔ ﯾﺪ ــﻚ ﻟﻮ ερ`ςκανδλιζιν `μμοκ ϫοϫ ς ϩιτ offend you cut it cast أﻟﻘــــ ــﮭﺎ أﻗﻄﻌــــ ــﻚ ﺗﻌﺜﺮ ς εβολϩαροκ

it away from you

ﺑﻌﯿﺪا ﻋﻨﻚ ـــﮭﺎ If Clause – first conditional – present , future - improbable condition ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ – اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ – ﺷﺮط ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ

ιςϫε ε ὰνοκ ϧεν βελζεβουλ if indicator of present continuous I by Beelzebub ﺑﻌﻠﺰﺑﻮل ﺑــ أﻧﺎ أداة ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺪال ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻟﻮ ϯ ϩιουὶ `ν νι δεμων indicator of I cast out the demon complement ﺷﯿﺎطﯿﻦ ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل أطﺮد أﻧﺎ ὲβολ νετεν ϣηρι αυ ϩιουὶ away your sons they, past cast

ﯾﻄﺮد ھﻢ ، ﻣﺎﺿﻲ أﺑﻨﺎﺋــــ ــﻜﻢ ﺑﻌﯿﺪا ὲβολ ϧεν νιμ out by whom ﻣﻦ ﺑــــ ﺑﻌﯿﺪا If Clause – first conditional – present , future - possible condition ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ – اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ – ﺷﺮط ﻣﻤﻜﻦ

ιςϫε τεν να ϫολ ϥ εβολ if we will deny him away

ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ ــﮫ ﻧﻨﻜﺮ ﺳﻮف ﻧﺤﻦ ﻟﻮ

`νθοϥ ϩωϥ `ϥ να ϩωϥ `ϥ he also "him" he will also "him" he ھﻮ أﯾﻀﺎ ﺳﻮف ھﻮ أﯾﻀﺎ ھﻮ

να ϫολ τεν εβολ

will deny us away

ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ ــﻨﺎ ﯾﻨﻜﺮ ﺳﻮف If Clause – second conditional – improbable present ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط ، ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع

اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط Second conditional

.اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ: ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ ﻏﯿﺮ واﻗﻌﯿﺔ ( ﻣﺴﺘﺤﯿﻠﺔ) أو ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.

اﻟﻮﻗﺖ: ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ، اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ، وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ، ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ، اﻵن .talking about the present, now If Clause – second conditional – improbable present ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط ، ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع

usage of past tense to indicate unreal present اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻣﺮ ﻟﻢ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع

Past tense + Ϣαν + verb + past tense

αι ϣαν ϫος `μ φαι ϫε I, past if said to this "to" "أن" ھﺬا ﻟـ ﻗﻠﺖ ﻟﻮ أﻧﺎ

μαϣενακ ϣαϥ ϣεναϥ

go "you" he would have gone "he"

ﯾﻤﺸﻲ ﻓﮭﻮ ﯾﻤﺸﻲ If Clause – second conditional – improbable present ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط ، ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع

Usage of past tense اﺳﺘﺨﺪام زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ εϣωπ + pronoun + ϣαν + verb → future tense ﻟﻮ"إﺷﻮب" + ﺿﻤﯿﺮ + "ﺷﺎن" + ﻓﻌﻞ ، زﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ εϣωπ αυ ϣαν ωλι `μ πι passive second part of condition Taken indicator of if Voice the structure from complement past ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل رﻓﻊ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل ﻟﻮ ، ﻣﺎﺿﻲ Εβολ πατϣελετ τοτε ευε ερνηςτευιν ϩαρωου From they bridegroom then fast them will

ﯾﺼﻮﻣﻮن ھﻢ ﺳﻮف ﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ ﻋﻨﮭﻢ ﻋﺮﯾﺲ If Clause – second conditional – improbable present ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط ، ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع

εϣωπ αι `ϣτεμ ϣεν ηι if I, past not go "me" "أﻧﺎ" أذھﺐ ﻟﻢ أﻧﺎ ، ﻣﺎﺿﻲ إن `ϥ να ι αν ϩαρωτεν he will come not to you ﻟﻜﻢ ﻻ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺳﻮف ھﻮ

`νϫε πι παρακλητος namely the comforter

ﻣﻌﺰي ال أي If Clause – second conditional – improbable present ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط ، ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع

ιςϫε αρετεν κωϯ `νςωι χα

if you, past seek for me let

أﺗﺮﻛﻮا ــﻨﻲ ﺗﻄﻠﺒﻮن أﻧﺘﻢ ، ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻮ

ναι εβολ μαρ ου ϣεν ωου those away let them go "them"

"ھﻢ" ﯾﺬھﺒﻮن ھﻢ ﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﻌﯿﺪا ھﺆﻻء If Clause , third conditional unreal past ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط ، ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ

اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط Third conditional

اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ: ﻏﯿﺮ واﻗﻌﻲ Nature: unreal

اﻟﻮﻗﺖ: اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ (ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation .(اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ (.that was not so in the past

Εϣωπ , ιςϫε , ε , ενε , ενε ουον , ενε `μμον , ενε ... Πε , ενε ... Τε , ενε .... Νε , εναρε , εναι , ενακ , εναρε , εναϥ , ενας , εναν , εναρετεν , εναυ , εουον , ε`μμον , ε + pronoun: ει –εκ – εϥ ... + να + pronoun , ”إﻟﺦ , ε + pronoun + να : εινα, εχνα, εϥνα...”ϣα ϧαε, etc , .”إﻟﺦ , ϣα ϧαε, etc” . ”إﻟﺦ , να , ναινα, ναχνα ,ναϥνα , ναςνα ... ”ϣα ϧαε, etc If Clause , third conditional unreal past ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط ، ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ usage of would have + p.p. to indicate an action which would have talken place in past , να + pronoun + να

اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺻﯿﻐﺔ ﻛﺎن ﺳﯿﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪث ﻛﺎن ﺳﯿﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ

να + ﺿﻤﯿﺮ + να

εναρε πι νεβηι εμι if , past the housemaster knew ﻛﺎن ﯾﻌﻠﻢ رب اﻟﺒﯿﺖ ال ﻟﻮ ναϥνα ρωις πε he would have watched completion of tense

ﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺳﮭﺮ ﻟﻜﺎن ﻗﺪ If Clause , Event if happened in past might have had present consequences ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط ، ﺣﺪث ﻛﺎن ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺎن ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﮫ أﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع

MIXED TYPE CONDITIONAL

ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ وﻗﺖ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ، The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a ووﺿﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ. اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ time that is in the past, and a situation that إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ھﻲ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ. ﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻨﻮع is ongoing into the present. The facts they اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻂ اﻟﺸﺮطﻲ ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ ﺷﺮط اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻏﯿﺮ are based on are the opposite of what is اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ واﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ. ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻞ expressed. The mixed type conditional is ﺷﺮطﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻂ ، ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم used to refer to an unreal past condition and اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﺎم ، وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﺮطﯿﺔ its probable result in the present. In mixed .اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional. If Clause , Event if happened in past might have had present consequences ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ ، اﻟﺸﺮط ، ﺣﺪث ﻛﺎن ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺎن ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﮫ أﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع

usage of past tense "imperfect" to express an event which did not happen in present اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪث ﻟﻢ ﯾﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع Ιςϫε ναι κωϯ `νςα ρανα ϥ if I were seeking to please "him" ــﮫ رﺿﺎء ﻧﺤﻮ أﺳﻌﻰ أﻧﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻟﻮ `ν ρωμι ον ιε ανοκ ου indicator of complement man also or I a أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ أﻧﺎ أو أﯾﻀﺎ اﻧﺴﺎن أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل βωκ αν ϫε `ντε πι Χριςτος servant not "I mean" of the christ ﻣﺴﯿﺢ ال ﻟـ "أي" ﻻ ﻋﺒﺪ ιςϫε ναρετεν ςουων τ ερετενε if you were know me you will أﻧﺘﻢ ﺳﻮف ــﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻮﻧــ أﻧﺘﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﻢ ﻟﻮ ςουεν πα κε ιωτ know my also father أﺑـــــ أﯾﻀﺎ ـــﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻮن Conjunctions – Coordinating Conjunction أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ - أدوات رﺑﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﺘﯿﻦ أو ﻛﻠﻤﺘﯿﻦ

coordinating conjunctions أدوات رﺑﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﺘﯿﻦ أو ﻛﻠﻤﺘﯿﻦ εϫεν εθβε ε `ν `μ επει επι ερο ϫεχας ϩωςτε ϩρηι` ﻷﺟﻞ for εϫω υνα υπερ ϧα ϧαρο ϩιϫεν ϩινα ϩιϫω ωςτε εϫω νεμ ουοϩ و and ουδε ρω ουτε وﻻ nor νθοϥ αλλα ϫε δε πλην` وﻟﻜﻦ but ιε ιτε...ιε η....η ιτε ϣαν ϩι ϩιωτϥ ϩιουι أو or Ϣα ﺣﺘﻰ yet ακμην ιτε ϯνου اﻷن εθβε ετι ωθεν ϩαρα ﻟﮭﺬا so φαι Conjunctions – subordinating Conjunction أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ - أدوات رﺑﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﺘﯿﻦ

Conjunctions for Condition أدوات رﺑط ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺷرط

εϣαν ϣαν καν ενε ιςϫε ﻟﻮ if Εϣαν ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻮ only if ιε ειμηϯ εκτος ιμηϯ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ، إﻻ إذا unless ϣατε ϣα πιςηου `μμιν `μμο ﺣﺘﻰ until νερμετο ϫε` ﺑﺸﺮط أن provided that

νερκαμτι ϫε` ﺑﻔﺮض أن assuming that

ϩομως καν ιςϫε ﺣﺘﻰ وأن even if

ϧεν `φρηϯ ϫε ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ أن (in case (that Conjunctions – subordinating Conjunction أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ - أدوات رﺑﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﺘﯿﻦ Conjunctions Time أدوات رﺑﻂ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ επειδη επιδη επιδε ετι εϫω ﺑﻌﺪ after μενενςα μενϩε μενϩη ϩε ϩη μενενςω εφοςον φοςον ως ϩοςον ϩως طﺎﻟﻤﺎ as long as ϣωρπ εςεϣωπι ﺑﻤﺠﺮد أن as soon as `μπατε ϧαϫω εμθο `μθο ﻗﺒﻞ before ναϩρα Σα`τϩη `ϩρεν ουβε ουβη ϧεν ου ςηου ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻓﺖ اﻟﺬي by the time ϯ νου ϫε اﻷن now that ν ου ςηου `ν ου ςοπ ςοπ ϩαπαξ Απαξ` ذات ﻣﺮة once ιςϫεν ﻣﻨﺬ since ϣα ϣαρο ﺣﺘﻰ till ϣα ϣαρο ﺣﺘﻰ until `μπιναυ `μ`φναυ επει επι Ετα ετε `μπε εϩοτε ϩοτε καιρος Κερος ναυ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ، ﺣﯿﻨﻤﺎ when νουι ουωιϣ ςηου ως Ϩως ϩοταν ϩοϯ ϩοταν ﻋﻨﺪ whenever επει ετι ϩι ϩιωτ ϩοτε ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ while Conjunctions – subordinating Conjunction أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ - أدوات رﺑﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﺘﯿﻦ

Conjunctions Reason أدوات رﺑﻂ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ εβολϧεν ϫε εθβε εϫεν `ντεν Εθβη + `ντοτ εβολ ϫε ειϫε ειγε τ,ϥ,ς ..

