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An Unusual Revolution: the Palestinian Thawra in Lebanon, C
Durham Middle East Papers AN UNUSuaL REVOLUTION: THE PALESTINIAN THAWra IN LEBANON, C. 1969-82 Dr Anne Irfan Durham Middle East Paper No. 103 Durham Middle East Papers Institute for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies Institute for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies Durham University Al-Qasimi Building Elvet Hill Road Durham AN UNUSuaL REVOLUTION: Durham Middle East Papers No. 103 DH1 3TU ISSN 1476-4830 THE PALESTINIAN THAWra IN LEBANON, C. 1969-82 Tel: +44 (0)191 3345680 September 2020 The Durham Middle East Papers series covers all aspects of the economy, politics, social science, history, literature and languages of the Middle East. Authors are invited to submit papers to the Editorial Board for consideration for publication. Dr Anne Irfan The views expressed in this paper are the author(s) alone and do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher or IMEIS. All Rights Reserved. This paper cannot be photocopied or reproduced without prior permission. Durham Middle East Paper No. 103 © Dr Anne Irfan and Durham University, 2020 About The Institute Editorial Board The Institute for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (IMEIS), within the Professor Anoush Ehteshami Dr Colin Turner School of Government & International Affairs, is a Social Science-focused Exofficio member Reader in Islamic Thought in academic institute of excellence, research-led in ethos, with a track-record of Professor of International Relations the School of Government and internationally acclaimed research outputs across all sub-areas of its activity. in the School of -
The Israeli Experience in Lebanon, 1982-1985
THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE IN LEBANON, 1982-1985 Major George C. Solley Marine Corps Command and Staff College Marine Corps Development and Education Command Quantico, Virginia 10 May 1987 ABSTRACT Author: Solley, George C., Major, USMC Title: Israel's Lebanon War, 1982-1985 Date: 16 February 1987 On 6 June 1982, the armed forces of Israel invaded Lebanon in a campaign which, although initially perceived as limited in purpose, scope, and duration, would become the longest and most controversial military action in Israel's history. Operation Peace for Galilee was launched to meet five national strategy goals: (1) eliminate the PLO threat to Israel's northern border; (2) destroy the PLO infrastructure in Lebanon; (3) remove Syrian military presence in the Bekaa Valley and reduce its influence in Lebanon; (4) create a stable Lebanese government; and (5) therefore strengthen Israel's position in the West Bank. This study examines Israel's experience in Lebanon from the growth of a significant PLO threat during the 1970's to the present, concentrating on the events from the initial Israeli invasion in June 1982 to the completion of the withdrawal in June 1985. In doing so, the study pays particular attention to three aspects of the war: military operations, strategic goals, and overall results. The examination of the Lebanon War lends itself to division into three parts. Part One recounts the background necessary for an understanding of the war's context -- the growth of PLO power in Lebanon, the internal power struggle in Lebanon during the long and continuing civil war, and Israeli involvement in Lebanon prior to 1982. -
“Just War” Case Study: Israeli Invasion of Lebanon
“Just War” Case Study: Israeli Invasion Of Lebanon CSC 2002 Subject Area History EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Title: “JUST WAR” CASE STUDY: ISRAELI INVASION OF LEBANON. Author: Major Christopher A. Arantz, U.S. Marine Corps Thesis: This essay examines Israel’s overall reasons for invasion of southern Lebanon, and compares them to just war theory’s war-decision law and war-conduct law. This examination will establish that Israel achieved her objectives before war termination, which lead to some unjust actions. Discussion: Between 1948 and 1982 Israel had engaged in conventional combat four times against Arab coalition forces. In all cases, Israel fought for survival of its state and established a military dominance in the region. In the years leading up to 1982, the Israeli government sought ways to eliminate security problems in its occupied territory and across its border with southern Lebanon. Israel defined its security problems as terrorist excursions that threatened the security of its people and property in northern Israel. This paper will examine Israeli conduct of deciding to go to war and their conduct of war in relation to just war theory. Three areas will be examined; 1) Did Israel have a just cause, use a legitimate authority and the right intention for invading Lebanon as in accordance with Jus ad Bellum? 2) Did Israel conduct the conflict in accordance with Jus in Bello? 3) What are the long-term ramifications for the region since the invasion? Conclusion: 1. War does not have to be just, but it clearly helps the overall outcome when world opinion believes a war is being conducted for just reasons, and clearly outlined. -
Camp David's Shadow