επει επειδη επιδη εϫω και γαρ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ، ﻷﺟﻞ because κε γαρ οτι ουηι ϩα ϩαρο ε ϩι ϩιωτ `ντοτϥ `ντοτς `ντοτου διο ωςτε ϩωςτε `ντοτκ `ντοϯ εβολ ϫε εθβε ϫε ειϫε ειγε επει επειδη επι επιδη εφοςον φοςον εϣωπ ως ﺑﻤﺎ أن since ϩα`φναυ ϩως `ντ + ϫε εθρε ινα ϩινα οπως (α,εϥ,ες,εν, ου) ﻟﻜﻲ so that υνα ϣαντ ϣατε ϣατ ϩοπως ϩυνα ϫεχας μπερχας `ντε`ϣτεμ μηποτε μηπος` ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ so as not to `ντ + ϫε εθρε ινα ϩινα οπως (α,εϥ,ες,εν, ου) ﻟﻜﻲ (in order (that υνα ϣαντ ϣατε ϣατ ϩοπως ϩυνα ϫεχας Conjunctions – subordinating Conjunction أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ - أدوات رﺑﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﺘﯿﻦ

Relative Adjective , pronoun ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ، ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻮﺻﻞ ετ ετε εθ ε ερε اﻟﺬي، اﻟﺘﻲ ، اﻟﺬﯾﻦ that ετ ετε εθ ε ερε اﻟﺬي، اﻟﺘﻲ ، اﻟﺬﯾﻦ what ετ ετε εθ ε ερε اﻟﺬي، اﻟﺘﻲ ، اﻟﺬﯾﻦ which ετ ετε εθ ε ερε اﻟﺬي، اﻟﺘﻲ ، اﻟﺬﯾﻦ whichever εϯ ετεκ ετε ετεϥ ετες ετεν ετετεν ετου You You He She We You They I who who who who who who who who ھﻢ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ أﻧﺘﻢ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﻧﺤﻦ اﻟﺬي ھﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ھﻮ اﻟﺬي أﻧﺖ اﻟﺬي أﻧﺖ اﻟﺬي أﻧﺎ اﻟﺬي اﻟﺬي πε + ετ = πετ who , that Conjunctions – subordinating Conjunction أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ - أدوات رﺑﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﺘﯿﻦ

Conjunctions Place أداة اﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ، ﺣﯿﺚ

ε ετε ﺣﯿﺚ where Affirmation words ﻛﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﻛﯿﺪ

affirmative way is made as following ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﯿﺪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ repetition of demonstrative pronoun ﺗﻜﺮار ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻹﺷﺎرة παι ρωμι φαι this man this ھﺬا اﻟﺮﺟﻞ ھﺬا repetition of pronoun ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻀﻤﯿﺮ `νθοϥ `νθοϥ πετ αϥ ταμοι ε ται `ςμη `νςαςαϥ informed indicator of yesterda he he who he has this news me complement y أﻣﺲ ﺧﺒﺮ ھﺬا أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل أﺧﺒﺮﻧﻲ ھﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ اﻟﺬي ھﻮ ھﻮ Affirmation words ﻛﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﻛﯿﺪ

using affirmative pronoun

اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻮﻛﯿﺪ

ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ، μμιν + `μμο + pronoun`

`μμιν `μμιν `μμιν `μμιν `μμιν `μμιν `μμιν `μμιν `μμοι `μμοκ `μμο `μμοϥ `μμος `μμον `μμωτεν `μμωου you you he she we you they I myself yourself yourself himself herself ourselves yourselves themselves ھﻢ أﻧﻔﺴﮭﻢ أﻧﺘﻢ أﻧﻔﺴﻜﻢ ﻧﺤﻦ أﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ ھﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ھﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ أﻧﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ أﻧﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ أﻧﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ Affirmation words ﻛﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﻛﯿﺪ

using the pronoun

اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻀﻤﯿﺮ

ﻧﻔﺲ ذات ϩω self

ανοκ ϩω `νθοκ ϩωκ `νθο ϩωι `νθοϥ ϩωϥ `νθος ϩως ανον ϩων `νθωτεν ϩωτεν `νθωου ϩωου they I myself you yourself you yourself he himself she herself we ourselves you yourselves themsel ves ھﻢ أﻧﻔﺴﮭﻢ أﻧﺘﻢ أﻧﻔﺴﻜﻢ ﻧﺤﻦ أﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ ھﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ھﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ أﻧﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ أﻧﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ أﻧﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ

ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ، μμαυατ + pronoun`

ﺑﻤﻔﺮد وﺣﺪ μμαυατ alone soly`

`μμαυατεν - `μμαυατ `μμαυατκ `μμαυαϯ `μμαυατϥ `μμαυατς `μμαυατεν `μμαυατου θηνου I alone , you alone , you alone , he alone , she alone , we alone , they alone , you alone , soly soly soly soly soly soly soly soly ھﻢ وﺣﺪھﻢ أﻧﺘﻢ وﺣﺪﻛﻢ ﻧﺤﻦ وﺣﺪﻧﺎ ھﻲ وﺣﺪھﺎ ھﻮ وﺣﺪه أﻧﺖ وﺣﺪك أﻧﺖ وﺣﺪك أﻧﺎ وﺣﺪي Affirmation words ﻛﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﻛﯿﺪ

using the following word

ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ

+ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﻠﻜﯿﺔ ، possessive pronoun ﺑﻌﻀﻨﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ each other together ερηου

ﺑﻌﻀﻨﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ νενερηου we each other

ﺑﻌﻀﻜﻢ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ νετενερηου you each other

ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻢ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ νουερηου they each other

ﻛﻞ Τηρ all

τηρτ τηρκ τηρι τηρϥ τηρς τηρεν τηρτεν τηρου all of all of all me all you all you all him all her all of you the us m ھﻢ ﻛﻠﮭﻢ أﻧﺘﻢ ﻛﻠﻜﻢ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ھﻲ ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ھﻮ ﻛﻠﮫ أﻧﺖ ﻛﻠﻚ أﻧﺖ ﻛﻠﻚ أﻧﺎ ﻛﻠﻲ Affirmation words ﻛﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﻛﯿﺪ

using the following word اﻟﺘﺄﻛﯿﺪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻔﺲ ذات ρω self παι ςαϫι ρω this word itself ﻋﯿﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ھﺬه repitition of the verb ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ας ϩει ας ϩει it has fallen it has fallen ﺳﻘﻄﺖ ھﻲ ﺳﻘﻄﺖ ھﻲ Apposition اﻟﺒﺪل

Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to identify the other in a different way; the two elements are said to be in apposition.

اﻟﺒﺪل ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ ﻧﺤﻮﯾﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ وﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﯿﻦ ، ﻋﺎدةً اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﻤﯿﺔ ، ًﺟﻨﺒﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ ، ﺗﻘﻮم ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻷوﻟﻰ ؛ وﯾﻘﺎل إن اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﯿﻦ ﯾﻜﻮﻧﺎن ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﺪل Apposition اﻟﺒﺪل

first noun identified "the + noun" or name of apposition (definite article "the" + noun, + a person possessive + noun)

اﻻﺳﻢ اﻷول ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ + اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ، ﻣﻌﺮف أو ﻣﻠﻜﯿﺔ

`π ϭοις `φ νουϯ the lord the God إﻟﮫ ال رب ال

Δαυιδ πεϥ ϣηρι

David his son

اﺑﻨــ ــﮫ داوود Apposition اﻟﺒﺪل first noun identified "the + noun" or + ϫε apposition (name of person) pronoun اﻻﺳﻢ اﻷول ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ أو ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ϫε + اﺳﻢ ﺷﺨﺺ πι ρωμι ϫε Αβρααμ the man namly Abraham إﺑﺮاھﯿﻢ أي رﺟﻞ ال

ϫε can be ommitted

ϫε ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺬف

πι ρωμι Αβρααμ

the man Abraham

إﺑﺮاھﯿﻢ رﺟﻞ ال Apposition اﻟﺒﺪل

ϫε can be omitted after words indicating month ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺬف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﮭﺮ πι αβοτ `μϣηρ the month Emshir أﻣﺸﯿﺮ ﺷﮭﺮ ال Apposition noun + `ν , `μ + noun اﺳﻢ + ν , `μ` اﺳﻢ νεν ιοϯ `ν αποςτολος our fathers article to connect nouns apostles رﺳﻞ أداة رﺑﻂ أﺑﺎﺋــ ــﻨﺎ `ν . `μ can be replaced by definite article "the" ν . `μ` ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺘﺒﺪل ﺑﺄداة ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ νεν ιοϯ νι αποςτολος our fathers the apostles رﺳﻞ ال أﺑﺎﺋــ ــﻨﺎ Apposition اﻟﺒﺪل pronoun + ϧα + noun ﺿﻤﯿﺮ + ϧα اﺳﻢ ανοκ ϧα πι ρεϥερνοβι indicator of I the sinner apposition ﺧﺎطﻲء ال أداة ﺑﺪل أﻧﺎ with numbers noun + `ν , `μ + number ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺪد اﺳﻢ ν , `μ` ﻋﺪد αυ ϣεν ωου `μ `π `ςναυ reflexive indicator of they came the two pronoun apposition أﺛﻨﯿﻦ ال أداة ﺑﺪل ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺟﺎءوا ھﻢ Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ

`ν νεμ `ντε

to , for with of

اﻟﺬي ﻟـ ﻣﻊ ﻟـ

اﻟﺬي ﻟﻲ ντηι of me` ﻣﻌﻲ νεμηι with me ﻟﻲ νηι for me , to me اﻟﺬي ﻟﻚ ντακ of you` ﻣﻌﻚ νεμακ with you ﻟﻚ νακ for you , to you اﻟﺬي ﻟﻚ ντε of you` ﻣﻌﻚ νεμε with you ﻟﻚ νε for you , to you اﻟﺬي ﻟﮫ νταϥ of his` ﻣﻌﮫ νεμαϥ with him ﻟﮫ ναϥ for him , to him اﻟﺬي ﻟﮭﺎ ντας of hers` ﻣﻌﮭﺎ νεμας with her ﻟﮭﺎ νας for her , to her اﻟﺬي ﻟﻨﺎ νταν of us` ﻣﻌﻨﺎ νεμαν with us ﻟﻨﺎ ναν for us , to us `ντωτε اﻟﺬي ﻟﻜﻢ of you ﻣﻌﻜﻢ νεμωτεν with you ﻟﻜﻢ νωτεν for you , to you ν اﻟﺬي ﻟﮭﻢ ντωου of them` ﻣﻌﮭﻢ νεμωου with them ﻟﮭﻢ νωου for them , to them Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ

ϧεν εθβε ουβε

in for towards - opposite to

ﺿﺪ ، ﺗﺠﺎه ﻷﺟﻞ ﻓﻲ

ﺿﺪي ، ﺗﺠﺎھﻲ ουβηι towards me opposite to me ﻷﺟﻠﻲ εθητ for me ﻓﻲ ، داﺧﻠﻲ νϧητ in , inside me` ﺿﺪك ، ﺗﺠﺎھﻚ ουβηκ towards you opposite to you ﻷﺟﻠﻚ εθβητκ for you ﻓﯿﻚ ، داﺧﻠﻚ νϧητκ in , inside you`

ﺿﺪك ، ﺗﺠﺎھﻚ ουβη towards you opposite to you ﻷﺟﻠﻚ εθβηϯ for you ﻓﯿﻚ ، داﺧﻠﻚ νϧηϯ in , inside you`

ﺿﺪه ، ﺗﺠﺎھﮫ ουβηϥ towards him opposite to him ﻷﺟﻠﮫ εθβητϥ for him ﻓﯿﮫ ، داﺧﻠﮫ νϧητϥ in , inside him`

ﺿﺪھﺎ ، ﺗﺠﺎھﮭﺎ ουβης towards her opposite to her ﻷﺟﻠﮭﺎ εθβητς for her ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ، داﺧﻠﮭﺎ νϧητς in , inside her` `νϧητε ﺿﺪﻧﺎ ، ﺗﺠﺎھﻨﺎ ουβην towards us opposite to us ﻷﺟﻠﻨﺎ εθβητεν for us ﻓﯿﻨﺎ ، داﺧﻠﻨﺎ in , inside us ν ϧεν εθβε ουβε ﺿﺪﻛﻢ ، ﺗﺠﺎھﻜﻢ towards you opposite to you ﻷﺟﻠﻜﻢ for you ﻓﯿﻜﻢ ، داﺧﻠﻜﻢ in , inside you θηνου θηνου θηνου ﺿﺪھﻢ ، ﺗﺠﺎھﮭﻢ ουβηου towards them opposite to them ﻷﺟﻠﮭﻢ εθβητου for them ﻓﯿﮭﻢ ، داﺧﻠﮭﻢ νϧητου in , inside them` Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ

ﻧﺤﻮ ، ﺗﺠﺎه , among ﺑﯿﻦ ، ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ، ﻓﻮق ، over , above ، towards between ςα ﺑﯿﻦ ουτε ﻓﻲ ϩι ﻋﻦ towards me ﻧﺤﻮي between me `νςωι ﺑﯿﻨﻨﺎ above me ουτωι ﻋﻠﻲ ، ﻓﻮﻗﻲ ϩιωτ towards you ﻧﺤﻮك between you `νςωκ ﺑﯿﻨﻚ above you ουτωκ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ، ﻓﻮﻗﻚ ϩιωτκ towards you ﻧﺤﻮك between you `νςω ﺑﯿﻨﻚ above you ουτω ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ، ﻓﻮﻗﻚ ϩιωϯ towards him ﻧﺤﻮه between him `νςωϥ ﺑﯿﻨﮫ above him ουτωϥ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ، ﻓﻮﻗﮫ ϩιωτϥ towards her ﻧﺤﻮھﺎ between her `νςως ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ above her ουτως ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ، ﻓﻮﻗﮭﺎ ϩιωτς towards us ﻧﺤﻮﻧﺎ between us `νςων ﺑﯿﻨﻨﺎ above us ουτων ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ، ﻓﻮﻗﻨﺎ ϩιωτεν towards you ﻧﺤﻮﻛﻢ between you `νςα - θηνου ﺑﯿﻨﻜﻢ above you ουτε - θηνου ﻋﻠﯿﻜﻢ ، ﻓﻮﻗﻜﻢ ϩι-θηνου towards them ﻧﺤﻮھﻢ between them `νςωου ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻢ above them ουτωου ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ ، ﻓﻮﻗﮭﻢ ϩιωτου Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ

ﺗﺤﺖ ، ﻋﻦ ، ﻋﻠﻰ ، , til towards , to ϧα under, about , over , towards إﻟﻰ ، ﻧﺤﻮ ϩα إﻟﻰ ، ﺣﺘﻰ ϣα ﺟﮭﺔ until under me , towards me , about me ﺗﺤﺘﻲ ، ﻧﺤﻮي ، ﻋﻨﻲ towards me ϧαροι ﻧﺤﻮي til me ϩαροι إﻟﻰ ، ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺘﻲ ϣαροι under you , towards you , about you ﺗﺤﺘﻚ ، ﻧﺤﻮك ، ﻋﻨﻚ towards you ϧαροκ ﻧﺤﻮك til you ϩαροκ إﻟﯿﻚ ، ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺘﻚ ϣαροκ under you , towards you , about you ﺗﺤﺘﻚ ، ﻧﺤﻮك ، ﻋﻨﻚ towards you ϧαρο ﻧﺤﻮك til you ϩαρο إﻟﯿﻚ ، ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺘﻚ ϣαρο under him , towards him , about him ﺗﺤﺘﮫ ، ﻧﺤﻮه ، ﻋﻨﮫ towards him ϧαροϥ ﻧﺤﻮه til him ϩαροϥ إﻟﯿﮫ ، ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺘﮫ ϣαροϥ under her , towards her , about her ﺗﺤﺘﮭﺎ ، ﻧﺤﻮھﺎ ، ﻋﻨﮭﺎ towards her ϧαρος ﻧﺤﻮھﺎ til her ϩαρος إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ، ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺘﮭﺎ ϣαρος under us , towards us , about us ﺗﺤﺘﻨﺎ ، ﻧﺤﻮﻧﺎ ، ﻋﻨﺎ towards us ϧαρον ﻧﺤﻮﻧﺎ til us ϩαρον إﻟﯿﻨﺎ ، ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺘﻨﺎ ϣαρον

إﻟﯿﻜﻢ ، ﺗﺤﺘﻜﻢ ، ﻧﺤﻮﻛﻢ ، ϧαρωτε towards you under you , towards you , about you ﻧﺤﻮﻛﻢ til you ϩαρωτεν ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺘ ϣαρωτεν ﻋﻨﻜﻢ ν ﻛﻢ إﻟﯿﮭﻢ ، ﺗﺤﺘﮭﻢ ، ﻧﺤﻮھﻢ ، towards them ϧαρωου under them , towards them , about them ﻧﺤﻮھﻢ til them ϩαρωου ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺘ ϣαρωου ﻋﻨﮭﻢ ھﻢ Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ

without me ﺑﺪوﻧﻲ ، ﺑﻐﯿﺮي ατϭνουι αϭνουι without you ﺑﺪوﻧﻚ ، ﺑﻐﯿﺮك ατϭνουκ αϭνουκ without you ﺑﺪوﻧﻚ ، ﺑﻐﯿﺮك ατϭνου αϭνου without him ﺑﺪوﻧﮫ ، ﺑﻐﯿﺮه ατϭνουϥ αϭνουϥ without her ﺑﺪوﻧﮭﺎ ، ﺑﻐﯿﺮھﺎ ατϭνους αϭνους without us ﺑﺪوﻧﻨﺎ ، ﺑﻐﯿﺮﻧﺎ ατϭνουν αϭνουν without you ﺑﺪوﻧﻜﻢ ، ﺑﻐﯿﺮﻛﻢ ατϭνε - θηνου αϭνε - θηνου without them ﺑﺪوﻧﮭﻢ ، ﺑﻐﯿﺮھﻢ ατϭνουου αϭνουου Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ

,to, towards إﻟﻰ ، ﻧﺤﻮ ، ﻟـ ، for , from , to ﻟـ ، ﺑـ ، ﻣﻦ ، ﻋﻠﻰ ε , ερο `ν, `μ , `μμο over, from ﻋﻠﻰ ، ﻣﻦ

To me ﻟﻲ To me `μμοι إﻟﻰ ، ﻧﺤﻮي εροι To you ﻟﻚ To you `μμοκ إﻟﯿﻚ ، ﻧﺤﻮك εροκ To you ﻟﻚ To you `μμο إﻟﯿﻚ ، ﻧﺤﻮك ερο To him ﻟﮫ To him `μμοϥ إﻟﯿﮫ ، ﻧﺤﻮه εροϥ To her ﻟﮭﺎ To her `μμος إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ، ﻧﺤﻮھﺎ ερος To us ﻟﻨﺎ To us `μμον إﻟﯿﻨﺎ ، ﻧﺤﻮﻧﺎ ερον To you ﻟﻜﻢ To you `μμωτεν إﻟﯿﻜﻢ ، ﻧﺤﻮﻛﻢ εροτεν To them ﻟﮭﻢ To them `μμωου إﻟﯿﮭﻢ ، ﻧﺤﻮھﻢ ερωου Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ as , in the quality of ﻛـ ، ﻣﺜﻞ ، ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ، أي ϧα ανοκ ϧα πεκ λαος I as your people ﺷﻌﺒــ ــﻚ ﻛـ أﻧﺎ about ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ، ل ، ﻋﻠﻰ ϧα αϥ ερμθρε ϧα he testified about ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﺷﮭﺪ ھﻮ inside ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ، داﺧﻠﯿﺎ ، داﺧﻼ ϧα αρε ϥαι ϧα πι λογος she bore inside the Logos ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ال ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ﺣﻤﻠﺖ ھﻲ by , for ب ، ﻋﻮض ϧα ου βαλ ϧα ου βαλ an eye for an eye ﻋﯿﻦ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﺑـ ﻋﯿﻦ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ

about ﻋﻦ ، ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ϧα

ϯ ςαϫι ϧα

I talk about

ﻋﻦ أﺗﺤﺪث أﻧﺎ avout ﻋﻦ ، ب ، ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ϧα

αϥ ϥι `φ ρωουϣ ϧα I hold the care about ب ﻋﻨﺎﯾﺔ ال أﺣﻤﻞ أﻧﺎ Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ preposition from human body ﺣﺮوف ﺟﺮ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ head رأس ϫω εϫεν εϫω ϧαϫεν ϧαϫω ϩιϫεν ϩιϫω over , for in front of , before over, above ﻋﻠﻰ ، ﻓﻮق ، ﺑـ ﻗﺒﻞ ، ﻗﺪام ، أﻣﺎم ﻋﻠﻲ ، ﻋﻦ ، ﻷﺟﻞ ، ﺑﺴﺒﺐ face وﺟﮫ ϩρ` ε`ϩρεν `ε`ϩρ + pronoun ναϩρεν ναϩρ + pronoun towards , in front of , near by in front of, near by ﻗﺪام ، أﻣﺎم ، ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺎه ، أﻣﺎم ، إزاء hand ﯾﺪ τοτ ετεν ετοτ `ντεν `ντοτ ςατοτ to, from to, for, by, from immediately ﺣﺎﻻ ، ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺖ ﻟـ ، ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎول ﯾﺪ ، ﺑـ ، ﻣﻦ ﻟـ ، ﻣﻦ ، ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ϣατεν ϧατεν ϧατοτ ϩιτεν ϩιτοτ til, until near, near by, by by ﺑـ ، ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ، ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ، ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺪﻣﻲ ﺣﺘﻰ ، إﻟﻰ ، ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺔ ، Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ foot ﻗﺪم ρατ ερατ `νρατ ϧαρατ on foot, at foot on foot under, under feet, at foot ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺪم ، ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﺪم ، أﺳﻔﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪم ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺪم ، ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪم chest ﺻﺪر θουω ϧαθουω ϩιθουω near near ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ، ﻗﺮﯾﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ، ﻗﺮﯾﺐ ﻣﻦ back ظﮭﺮ ، ﻧﺤﻮ ςα `νςα `νςω μενενςα μενενςω ςαμενϩη `ν ςαμενϩε ςαμενϩη behind, towards after, behind after, behind ﺧﻠﻒ ، وراء ، ﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﻠﻒ ، وراء ، ﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﻠﻒ ، وراء ، ﻧﺤﻮ side ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ςκεν` εςκεν ιςκεν ϩιςκεν beside ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ ، ﺑﻤﻮازاة ، ﻋﻠﻰ طﻮل ، ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ

out ﺧﺎرج βολ out اﻟﺨﺎرج to out `μβολ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺎرج ، ﺧﺎرﺟﺎ εβολ outside ﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرج from ςαβολ ﻣﻦ εβολ`ντεν outside, away ﺧﺎرج ، ﺑﻌﯿﺪا ﻋﻦ from ςαβολ `μ ﻣﻦ εβολϧεν outside, away ﺧﺎرج ، ﺑﻌﯿﺪا ﻋﻦ from ςαβολ `μμο ﻣﻦ ، ﻣﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ εβολϩα from ﻣﻦ ، ﻓﻲ εβολϩι by ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ، ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ εβολϩιτεν above ﻋﻠﻰ رأس ، ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮق εβολϩιϫεν Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ

inside اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ inside `νϧουν داﺧﻞ ϧουν

towards inside ﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ in, inside ςαϧουν إﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ ، داﺧﻼ εϧουν

in, inside داﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ، ﻓﻲ ﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ towards, inside, in ςαϧουν `μ (ﻧﺤﻮ ، إﻟﻰ (ﺣﺮﻛﺔ دﺧﻮل εϧουν ε

in, inside داﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ، ﻓﻲ ﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ towards, inside, in ςαϧουν `μμο (ﻧﺤﻮ ، إﻟﻰ (ﺣﺮﻛﺔ دﺧﻮل εϧουν ϩα Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ

up ﻓﻮق ϣωι

the high اﻷﻋﻠﻰ πϣωι` up, above (ﻓﻮق (ﺑﺪون ﺣﺮﻛﺔ above `μ`πϣωι ﻓﻮق ، إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ ، إﻟﻰ ﻓﻮق ε`πϣωι` ﻧﺤﻮ ، إﻟﻰ (ﻓﻲ upward `ε`πϣωι ϩα towards upward (ﺟﮭﺔ ﻓﻮق (ﺑﺪون ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ςα`πϣωι (اﻟﺼﻌﻮد towards up (ﻧﺤﻮ ، إﻟﻰ (ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺻﻌﻮد ε`πϣωι ε`