Camp David’s Shadow: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinian Question, 1977-1993 Seth Anziska Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2015 © 2015 Seth Anziska All rights reserved ABSTRACT Camp David’s Shadow: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinian Question, 1977-1993 Seth Anziska This dissertation examines the emergence of the 1978 Camp David Accords and the consequences for Israel, the Palestinians, and the wider Middle East. Utilizing archival sources and oral history interviews from across Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, the United States, and the United Kingdom, Camp David’s Shadow recasts the early history of the peace process. It explains how a comprehensive settlement to the Arab-Israeli conflict with provisions for a resolution of the Palestinian question gave way to the facilitation of bilateral peace between Egypt and Israel. As recently declassified sources reveal, the completion of the Camp David Accords—via intensive American efforts— actually enabled Israeli expansion across the Green Line, undermining the possibility of Palestinian sovereignty in the occupied territories. By examining how both the concept and diplomatic practice of autonomy were utilized to address the Palestinian question, and the implications of the subsequent Israeli and U.S. military intervention in Lebanon, the dissertation explains how and why the Camp David process and its aftermath adversely shaped the prospects of a negotiated settlement between Israelis and Palestinians in the 1990s. In linking the developments of the late 1970s and 1980s with the Madrid Conference and Oslo Accords in the decade that followed, the dissertation charts the role played by American, Middle Eastern, international, and domestic actors in curtailing the possibility of Palestinian self-determination. -
The Promise and Failure of the Zionist-Maronite Relationship, 1920-1948
The Promise and Failure of the Zionist-Maronite Relationship, 1920-1948 Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies Ilan Troen, Graduate Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Master’s Degree by Scott Abramson February 2012 Acknowledgements I cannot omit the expression of my deepest gratitude to my defense committee, the formidable triumvirate of Professors Troen, Makiya, and Salameh. To register my admiration for these scholars would be to court extravagance (and deplete a printer cartridge), so I shall have to limit myself to this brief tribute of heartfelt thanks. ii ABSTRACT The Promise and Failure of the Zionist-Maronite Relationship, 1920-1948 A thesis presented to the Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Scott Abramson Much of the historiography on the intercourse between Palestinian Jews and Lebanese Maronites concerns only the two peoples’ relations in the seventies and eighties. This thesis, in contrast, attempts a departure from this scholarship, joining the handful of other works that chart the history of the Zionist-Maronite relationship in its earliest incarnation. From its inception to its abeyance beginning in 1948, this almost thirty-year relationship was marked by a search of a formal alliance. This thesis, by presenting a panoptical survey of early Zionist-Maronite relations, explores the many dimensions of this pursuit. It details the Zionists and Maronites’ numerous commonalities that made an alliance desirable and apparently possible; it profiles the specific elements among the Zionists and Maronites who sought an entente; it examines each of the measures the two peoples took to this end; and it analyzes why this protracted pursuit ultimately failed. -
Lose Your Privileges Or Gain a Homeland? by Mohamed Gameel
Lose Your Privileges or Gain a Homeland? By Mohamed Gameel Hassan Asfour, senior Oslo-era negotiator for the Palestine Liberation Organization, discusses why the Oslo Accords were doomed and the next step: declaring an independent Palestinian nation s a leading Palestinian agitator and communist, Hassan Asfour, 69, has a history of political activism that eventually landed him a principal role at AOslo’s secret talks in 1993. Because of his Communist Party affiliations, Asfour moved from one Arab country to another. He left Jordan in 1969 for Iraq. He was expelled in 1975 to Syria, where he was arrested and spent sixteen months in jail. In 1977, Asfour was deported to Lebanon where he resided until the 1982 Israeli invasion and siege of Beirut. He eventually landed in Tunisia and became active in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). First Asfour was assigned by the Palestinian Communist Party in 1984 to coordinate the communists’ relationship with the PLO’s main political party, Fatah. Then, in 1987, Asfour was assigned to manage an organizational branch of the PLO. He became part of Yasser Arafat’s inner circle and was handed the job of coordinating the Palestinian delegation’s Madrid conference visit in 1991. Following Madrid, Asfour became one of only two PLO leaders to be selected as the Palestinians’ principal negotiator in crafting the Oslo Accords. Asfour next joined the post-Oslo Israeli–Palestinian talks as Secretary of Negotiations, a post he held from 1998 until he resigned in 2005. Despite the success of being part of the PLO negotiation team which gained significant concessions from the “enemy” (Israel), Asfour cannot ignore the mishaps that he feels caused Oslo’s “clinical death.” Seeing no future for the peace process and faulting the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) leadership, Asfour is an open critic of the PNA, and its incumbent president Mahmoud Abbas. -
What Kind of Future for the Port of Beirut?