ﻓﻮق ، ﻋﻠﻰ ، ﻓﻮق ﻣﻦ ، أﻋﻠﻰ ςα`πϣωι `μ up, above ﻣﻦ

ﻓﻮق ، ﻋﻠﻰ ، ﻓﻮق ﻣﻦ ، أﻋﻠﻰ ςα`πϣωι `μμο up, above ﻣﻦ Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ

down , under أﺳﻔﻞ ، أدﻧﻰ ، ﺗﺤﺖ πεςητ

under , down (without أﺳﻔﻞ (ﺑﺪون under , down ward أﺳﻔﻞ ، إﻟﻰ أﺳﻔﻞ `επεςητ `μπεςητ (movement (ﺣﺮﻛﺔ (down movement) ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ

ﺟﮭﺔ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ (ﺑﺪون ςαπεςητ twards down (ﺣﺮﻛﺔ

أﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ ، ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻦ ، ﻣﻦ ςαπεςητ under أﺳﻔﻞ μ`

أﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ ، ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻦ ، ﻣﻦ ςαπεςητ under أﺳﻔﻞ μμο` Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ

above, over ﻓﻮق ، ﻋﻠﻰ ϩρηι`

up , over ﻓﻮق ﻓﻮق ، إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ `ε`ϩρηι over, above `ν`ϩρηι (without movement) ﺑﺪون ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺻﻌﻮد over , up ﻓﻮق ، ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ، إﻟﻰ `ε`ϩρηι ϩι towards up `ε`ϩρηι εϫεν (up ward movement) ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺻﻌﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻌﻮد

Above ﻋﻠﻰ ”upward“ ν`ϩρηι ϩιϫεν` ﻓﻮق ﻓﻲ ν`ϩρηι ϩι` (without movement) ﺑﺪون ﺣﺮﻛﺔ in

Upward” in , “upward” between“ ﻓﻮق ﻓﻲ ، ﻓﻮق ﺑﯿﻦ ν`ϩρηι ϧεν` Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ

down, under ﺗﺤﺖ ، أﺳﻔﻞ ϧρηι` under, down (ﺗﺤﺖ ، إﻟﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ (ﻣﻊ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﻔﻞ ε`ϧρηι` above (ﻋﻠﻲ ( ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ε`ϧρηι εϫεν` in, between ﻓﻲ ، ﺑﯿﻦ ν`ϧρηι ϧεν` under, down ﺗﺤﺖ ν`ϧρηι` in ﻓﻲ ν`ϧρηι ϩι` Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ

in front of , in beginning أﻣﺎم ، ﺑﺪء ϩη in front of , after, ahead أﻣﺎم ، ﻗﺪام ، ﺑﻌﺪ ετϩη in front of , after, ahead أﻣﺎم ، ﻗﺪام ، ﺑﻌﺪ εθη recently ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺎ νϩη` before , previously ﻗﺒﻞ ، ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ςα`τϩη in front of أﻣﺎم ، ﻗﺪام ϧα`τϩη in front of أﻣﺎم ، ﻗﺪام ϩι`τϩη in front of أﻣﺎم ، ﻗﺪام ϩιθη Prepositions ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ

behind ﺧﻠﻒ ، وراء φαϩου

behind إﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻒ ، إﻟﻰ وراء εφαϩου

behind ﺧﻠﻒ ، ﺟﮭﺔ ﺧﻠﻒ ςαφαϩου

behind ﺧﻠﻒ ، ﺟﮭﺔ ﺧﻠﻒ ϩιφαϩου Complements اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ

اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ Complement , object There are two words to indicate a complement: ھﻨﺎك اﺳﻤﺎن ﯾﻌﺒﺮان ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ، اﻻﺳﻢ اﻷول ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ object & complement. The modern usage is اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ وھﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ، وﻣﻦ وﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ، ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ، وھﻨﺎك ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺔ .complement ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ complete ﯾﻜﻤﻞ واﻻﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ Noun as complement Types of complement complement اﻻﺳﻢ : ﻛﻤﻔﻌﻮل Direct complement أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل Indirect complement ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ Second complement ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ The place of the complement of a verb ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺛﺎﻧﻲ Noun as a complement of a verb as appositive ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ، اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل :The noun as complement of verb is as following اﻻﺳﻢ : ﻛﻤﻜﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن ، ﻛﺒﺪل اﻻﺳﻢ ﻛﻤﻜﻤﻞ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن Complements اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ

ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﻔﻌول Object اﻻﺳم ھو ﻣﻔﻌول ، ﻣﻛﻣل ، ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ اﻟﻛﺎﺋن أو اﻟﺷﻲء اﻟذي ﯾﻘﻊ The noun as object when it indicates the thing on ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻓﻌل اﻟﻔﺎﻋل .which the action has happened أﻧواع اﻟﻣﻛﻣﻼت ، اﻟﻣﻔﻌول Types of complements ھﻧﺎك ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧواع ﻣن ﻣﻛﻣﻼت اﻟﻔﻌل ، اﻟﻣﻔﻌول There are three kinds of complements اﻟﻣﻔﻌول اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر ، اﻟذي ﯾﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل ﺑدون ﺣروف اﻟﺟر Direct complement اﻟﻣﻔﻌول اﻟﻐﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﺷر ، واﻟذي ﯾﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل ﺑﻌد ﺣرف اﻟﺟر ، ﻋﺎدة أو أي Indirect complement after preposition ﺣرف ﺟر أﺧر Second complement with some verbs `ε,`ν, `μ , `ντε اﻟﻣﻔﻌول اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ، وھو ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﻌﺛور ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌض اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺗﻲ ﻟدﯾﮭﺎ ,A complement as phrase with verbs like to give ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﻣﻛﻣل، ﻣﻔﻌول ﻣﺑﺎﺷر أو ﻏﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﺷر .loan, offer, present, sell, etc ﻗد ﯾﻛﻣل اﻟﻣﻔﻌول اﺳم أو ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺗوﺻف ﺑﺎﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻔﻌول ﺑدل ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟذي ﯾﻌﺑر ﻋن ﻓﻛرة إﻋطﺎء ، أو ﺗﻘﻠﯾد ، أو إﻗراض ، أو ﺗﻘدﯾم ، أو ﻣﻧﺢ ، أو

ﺑﯾﻊ ، إﻟﻰ Complements اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ

اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ، اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺪون ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ complement which follows the verb without preposition ας ϣανεϣ ϩαν ϣηρι she, past brought up indefinite article kids أوﻻدا أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ رﺑﺖ ھﻲ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ، واﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ indirect complement is a word following a preposition after the verb αϥ ὶ ὲϧουν ὲ καφαρναουμ he, past entered inside to Kafarnaoum ﻛﻔﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﻮم أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل إﻟﻰ دﺧﻞ ھﻮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ أو ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ، وھﻮ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ، ﻣﻔﻌﻮل second complement is a word that follows some verbs which has already a complement αϥ ςαϫι νεμ ωου `μ πι ςαϫι he, past talked with them indicator of complement the word ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ھــﻢ إﻟﻲ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ھﻮ Complements اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ

ﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اﺳﻢ أو ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﺪل وﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻜﺮة إﻋﻄﺎء ، أو ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺪ ، أو إﻗﺮاض ، أو ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ، أو ﻣﻨﺢ ، أو ﺑﯿﻊ ، إﻟﻰ

The complement might be followed by a noun or a phrase to complete its meaning with the ideas of giving, presenting, selling

αϥ ϯ `ν τεϥ ψυχη `ν ςωϯ ὲϫεν ουμηϣ indicator of indicator of ranso he gave his soul for much complement complement m ﻛﺜﯿﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺪﯾﺔ ﻛـــــ ﻧﻔﺲ ـــﮫ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل أﻋﻄﻰ ھﻮ Complements اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ

place of complement

the complement usually follows the verb

ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ، اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل

اﻻﺳﻢ ، اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل ، ﻋﺎدة ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ

ας ϣανεϣ ϩαν ϣηρι she brought up indefinite article plural sons

أوﻻدا أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﺟﻤﻊ رﺑﺖ ھﻲ Complements اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎﻣﯿﺔ أو اﻟﺘﻌﺠﺒﯿﺔ ، ﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن ، اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل ، اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ ، ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺴﺆال ، اﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ ، ﯾﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل

in questions if the question is about the complement it can be placed before the verb

`ν ϧεν αϣ `ν ϫομ ιε `ν ϧεν αϣ indicator of in which power and in which complement أي ﺑـــ و ﻗﻮة ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل أي ﺑـــــ `ν ραν ὰρετεν ὶρι `μ φαι `νθωτεν ? indicator of indicator of name you did this you ? complement complement ? أﻧﺘﻢ ھﺬا ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻠﺘﻢ أﻧﺘﻢ اﺳﻢ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ

ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﯾﻌﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﻤﻜﻦ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ، وﻟﻜﻦ ، ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ، ﯾﺘﻢ ذﻛﺮ it's possible to put the complement in front of the verb to emphasize it Παι ςαϫι , ϯ ερ`φμευὶ `μμοϥ this word , I remember it ھـﺎ ﯾﺘﺬﻛﺮ أﻧﺎ , اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ھﺬه Complements اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ an adjective can be added to subject with verbs with the meaning of (to be, to look, to appear)

ﯾﺘﻢ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ (ﯾﻜﻮن ، ﯾﺒﺪو ، ﯾﻈﮭﺮ، وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ) ، ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل

ςε ουωνϩ ὲβολ ὲ νεςωου

indicator of they appear from outside pretty adjective

ﺟﻤﺎل أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﯾﺒﺪون ھﻢ

`νθοκ πε πα ϣηρι πα μενριτ you are my son my beloved ﺣﺒﯿﺒــ ــﻲ اﺑﻨـ ـﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن أﻧﺖ Complements اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ some verbs like "to think, to see, to choose, to elect" are followed by other words complements , to complete its meaning

ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺗﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺟﻤﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل

:اﻟﺦ ، ﯾﺨﺘﺎر ، ﯾﻨﺘﺨﺐ ، ﯾﺠﺪ ، ﯾﻌﺘﻘﺪ ، ﯾﻘﺪر ، ﯾﺤﻜﻢ ، ﯾﻔﻜﺮ ، ﯾﺴﻤﻲ ، ﯾﺤﻮل ، ﯾﺮى

αϥ ςωτπ `ν νι ϩηκι `ντε πι κοςμος

indicator of he has choosen the poor of the world complement

اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ال أداة إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻘﺮاء اﻟـ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل أﺧﺘﺎر ھﻮ Complements The circumstantial complement of place اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ، ظﺮف اﻟﻤﻜﺎن

ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ +ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ + اﺳﻢ It expresses: verb + pr.+ noun اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﺬي ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﯿﮫ the place where one is

ﯾﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ live in ϣοπ ϧεν ϧεν Ϧεν ϣοπ ϧεν

ﯾﺴﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ live by Ϣοπ εςκεν εςκεν εςκεν Ϣοπ εςκεν

ﯾﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﺠﻮار live beside Ϣοπ Ϧαθουω Ϧαθουω Ϧαθουω Ϣοπ Ϧαθουω Complements The circumstantial complement of place اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ، ظﺮف اﻟﻤﻜﺎن

Πι αμαληκ `ϥ ϣοπ ϧεν πι καϩι ετςα `φ ρης the Amalek he lives in the land towards the south ﺟﻨﻮب ال ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ أرض ال ﻓﻲ ﯾﻌﯿﺶ ھﻮ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﯿﻖ ال πι αμορρεος ςε Ϣοπ Ϧεν πι αντωου the Amorites they live in the hills ﺗﻼل ال ﻓﻲ ﯾﻌﯿﺸﻮن ھﻢ ﻋﻤﻮرﯾﻮن ال πι χανανεος Ϣοπ εςκεν `φ ιομ the Canaanite live by the sea ﺑﺤﺮ ال ﺑﺠﻮار ﯾﻌﯿﺸﻮن ﻛﻨﻌﺎﻧﯿﻮن ال πι χανανεος Ϣοπ ϦαθουωϤ `μ πι ιορδανης indicator of the Canaanite lives beside the Jordan complement أردن ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﺠﻮار ﯾﻌﯿﺶ ﻛﻨﻌﺎن ال Complements The circumstantial complement of place اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ، ظﺮف اﻟﻤﻜﺎن

ﻓﻌﻞ + ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ + +.verb + pr اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﺬي ﻧﺬھﺐ إﻟﯿﮫ .the place where we go اﺳﻢ noun

ﯾﺬھﺐ إﻟﻰ Go to Ϣε `ε `ε `ε Ϣε +`ε

go (to) inside ϣε ὲϧουν ὲϧουν ὲϧουν ϣε ὲϧουν ﯾﺬھﺐ إﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ

ﯾﺬھﺐ إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ Go up into ὶ ὲ`πϣωι ὲ `πϣωι ὲ `πϣωι ὶ ὲ`πϣωι ﯾﺼﻌﺪ إﻟﻰ

ﺻﻌﺪ إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ Go up into ϣε ὲ`πϣωι ὲϫεν ὲ `πϣωι ὲϫεν ὲ `πϣωι ὲϫεν ϣε ὲ`πϣωι ὲϫεν

ﯾﺼﻌﺪ إﻟﻰ ascend into ϣε ὲ`ϩρηι ὲ`ϩρηι ὲ`ϩρηι ϣε ὲ`ϩρηι

ﯾﺬھﺐ ﺗﺠﺎه Go to (towards) ϣε ϩα ϩα ϩα ϣε ϩα Complements The circumstantial complement of place اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ، ظﺮف اﻟﻤﻜﺎن

To progress ὶ ετϩη ὶ ετϩη ﯾﺘﻘﺪم ﻟﻸﻣﺎم ετϩη ετϩη Σινι ετϩη Σινι ετϩη to step forward

ﯾﺬھﺐ إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ Go up into ὶ ὲ`πϣωι ὲ `πϣωι ὲ `πϣωι ὶ ὲ`πϣωι ﯾﺼﻌﺪ إﻟﻰ

ὶ ὲ`ϩρηι - ὲ ὶ ὲ ﯾﺠﻲء إﻟﻰ come to ὲ`ϩρηι ὶ ὲ ὲ`ϩρηι ὶ ὲ`ϩρηι

ﯾﺠﻲء ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ come near ὶ ϩαρο ϩαρο ϩαρο ὶ ϩαρο

ﯾﺴﻘﻂ fall ϩει ὲπεςητ ὲπεςητ ὲπεςητ ϩει ὲπεςητ Complements The circumstantial complement of place اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ، ظﺮف اﻟﻤﻜﺎن

Ϣατε κ ì `ε ςωφηρα

til you come to Sephar

ﺳﻔﺎر إﻟﻰ ﺗﺠﻲء أﻧﺖ ﺣﯿﻨﻤﺎ

αϤ εν ου `εβολϦεν `τ χωρα `ντε νι χαλ δεος (with) Chaldean he went from the village of the them s ﻛﻠﺪاﻧﯿﯿﻦ ال اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟـ ﺑﻼد ال ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﮭﻢ ﺧﺮج ھﻮ

`ε ϢεναϤ `ε `π καϨι `ντε χανααν

to go (he) to the land of Canaan

ﻛﻨﻌﺎن اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟــ أرض ال إﻟﻰ ﯾﺬھﺐ ﻟـــ Complements The circumstantial complement of place اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ، ظﺮف اﻟﻤﻜﺎن

μαϣενακ ὲ ϧουν ὲ πεκ ηι go to inside to your house ﺑﯿﺘـ ـﻚ إﻟﻰ ، ﯾﺪﺧﻞ أدﺧـــــــــــــــــــــــﻞ μαϣενακ ϩα νηὲτε νουκ go to those yours ﻟﻚ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ إﻟﻰ أذھﺐ `μπερ ϣε νακ ὲ ϧουν ὲ πι ϯμι do not enter (you) to inside to the village ﻗﺮﯾﺔ ال إﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺪﺧــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﻞ

ὲταυ ὶ ὲ`ϩρηι ὲ καφαρναουωμ they came to to Capernaum ﻛﻔﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﻮم إﻟﻰ ﺟــــــــــــــــــــــــﺎءوا ، ﯾﺠﻲء ھﻢ Complements The circumstantial complement of place اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ، ظﺮف اﻟﻤﻜﺎن

αυ ὶ `νϫε νηετ ϭι κιϯ ϩα πετρος they came namely those who take two coins to Peter ﺑﻄﺮس إﻟﻰ درھﻤﯿﻦ ﯾﺄﺧﺬون اﻟﺬﯾﻦ أي ﺟﺎءوا ھﻢ αυ ὶ ϩαροϥ `νϫε νεϥ μαθητης they came to him namely his disciples ﺗﻼﻣﯿﺬه ﺗﻼﻣﯿﺬه أي إﻟﯿﮫ ﺟﺎءوا ھﻢ δαυιδ `μπεϥ ϣε ὲ`ϩρηι ὲ `τ φε David he did not go up to the sky ﺳﻤﺎء ال إﻟﻰ ﯾﺼــــــــــــــــــــــﻌﺪ ھﻮ ﻟﻢ داود ιηςους ςατοτϥ αϥ ὶ ὲ`πϣωι ὲβολϧεν πι μωου Jesus immediately he came upward from the water ﻣﺎء ال ﻣﻦ ﺧـــــــــــــــــــﺮج ھﻮ ﻟﺘﻮه ﯾﺴﻮع αϥ ϣεναϥ ὲ`πϣωι ὲϫεν πι τωου he went (he) upwards over the mountain ﺟﺒﻞ ال ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﻌﺪ ، ﯾﺼﻌﺪ ھﻮ αϥ ςινι ετϩη `ν ου κουϫι he came forward connection particle a little ﻗﻠﯿﻼ ﻟﻸﻣﺎم ﺗﻘﺪم ھﻮ Complements The circumstantial complement of place اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ، ظﺮف اﻟﻤﻜﺎن

μουνϩωου αϥ ὶ ὲπεςητ `νϫε πι

it came down namely the rain

ﻣﻄﺮ ال أي ﯾﻨﺰل ، ﯾﻤﻄﺮ ، ﯾﺴﻘﻂ ھﻮ

νι ςιου ευὲ ϩει ὲπεςητ ὲβολϧεν `τ φε

the stars they will fall down from the sky

ﺳﻤﺎء ال ﻣﻦ ﯾﺴــــــــــــــــﻘـــــــــــــــــــﻂ ھﻢ ﺳﻮف ﻧﺠﻮم ال

ουοθβ εκ ὲβολ ται ουοϩ μαϣι νακ ὲ ϯ ιουδεὰ move you away here and walk "you" to the Judea ﯾﮭﻮدﯾﺔ ال إﻟﻰ أﻧﺖ أﻣﺸﻰ و ھﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ أﻧﺖ أﻧﺘﻘﻞ Complements The circumstantial complement of place اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ، ظﺮف اﻟﻤﻜﺎن

ﻓﻌﻞ + ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ +.the place where we come verb + pr اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﺬي ﺟﺌﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﮫ + اﺳﻢ from: noun

ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ come from ὶ ὲβολϧεν ὲβολϧεν ὲβολϧεν ὶ ὲβολϧεν

ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ come from ì `ε`ϩρηι ϧεν `ε`ϩρηι Ϧεν `ε`ϩρηι Ϧεν ì `ε`ϩρηι ϧεν Complements The circumstantial complement of place اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ، ظﺮف اﻟﻤﻜﺎن

`ε`Ϩρηι αϤ ì `νϪε ηςαυ `τ κοι Ϧεν

he came namely Esau from the field ﺣﻘﻞ ال ﻣﻦ ﻋﯿﺴﻮ أي أﺗﻰ ھﻮ ας ὶ ὲβολϧεν νεατ `μ `π καϩι she came from ends of the earth أرض ال اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟـ أﻗﺎﺻﻲ ﻣﻦ أﺗﺖ ھﻲ

πχριςτος νηου ὲβολ ϧεν βηθλεεμ the Christ comes from Bethlehem

ﺑﯿﺖ ﻟﺤﻢ ﻣﻦ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﯿﺢ Complements The circumstantial complement of place اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ، ظﺮف اﻟﻤﻜﺎن

اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﺬي ﻧﻤﺮ ﻓﯿﮫ the place where we pass

ﯾﻤﺮ ﺧﻼل Pass through ςινι ὲβολϧεν ὲβολϧεν ὲβολϧεν ςινι ὲβολϧεν

ﯾﻤﺮ ﺧﻼل Pass through ςινι ὲβολϩιτεν ὲβολϩιτεν ὲβολϩιτεν ςινι ὲβολϩιτεν

ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ Pass from ςινι ὲβολ ὲβολ ὲβολ ςινι ὲβολ Complements The circumstantial complement of place اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ، ظﺮف اﻟﻤﻜﺎن

αϥ ςινι ὲβολϧεν πι μωιτ he passed through the way طﺮﯾﻖ ال ﺧﻼل ﻋﺒﺮ ھﻮ ου ϫὰμουλ ςινι ὲβολϩιτεν `φ ουωτεν a camel passes from the hole ﺛﻘﺐ ال ﻣﻦ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﺟﻤﻞ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ `ν ου μα `ν θωρπ of a place of needle إﺑﺮة اﻟﺬي ﻟـ ﻣﻜﺎن أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ اﻟﺬي ل νηεθ ουωϣ ὲ ςινι ὲβολ ται ϩαρωτεν those who want To cross from here to you إﻟﯿﻜﻢ ھﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﯾﻌﺒﺮوا أن ﯾﺮﯾﺪون اﻟﺬﯾﻦ `ντου `ϣτεμ ϫεμϫομ they not can ﯾﻘﺪرون ﻻ ھﻢ Complements The circumstantial complement of place اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ، ظﺮف اﻟﻤﻜﺎن

It may indicate figuratively the origin of a ﻗﺪ ﯾﺸﯿﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﺎزي إﻟﻰ أﺻﻞ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ person:

ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ To be of ϣοπ ὲβολϧεν ὲβολϧεν ϣοπ ὲβολϧεν ὲβολϧεν

ετ ϣοπ ὲβολϧεν `πγενος `ντε ϯ μεταρχηὲρευς those are from the family of the high priest رﺋﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﻨﺔ ال اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟـ ال ﻋﺸﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا اﻟﺬﯾﻦ Complements The circumstantial complement of time اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻣﺎن

اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻣﺎن The circumstantial complement of time it answers the question: when? How much time ? After how ﯾﺠﯿﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺆال ﻣﺘﻰ ؟ ، ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ، ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ؟ ?much time? How long ، ﻛﻢ ﯾﺴﺘﻐﺮق؟ It expresses the date of the action ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ، اﻟﺤﺪث

Πιαβοτ `ντε ﻓﻲ ﺷﮭﺮ.… the month of Πιαβοτ `ντε νιβερι `ντε `ντε νιβερι ﻓﻲ اﻟﯿﻮم + رﻗﻢ + on the ….day `νςου + nr. `ν `ν `νςου رﻗﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ + رﻗﻢ + the third hour `ναϫπ + nr. `ν `ν `ναϫπ رﻗﻢ ﻟﻤﺪة رﻗﻢ + For the period `ν + nr. `ν `ν `ν ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ In a moment ϧεν ουςουςου ϧεν ϧεν ϧεν ουςουςου ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ about the …. hour `φναυ `ναϫπ `φναυ `ν `φναυ `ν `φναυ `ναϫπ `ν`ϧρηι `νϧητ ﻓﻲ أﺛﻨﺎء during `ν`ϧρηι `νϧητ ϧεν ϧεν ﻓﻲ أﺛﻨﺎء during `ν`ϧρηι ϧεν `ν`ϧρηι ϧεν ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻞ During (in) the night ϧεν πιὲϫωρϩ ϧεν ϧεν ϧεν πιὲϫωρϩ ﻟﻤﺪة 40 ﺳﻨﺔ for forty years `ν`ϩμε `νρομπι `ν `ν `ν`ϩμε `νρομπι Complements The circumstantial complement of time اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻣﺎن

Ϧεν `π ςηου `ντε πι αβοτ in the time of the month ﺷﮭﺮ اﻟـ اﻟﺬي ﻟـ وﻗﺖ ال ﻓﻲ `ντε νι βερι of the new ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ال اﻟﺬي ﻟـ `ν ςου μετ-ϣαϣϥ `μ πι αβοτ in day seventeenth of the month ﺷﮭﺮ ال ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﯾﻮم ﻓﻲ `ν αϫπ ϣομτ in hour three "ال " ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ال "ﺳﺎﻋﺔ" ﻓﻲ Complements The circumstantial complement of time اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻣﺎن

αϥ ςεμνητς νεμ νι εργατης ὲ ϯ νωου he agreed with the workers to give them ﻟﮭﻢ ﯾﻌﻄﻲ أن ﻋﻤﺎل ال ﻣﻊ أﺗﻔﻖ ھﻮ `μ πι ὲϩοου `ν ου ςαθερι indicator Of in the day a denarius complement دﯾﻨﺎر أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﻮم ال ﻓﻲ

Ϯνα ìνι `ν ου μωου `ν κατα`κλυςμος `εϪεν `π καϨι

indicator of I'll bring a water of flood over the earth complement اﻷرض ال ﻋﻠﻰ طﻮﻓﺎن اﻟﺬي ﻟـ ﻣﺎء أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل أﺣﻀﺮ أﻧﺎ ﺳﻮف τηρϤ `ν `ϩμε ν` `εϨοου νεμ `ϩμε `ν `εϪωρϨ all it in forty of days and forty of nights اﻟﻠﯿﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻌﻮن و اﻻﯾﺎم ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻌﻮن أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ϧεν ου ςουςου ϧεν ου ρικι `μ βαλ in a moment in a glance of eye ﻋﯿﻦ أداة إﺿﺎﻓﺔ طﺮﻓﺔ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ Complements The circumstantial complement of time اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻣﺎن

ουοϩ ὲταϥ ὶ ὲβολ `μ `φ ναυ and he came out in the almost ﻧﺤﻮ ، ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ال ﻓﻲ ﺧـــــــــــــــﺮج ھﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ و `ν αϫπ ϣομτ in hour three ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ τετεννα ερ`ςκανδαλιζεςθε `ν`ϧρηι `νϧητ ϧεν παι ὲϫωρϩ you will offended during this night ال" ﻟﯿﻠﺔ" ھﺬا ﻓﻲ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗـــــــــﺸــــــــــــﻜﻮن أﻧﺘﻢ ﺳﻮف ου αγγελος `ντε `π ϭοις αϥ ουων `ν an angel of the lord he open أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﺘﺢ ھﻮ رب ال اﻟﺬي ﻟـ ﻣﻼك أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ νι ρωου `ντε πι `ϣτεκο ϧεν πι ὲϫωρϩ the doors of the jail in the night ﻟﯿﻞ ال ﻓﻲ ، أﺛﻨﺎء ﺳﺠﻦ ال اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟـ أﺑﻮاب ال Complements The circumstantial complement of time اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻣﺎن

αϥ ϣανουϣου `ν `ϩμε `ν ρομπι `νςηου ϩι ϣαϥε

Indicator Indicator of he bore them of forty years of time in desert number number

ﺻﺤﺮاء ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺪة ﺳﻨﻮات ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻌﯿﻦ أداة ﻋﺪد ﻋﺎﻟﮭﻢ ھﻮ Complements The circumstantial complement of manner اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﯿﻔﯿﺔ

اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﯿﻔﯿﺔ The circumstantial complement of manner

They answer the questions: how? In which way? ﯾﺠﯿﺒﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ: ﻛﯿﻒ؟ ﺑﺎي طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ؟ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻦ أو ﻣﺎذا؟ ﻣﻦ أي compared to who or what? from which point of وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ؟ ﯾﻌﺒﺮون ﻋﻦ: view? They express:

اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ :the way the action is done the point of view envisaged: وﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺧﺎة

the comparison: اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

The complement of manner is made from the اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﯿﻔﯿﺔ following:

ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ verb in the form indicating condition Complements The circumstantial complement of manner اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﯿﻔﯿﺔ

ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ :verb preceded by preposition as the following

ﻓﻌﻞ + ﺿﻤﯿﺮ + ε + pronoun + verb ε ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﺴﺒﻘﮫ ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ ϧεν + ου + μετ + noun ﻓﻌﻞ ، ﺻﻔﺔ ، اﺳﻢ + (ν + ατ (αθ) + verb, adjective, noun `ν + ατ (αθ` ﻓﻌﻞ + ϧεν + ου + verb ϧεν + ου اﺳﻢ ﯾﺴﺒﻘﮫ ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ noun preceded by اﺳﻢ + μ + μετ + noun `μ + μετ` اﺳﻢ + ϧεν + ου + μετ + noun ϧεν + ου + μετ اﺳﻢ + ϧεν / ϧα + ου + noun ϧεν / ϧα + ου اﺳﻢ + ατϭνε + noun ατϭνε اﺳﻢ ﯾﺴﺒﻘﮫ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات :noun preceded by preposition as the following اﺳﻢ + μ`φρηϯ + noun `μ`φρηϯ` اﺳﻢ + κατα + noun κατα Complements The circumstantial complement of manner اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﯿﻔﯿﺔ

ναϥ ςαϫι πε εϥ ςουτων he has spoken completion of tense he plain ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺔ ھﻮ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﯾﺘﻜﻠﻢ ھﻮ ﻛﺎن φη ετε ουον `ϣϫομ `μμοϥ ὲ that who someone able he himself to أن ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﯾﺴـــــــــــــــﺘــــــــــﻄـــــــــــﯿــــــــــﻊ اﻟﺬي ذاك ὰρεϩ ὲρωτεν `ν ατ`ςλαϯ keep you indicator od adverb without stumbling ﻏﯿﺮ ﻋﺎﺛﺮﯾﻦ أداة ﺣﺎل أﻧﺘﻢ ﯾﺤﻔﻆ αϥ ϣοπτεν εροϥ ϧεν ου μει he accepted us at his with a love ﻣﺤﺒﺔ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﺑـ ﻟﺪﯾﮫ أﺳﻜﻨﻨﺎ ھﻮ `μ μετϣαπϣεμμο `ν ϣομτ `ν ὲϩοου of welcoming for three of days ﯾﻮم ، أﯾﺎم ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻤﺪة ﺗﺮﺣﺎب اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟـ Complements The circumstantial complement of manner اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﯿﻔﯿﺔ

αυ ϭιςι `ν του `ςμη ὲ`ϩρηι they lifted up indicator of complement their voice loudly ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺎ ﺻﻮت ـــﮭﻢ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل رﻓﻊ ھﻢ `μ μετλυκαων in Lycaonian ﻟﻐﺔ ﻟﯿﻜﺎؤﻧﯿﺔ ﺑــ ϧεν ου μεθμηι in a truth "ال "ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﺑــ α πχριςτος αιτεν `ν ρεμϩε οϩι ὲρατεν

Indicator of indicator of past christ made you complement free stand on your feet ﻋﻠﻰ أﻗﺪاﻣﻜﻢ ﻗﻔﻮا أﺣﺮار أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺟﻌﻠﻜﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﯿﺢ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ θηνου `μπερ ϯ ϧα ου ναϩβεϥ `μ μετβωκ you do not act in a yoke of salvary ﻋﺒﻮدﯾﺔ اﻟﺬي ﻟـ ﻧﯿﺮ أداة ﻧﻜﺮة ﺑـ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺒﻮا ﻻ أﻧﺘﻢ Complements The circumstantial complement of manner اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﯿﻔﯿﺔ

ὲβολ ουαι `ννεϥ ϩει ὲϫεν πι καϩι ατϭνε πετεν ιωτ `νϧητου

from one will not fall over the ground without your father them

أﺑﯿـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﻜﻢ ﺑﺪون أرض ال ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﺴﻘﻂ ھﻮ ﻟﻦ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ واﺣﺪ

`μπερ ερ ου μηϣ `ν ςαϫι `μ`φρηϯ `ν νι εθνικος

Do not make a lot of words as the gentiles

أﻣﻢ ال ﻛـ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﯿﺮا أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻮا ﻻ

`ϥνα ϯ `μ πι ουαι πι ουαι κατα νεϥ `ϩβηουὶ

he will give to the one the one according his deeds

أﻋﻤﺎﻟـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﮫ ﻛــــــــ واﺣﺪ ال واﺣﺪ ال إﻟﻰ ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ھﻮ ﺳﻮف Complements The complement of comparison اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

ﻣﻜﻤﻼت اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ Complements of comparison

ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﻣﻜﻤﻼت اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ أدوات Complements of comparison can be introduced by ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ the conjunctions as or than: ك ، ﻣﺜﻞ ، ﻣﻦ

ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ، ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﯾﻔﮭﻢ ﺿﻤﻨﯿﺎ In these cases, we can consider them subjects of implied verbs

ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﺎوي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ In case of equality the complement of comparison is preceded with one ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺈﺣﺪى اﻷدوات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ of the following articles

`ε , `μ`φρηϯ `ν , ϩως `ε , `μ`φρηϯ `ν , ϩως Complements The complement of comparison اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

ﻣﺜﻞ Not as the scribes `μ`φρηϯ αν `μ`φρηϯ `ν `μ`φρηϯ `ν `μ`φρηϯ αν `ννουςαϧ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺒﺔ ννουςαϧ` ك

ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺼﯿﺮ becomes as a tree `εου`ϣϣην `ε `ε `εου`ϣϣην ﺷﺠﺮة

ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺒﻲ as a prophet ϩως ϩως Ϩως ϩως `προφητης `προφητης Complements The complement of comparison اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

ναϥ χη `ντοτ ου πε ϩως ου `προφητης

he was for them completion of tense as a prophet

ﻧﺒﻲ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻛـ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻐﻌﻞ ـﮭﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﺎن ھﻮ

ναϥ ϯ`ςβω νωου πε ε ουοντεϥ

completion of he was teaching to them as he has tense

ھﻮ ﻋﻨﺪه ﻛـ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ــﮭﻢ ﯾﻌﻠﻢ ھﻮ ﻛﺎن

ερϣιϣι ουοϩ `μ`φρηϯ αν `ν νου ςαϧ authority and as not complement indicator their scribes

ﻛﺘﺒﺘــ ــﮭﻢ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻻ ﻣﺜﻞ و ﺳﻠﻄﺔ

Ϣας ϣωπι `ε ου `ϣϣην

she is as a tree

ﺷﺠﺮة أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺼﯿﺮ ، ﺗﻜﻮن ھﻲ Complements The complement of comparison اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ زﯾﺎدة أو ﻧﻘﺺ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ In case of someone more or less larger than other the complement of comparison is preceded with one of ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺈﺣﺪى اﻷدوات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ the following articles

ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ Before compared noun

`ε , `εϩοτε , παρα , ϩαρα `ε , `εϩοτε , παρα , ϩαρα أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ... ، أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ... greater than

أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ less than

Before verb of ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ εϩοτε `ντε , `εϩοτε `ε `εϩοτε `ντε , `εϩοτε `ε` comparison

ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ أن better to + v. εϩοτε `ν εϩοτε `ν Complements The complement of comparison اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

Before the pronoun of ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻀﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع εϩοτε `ερο + pronoun` comparison

`εϩοτε `ερο + pronoun اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ greater than + pronoun `εϩοτεερο + pronoun `εϩοτεερο + pronoun

أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ...، أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ

أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ Less than

Before the noun of ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ comparison

ουϩου`ο (`ν) `μ ουϩου`ο (`ν) `μ greater than + n., better أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ...، أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ than + n.

أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ Superlative `νϩου`ο `νϩου`ο اﻷﻓﻀﻞ ، اﻷﻋﻈﻢ the greater Complements The complement of comparison اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

`Φ νουϯ `ϥ οι `ν ϫωρι εϩοτε the God he is indicator of complement strong more ﻣﻦ أﻗﻮى أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﻜﻮن ھﻮ إﻟﮫ ال νι ρωμι the people ﺑﺸﺮ ال νιμ ϩαρα πε πι νιϣϯ ϧεν ϯ who comparison article is the great in the ال ﻓﻲ أﻋﻈﻢ ال ﯾﻜﻮن إذا ﻣﻦ μετουρο `ντε νι φηουὶ kingdom of the heavens ﺳﻤﻮات ال اﻟﺬي ﻟـ ﻣﻠﻜﻮت ϣας ϣωπι ες οι `ν νιϣϯ ὲ it is it is indicator of complement great than ﻣﻦ أﻛﺒﺮ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ھﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ھﻲ νι ουὸϯ τηρου the plants all of them ﺟﻤﯿﻌﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت ال Complements The complement of comparison اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

ὲ ϭι εϩοτε `ν ςε ϭι `χρωμ to marry is better than passive voice indicator take fire ﻧﺎر ﺗﺄﺧﺬ أداة ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺘﺰوج أن Νανες `ε τηι ς νακ `εϩοτε `ε good to give her to you than to ﻣﻦ أن أﺣﺴﻦ ﻟﻚ ھﻲ ﯾﻌﻄﻲ أن ﺟﯿﺪ τηι ς `ν κε ρωμι give her to other man رﺟﻞ أﺧﺮ ﻟـ ھﻲ ﯾﻌﻄﻲ νανες `ντεν ερβωκ `ν νι ρεμ`νχημι εϨοτε good to us to serve indicator of complement the egyptians more than أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺼﺮﯾﯿﻦ ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻧﺨﺪم أن ﻧﺤﻦ ﺧﯿﺮ `ντεν μου `νϦρηι Ϧεν παι ϣαϥε to us die in this desert ﺻﺤﺮاء ھﺬا ﻓــــــــــــــــــــﻲ ﻧﻤﻮت أن ﻧﺤﻦ Complements The complement of comparison اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت ، اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

Αρε ϭιςι `νθο `εϨοτεερωου

you (fm.) high you (fm.) than them

ﻣﻨﮭﻢ أﻧﺖ ، ﻣﺆﻧﺚ أﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﺖ ، ﻣﺆﻧﺚ

Παι ρωμι ου ϩηκι πε `εϩοτε φη

this man a poor is more than that

ذﻟﻚ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﻘﯿﺮ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ رﺟﻞ ھﺬا The circumstantial complements of price and measurement ﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻌﺮ واﻟﻘﯿﺎس

The circumstantial complements of price and ﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻌﺮ واﻟﻘﯿﺎس measurement

ﯾﺠﯿﺒﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ: ﺑﺄي ﺛﻤﻦ؟ ﻛﻢ ? They answer the questions: at what price? how much

sold for an ﺑﻔﻠﺲ ﯾﺒﺎﻋﺎن ϧα ουτεβι ϧα ϧα ϧα ουτεβι assarion?

walk for two ﻟﻤﯿﻠﯿﻦ أﻣﺸﻲ ﻣﻌﮫ μοϣι `ν`ςναυ `ν `ν μοϣι `ν`ςναυ miles

(of) three (ﻣﻦ) ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺌﺔ ϣομτ-ϣε ϣομτ-ϣε hundred `μ `μ اﻻذرع μμαϨι `μμαϨι` cubits The circumstantial complements of price and measurement ﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻌﺮ واﻟﻘﯿﺎس

μη ϭαϫ `ςναυ αν ὲτου ϯ `μμωου are sparrow two not they who sold themselves أﻧﻔﺴﮭﻢ ﯾﺒﺎﻋﺎن ھﻢ ﻻ أﺛﻨﺎن ﻋﺼﻔﻮر أ ، ھﻞ ὲβολ ϧα ου τεβι preposition by an assarion ﺑﻔﻠﺲ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﺑــ ουοϩ ουαι ὲβολ`νϧητου `ννεϥ ϩει ὲϫεν πι and one of them he will not fall over the ال ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﺴﻘﻂ ھﻮ ﻟﻦ ﻣﻨﮭﻢ واﺣﺪ و καϩι ατϭνε πετεϩνε πετεν ιωτ ετϧεν νι φηουὶ ground without will your father who is in the heavens ﺳﻤﻮات ال اﻟﺬي ﻓﻲ أﺑــــــــــــــــــــــﻮﻛﻢ ﻣﺸﯿﺌﺔ ﺑﺪون اﻷرض ουοϩ φηεθνα ϭιτκ `ν `χβα `ν ου and that will take you by force for a أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﻟـ إرﻏﺎم ، إﻛﺮاه ب ﯾﺄﺧﺬ - ك اﻟﺬي ﺳﻮف و μιλιον μοϣι νεμαϥ `ν `ςναυ mile walk with him to two أﺛﻨﺎن ﻟـــ ﻣﻌﮫ أﻣﺸﻲ ﻣﯿﻞ The circumstantial complements of price and measurement ﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻌﺮ واﻟﻘﯿﺎس

κυβωτ ουοϨ παιρηϮ εκ`ε θαμιο `ν Ϯ ος

and in this way you will make indicator of complement the ark

ﻓﻠﻚ ال ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﺼﻨﻊ أﻧﺖ ﺳﻮف ھﻜﺬا و

ϣομτ-ϣε `μ μαϨι `ε Ϯ Ϣιη `ντε three hundred of cubits connection article the length of

اﻟﺬي ﻟـ طﻮل ال أداة إﺿﺎﻓﺔ أذرع ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺎﺋﺔ

Ϯ κυβωτος

the ark

ﻓﻠﻚ ال The circumstantial complements of accompaniment and deprivation ﻣﻜﻤﻼت اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻘﺔ وﺑﺪون اﻟﺸﻲء أو اﻟﺸﺨﺺ

The circumstantial complements of accompaniment ﻣﻜﻤﻼت اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻘﺔ وﺑﺪون اﻟﺸﻲء أو اﻟﺸﺨﺺ and deprivation

They answer the questions: with whom or what? وھﻢ ﯾﺠﯿﺒﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ: ﻣﻊ ﻣﻦ أو ﻣﺎذا؟ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻦ أم ﻣﺎذا؟ دون أن without being accompanied by who or what? ﯾﺮاﻓﻘﮫ ﻣﻦ أو دون أن ﯾﺮاﻓﻘﮫ ﻣﺎذا؟ ﯾﻌﺒﺮون They express:

ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮاﻓﻘﺔ :accompaniment و ﺑﺪون اﻟﺸﻲء أو اﻟﺸﺨﺺ :deprivation and (with) his ﻧﻮح و) ﻣﻊ (زوﺟﺘﮫ νεμ τεϥ`ςϩιμι νεμ νεμ νεμ τεϥ`ςϩιμι wife

I sent you Εταιουερπ Εταιουερπ أرﺳﻠﺘﻜﻢ ﺑﻼ ﻛﯿﺲ without a θηνου αϭνε αϭνε αϭνε θηνου αϭνε purse αςουι αςουι

Ερετενοι Ατ Ατ ερετενοι ﺑﻼ ﻋﺜﺮة without blame `νατϭροπ αθ αθ `νατϭροπ The circumstantial complements of accompaniment and deprivation اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻘﺔ وﺑﺪون اﻟﺸﻲء أو اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻜﻤﻼت

αϥ ϣεναϥ `νϫε νωε νεμ τεϥ `ςϩιμι woma he went (he) namely Noe and his n زوﺟﺘـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﮫ و ﻧﻮح أي ذھﺐ ھﻮ νεμ νεϥ ϣηρι ὲϧουν ὲ ϯ κυβωτος

and his sons inside indicator of complement the ark ﻓﻠﻚ ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل إﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ أوﻻده و ουοϩ πεϫαϥ νωου ϫε ϩοτε εται ουερπ

and he said to them that when I've sent أرﺳﻠﺘــــ أﻧﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻗﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ أﻧﮫ ﻟﮭﻢ ھﻮ ﻗﺎل و θηνου αϭνε αςουι ατετεν ερϧαὲ `ν `ϩλι

you without purse have you lack indicator of complement something ﺷﯿﺌﺎ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل أﻋﻮزﻛﻢ did you ﻛﯿﺲ ﺑﺪون أﻧﺘﻢ `ντετεν ϣωπι ερετεν τουβηουτ ουοϩ ερετεν οι you are you sincere and you are ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮن أﻧﺘﻢ و ﻣﻄﻮﺑﻮن أﻧﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﻮن أﻧﺘﻢ `ν ατϭροπ ὲ `π ὲϩοου `μ πι χριςτος indicator of complement without blame to the day of the Christ

ﻣﺴﯿﺢ ال اﻟﺬي ﻟـ ﯾﻮم ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﻼ ﻋﺜﺮة أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل The circumstantial complement of mean اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل اﻷداة

اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل اﻷداة The circumstantial complement of mean it answers the questions posed after the word: by which ﯾﺠﯿﺐ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺆال ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ أي ﺷﻲء ؟ أو ﺑﺄي ﺷﻲء أو mean or what mean? in what part or with what? by ﺑﻤﺎذا وھﻮ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻷداة أو اﻟﻤﺎدة which part?

اﻷداة :It expresses

اﻟﻣﺎدة .the instrument, the material

ουωτεν ουωτεν ﯾﺜﻘﺐ ﺳﯿﺪه أذﻧﮫ μπεϥμαϣ pierce his ear with an awl ϧεν ϧεν μπεϥμαϣϫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻘﺐ ϫ ϧεν ϧεν ϯτραπς ϯτραπς The circumstantial complement of mean اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل اﻷداة

ουωτε ερε πεϥ ϭοις `μ πεϥ μαϣϫ ν

indicator of present his Lord pierce indicator of complement his ear

أذﻧـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﮫ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﺜﻘﺐ ﺳــــــــــــــــــــــــــﯿــــــــــﺪه أداة ﻣﻀﺎرع ϧεν ϯ τραπς by the awl ﻣﺜﻘﺎب اﻟـ ﺑـــ `ντε ουαι `μμωου ϯ `ν ου ϣαϣ indicator of subjunctive one of them give indicator of complement a strike

ﺿﺮﺑﺔ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻨﮭﻢ واﺣﺪ أداة ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮط `μ πεϥ `ϣφηρ ϧεν `π ωνι ιε to his friend by the stone or أو ﺣﺠﺮ اﻟـ ﺑـــــ ﻗـــــــــــــــــــــﺮﯾـــــــــــــــــﺒـــــــﮫ إﻟﻰ ϧεν ου εϥϧοτ by a fist ﻗﺒﻀﺔ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ﺑــــ The circumstantial complement of cause اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ

اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ The circumstantial complement of cause

ﯾﺠﯿﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺮوﺣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ أداة اﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم: ﻟﻤﺎذا؟ ﻷي ﺳﺒﺐ ؟ ?it answers the questions asked after the word: why ﺗﺤﺖ أي ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ؟ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ : why ? under what effect? He expresses

اﻟﺴﺒﺐ :(the cause (literally

اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﺠﺎزي :(the pattern (figurative meaning

ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻤﮫ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ :it may be introduced by the prepositions: of

ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ :by ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ :for The circumstantial complement of cause اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ cursed because `ςϩουορτ `ςϩουορτ ﻣﻠﻌﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ὲβολϧεν ὲβολϧεν of ὲβολϧεν ὲβολϧεν dead because of `ϥμωουτ εθβε `ϥμωουτ εθβε ﻣﯿﺖ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺨﻄﯿﺔ εθβε εθβε sin `φνοβι `φνοβι

On (because of) ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻠﻤﻚ your ϧεν πεκὲμι ϧεν ϧεν ϧεν πεκὲμι knowledge

he for whom πχριςτος μου πχριςτος μου اﻟﻤﺴﯿﺢ ﻣﻦ اﺟﻠﮫ Christ died. ὲ`ϩρηι ὲϫω ὲ`ϩρηι ὲϫω ὲ`ϩρηι ὲϫωϥ ὲ`ϩρηι ὲϫωϥ so as for

ﻻﺟﻠﻜﻢ for you ὲϫεν θηνου ὲϫεν ὲϫεν ὲϫεν θηνου

because it is ϫε πι`θρονος ϫε πι`θρονος ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﺮش ﷲ ϫε ϫε God's throne `μφνουϯ πε `μφνουϯ πε The circumstantial complement of cause اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ

`π καϩι `ςϩουορτ ὲβολϧεν νεκ `ϩβηουὶ the earth cursed from/because of your deeds أﻋـــــــــــــــــــﻤـــــــــــــــــﺎﻟـــــــــــﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻠﻌﻮﻧﺔ أرض ال πι ςωμα `ϥ μωουτ εθβε `φ νοβι the body it's dead because the sin ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ال ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﯿﺖ ھﻮ ﺟﺴﺪ ال πι πνευμα ου ωνϧ πε εθβε ϯ μεθμηι the spirit a life is because the righteousness ﺑﺮ ال ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﯿﺎة أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ روح ال ϣαϥ τακο `νϫε φηετ ϣωνι ϧεν he died namely that who is weak because of ﺑـﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﻌﯿﻒ اﻟﺬي أي ﯾﮭﻠﻚ ھﻮ πεκ ὲμι πι ςον ετα πι χριςτος μου ὲ`ϩρηι ὲϫωϥ your knowledge the brother who the christ died for him ﻷﺟﻠﮫ ﻣﺎت ﻣﺴﯿﺢ ال اﻟﺬي أخ ال ﻋﻠﻤـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﻚ The circumstantial complement of cause اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ

φαι ὲταϥ ϯ `ν ται `ςπουδη `νουωτ

this he who gives indicator of complement this earnestness alone وﺣﺪه اﺟﺘﮭﺎد ھﺬا أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ھﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ ھﺬا ὲϫεν θηνου ϧεν `π ϩητ `ν τιτος for you by the heart of Titus ﺗﯿﻄﺲ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻗﻠﺐ ال ب أﻧﺘﻢ ﻷﺟﻞ `μπερ ωρκ `ν `τ φε ϫε do not swear by the heaven because ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﺳﻤﺎء ال ﺑـ ﺗﺤﻠﻒ ﻻ

πι `θρονος `μ `φ νουϯ πε

the throne of the God is

ﺗﻜﻮن إﻟﮫ ال اﻟﺬي ﻟـ ﻋﺮش ال The circumstantial complement of opposition اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎرض ، اﻟﺘﻀﺎد

اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎرض ، اﻟﺘﻀﺎد The circumstantial complement of opposition

The complement of opposition (also called "of ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻀﺎد ، اﻟﺘﻌﺎرض ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة " concession") is introduced by the preposition ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ، وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ھﺬا" . وﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن despite or the prepositive phrase in spite of. It ﯾﻌﺎرض اﻟﺤﺪث اﻟﺬي ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ: indicates the cause that could have opposed the action expressed by the verb:

But then with all these وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ھﺬا ﻛﻠﮫ αλλα νεμ ναι αλλα νεμ ναι despite all these The circumstantial complement of opposition اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎرض ، اﻟﺘﻀﺎد

ὰνον αν ερϩελπις ϫε αι πεθνα ςωϯ we we were hoping that make which would save ﯾﺨﻠﺺ اﻟﺬي ﺳﻮف ﯾﻔﻌﻞ أن ﻧﺮﺟﻮ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﻦ `μπι Ισραηλ αλλα νεμ ναι the Israel but with all those, despite of those وﻣﻊ ھﺬا إﺳﺮاﺋﯿﻞ اﻟﺬي ل τηρου τεϥ μαϩϣομτ `ν ὲϩοου πε φαι all of them to him three of days is this ھﺬا ﯾﻜﻮن اﻻﯾﺎم ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﮫ ﻛﻠﮫ ιςϫεν ετα ναι ϣωπι since that those have been ﯾﻜﻮن ھﺬا ، ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ ﻣﻨﺬ The circumstantial complement of purpose اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺮض

اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺮض The circumstantial complement of purpose it answers the questions asked after the verb: in what ﯾﺠﯿﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺆال : ﻷي ﻏﺮض؟ intention? for whose benefit? or against whom or against what? it ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﻦ ؟ أو ﺿﺪ ﻣﻦ أو ﺿﺪ ﻣﺎذا؟ ھﻮ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ: expresses : اﻟﮭﺪف.: :the goal ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻤﮫ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ: :It can be introduced by prepositions such as to (so as to, in (ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ أن ،ﻟﻜﻲ) order to) εθρουερουωινι Εθρ εθρ εθρουερουωινι ﻟﺘﻨﯿﺮ light to divide ὲουωϯ ουτε ὲουωϯ ουτε ﻟﺘﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻠﯿﻞ between πιὲϩοου πιὲϩοου ὲ ὲ واﻟﻨﮭﺎر the day and νεμ νεμ the night πιὲϫωρϩ πιὲϫωρϩ to divide ﻟﺘﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻠﯿﻞ between `ντουφωρϫ `ντ + pronoun `ντ + pronoun `ντουφωρϫ واﻟﻨﮭﺎر the day and the night The circumstantial complement of purpose اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺮض

ουοϩ πεϫε `φ νουϯ ϫε μαρου ϣωπι and he said the God that let be ﯾﻜﻦ ﻟــ أن إﻟﮫ ال ﻗﺎل و `νϫε ϩανφωςτηρ ϧεν πι ταϫρο `ντε `τ namely stars in the fermament of the ال اﻟﺬي ل ﺟﻠﺪ ال ﻓﻲ ﻧﺠﻮم أي φε εθρου ερουωινι `μ πι καϩι ὲ sky so as they would light indicator of complement the earth so as to ﻷن أرض ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﻨﯿﺮ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺳﻤﺎء ουωϯ ουωϯ ουτε πι ὲϩοου νεμ πι separate separate between the day and the ال و ﻧﮭﺎر ال ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ὲϫωρϩ night ﻟﯿﻞ The circumstantial complement of purpose اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺮض

ουοϩ πεϫε `φ νουϯ ϫε μαρου ϣωπι

and he said the God that let be

ﯾﻜﻦ ﻟــ أن إﻟﮫ ال ﻗﺎل و

`νϫε ϩανφωςτηρ ϧεν πι ταϫρο `ντε `τ namely stars in the fermament of the

ال أي ﺟﻠﺪ ال ﻓﻲ ﻧﺠﻮم أي

φε εθρου ερουωινι `μ πι καϩι `ντου

sky so as they would light indicator of complement the earth so that they would

ﻟﻜﻲ ھﻢ أرض ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﻨﯿﺮ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺳﻤﺎء

φωρϫ ουτε πι ὲϩοου νεμ πι ὲϫωρϩ divide between the day and the night

ﻟﯿﻞ ال و ﻧﮭﺎر ال ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ Relative pronouns ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻞ

اﻟﺬي ، اﻟﺘﻲ ، اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ، ,Who, which, that اﺳﻢ ετ + noun ﺣﯿﺚ where

اﻟﺬي ، اﻟﺘﻲ ، اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ، ,Who, which, that اﺳﻢ ετε + noun ﺣﯿﺚ where Verb to be اﻟﺬي ، اﻟﺘﻲ ، اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ، ,Who, which, that ﻓﻌﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن + ε ﺣﯿﺚ where Νε, πε, τε اﻟﺬي ، اﻟﺘﻲ ، اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ، ,Who, which, that ﻓﻌﻞ ερε + verb ﺣﯿﺚ where definite noun (the) or demonstrative pronoun (this) + ετ, ετε

ετ, ετε + اﺳﻢ ﻣﻌﺮف ب ال ، أو اﺳﻢ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﮫ أداة إﺷﺎرة ، ھﺬا ، ذاك

εϯ ετεκ ετε ετεϥ ετες ετεν ετετεν ετου You You she you They I who he who we who who who who who who ھﻢ اﻟﻼﺋﻲ أﻧﺘﻢ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﻧﺤﻦ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ھﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ھﻮ اﻟﺬي أﻧﺖ اﻟﺬي أﻧﺖ اﻟﺬي أﻧﺎ اﻟﺬي Relative pronouns ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻞ

πι μα ετεκ οϩι ερατκ ϩιωτ the place where you stand on foot above

ﻋﻠﯿــ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﻣﯿﻚ ﺗﻘﻒ ﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﺖ ﻣﻜﺎن ال

ϥ ου καϩι εϥ ουαβ πε it a land it (is) holy be

ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻘﺪﺳــ (ھﻮ (ھﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن أرض أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ ــﮫ

πεν ιωτ ετ ϧεν νι φηουι our father who in the heavens

ﺳﻤﻮات ال ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬي أﺑﺎ ﻧﺎ Relative pronouns ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻞ

πε + ετ = πετ

is + who = who is

اﻟﺬي ﯾﻜﻮن = اﻟﺬي + ﯾﻜﻮن

ذاك اﻟﺬي φη + ετ = φηετ, φηετε that who

ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ θη + ετ = θηετ, θηετε that who

أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ νη + ετ = νηετ,νηετε those who Relative pronouns ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻞ

`νθοκ πετ αι ναυ εροκ `ν `θμηι indication of you who I've seen you righteous adjective ﺑﺎرا أداة ﺻﻔﺔ ـﻚ رأﯾﺖ أﻧﺎ اﻟﺬي أﻧﺖ `μπα`μθο `ν`ϧρηι ϧεν παι ϫωου in front of inside this ground me اﻷرض ھﺬه ﻓﻲ أﻣﺎﻣﻲ φαι πε φηετ κωϯ `μ `π καϩι That this is Surrounds indicator of complement the earth who

أرض ال أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﺤﯿﻂ ذاك اﻟﺬي اﻟﺬي ھﺬا τηρ ϥ all it ــﮭﺎ ﻛﻠــ Relative pronouns ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻞ

اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ε + ναρε who was

اﻟﺬي اﻋﺘﺎد أن ε + ϣαρε who was used to

νε α `π ϭοις ρεϧτ νι βακι was the lord overturn the cities ﻣﺪن ال ﻗﻠﺐ رب ال ﻛﺎن πε νη ε ναρε Λωτ ϣωπι `νϧητου completion of tense those where were Lut lived inside them

داﺧﻠﮭﻢ ﯾﻌﯿﺶ ﻟﻮط ﻛﺎن ﺣﯿﺚ أوﻟﺌﻚ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ αλλα ε ϣαρε ρωμι νιμ ερπετ`ϩναϥ ϥ but who was man what want he ــﮫ ﯾﺮﯾﺪ ﻣﺎ اﻧﺴﺎن ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﺘﺎد اﻟﺬي ﻟﻜﻦ Relative pronouns ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻞ

اﻟﻨﻔﻲ negation ετε `ν....αν ετε `μπαρε ετε `μπε ετε `μπατε ετε `ννε ϩηππε γαρ ακ μενρε `θμηι : behold truly you loved righteous : : ب اﻟﺤﻖ ﺳﺮرت أﻧﺖ ﺣﻘﺎ ھﺎ νηετ ϩηπ νεμ νηετε `ν ςε those who hidden and those who not they ھﻢ ﻻ أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ و اﻟﺒﺎطﻦ ﻣﺨﺒﻲء ، ﻓﻲ أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ουωνϩ εβολ αν `ντε τεκ ςοφια ακ appear not of your wisdom you أﻧﺖ ﺣﻜﻤﺘــ ــﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ل ﻻ ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ταμο ι ερωου informed me of them ﺑﮭﻢ ﻧﻲ أﺧﺒﺮﺗــ Relative pronouns ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻞ

اﺳﻢ /ε + noun + اﺳﻢ /ου + noun ου ϧελϣιρι ε πεϥ ραν πε Ιωςηφ a youth who his name is Joseph ﯾﻮﺳﻒ ﯾﻜﻮن اﺳﻤــ ــﮫ اﻟﺬي ﺷﺎب أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ اﺳﻢ /ερε + noun + اﺳﻢ /ου + noun ου ρωμι ερε τεϥ ϫιϫ ϣουωου a man who his hand withered ﯾﺎﺑﺴﺔ ﯾﺪ ه اﻟﺬي رﺟﻞ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ the letter ε is dropped in front of `ν ﺣﺮف ε ﻗﺪ ﯾﺘﻢ أﻏﻔﺎﻟﮫ ﻗﺒﻞ ν` ου αλου `ν `ϥ ϫε `ν ςαϫι a kid not he says indicator of complement word ﻛﻠﻤﺔ أداة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﯾﻘﻮل ھﻮ ﻻ وﻟﺪ أداة ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺮ αν εϥ ενϩοτ not it honest ﺻﺎدﻗﺔ ھﻲ ﻻ