What kind of future for the Port of Beirut? by Leila J. Sawaya Bachelor of Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, 2000 Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology September 2002 @ Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2002. All rights reserved. Signature of Author- Department of CiUji and Environmental Engineering August 16, 2002 Certified by: Professor Fred Moavenzadeh Departmen of Civil and Environmental Engineering / Thesis Co-Supervisor Accepted by_ K Oral Buyukozturk Chairman, Departmental Committee on Graduate Studies What kind of future for the Port of Beirut? by Leila J. Sawaya Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering on August 23, 2002, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering ABSTRACT The purpose of my thesis is to try to determine whether the port of Beirut can take advantage of his geographical position and redefine its role as either a transshipment hub or a transit gateway. It is obvious that in the present there are various new players that were able to take advantage of their location and of the technological changes to improve the performance of their ports while Lebanon was still trying to recover from its destroying war. The advance in technologies and the move to containerized traffic have rendered old port structures completely obsolete in favor of new ports that were able to cater for the new needs of this century. -
United Nations
UNITED NATIONS THIRTY-SEVENTH YEAR ,.’ th MEETING: 1 AUGUST 1982 NEW YORK CONTENTS Provisional agenda (S/Agenda/2386) . , , . 1 Expression of thanks to the retiring President . , . ,. 1 Adoption of the agenda , , . , . , , . , . , . , . 1 The situation in the Middle East: ((I) Letter dated 4 June 1982 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/15162); (h) Letter dated 28 July 1982 from the Permanent Representatives of Egypt and France to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Secu- rity Council (S/15316) ,,,.*,,..,..*.,.......*......,t..*.*,........* 1 SlPV.2386 NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters corn- bined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. Documents of the Security Council (symbol SI. .) are normally published in quarterly Supplements of the Official Records of the Security Council. The date of the document indicates the supplement in which it appears or in which information about it is given. The resolutions of the Security Council, numbered in accordance with a system adopted in 1964, are published in yearly volumes of Resolutions und Decisions qf the Security Comcil. The new system, which has been applied retroactively to resolutions adopted before 1 January 1965, became fully operative on that date. 2386th MEETING eld in New York on Sunday, 1 August 1982, at 12.30 p.m. Prr.sidcnt: Mr. Noel DORR (Ireland). 2. The PRESIDENT: In accordance with decisions -
Scheben on Bregman, 'Israel's Wars: a History Since 1947'
H-Levant Scheben on Bregman, 'Israel's Wars: A History since 1947' Review published on Saturday, March 1, 2003 Ahron Bregman. Israel's Wars: A History since 1947. Second edition. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. 272 pp. $23.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-415-28716-6; $100.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-415-28715-9. Reviewed by Thomas Scheben (Frankfurt am Main, Germany)Published on H-Levant (March, 2003) Israel At War Israel At War Starting a book review with a critique of its title may seem a little bit extreme. However,Israel's Wars might better have been titled Israel at War. As the author states explicitly, he did not write a military history because it lacks a view of both sides of the hill. His focus is clearly on the Israeli side. The Arab side of the story is brought in whenever it is necessary to understand Israeli actions. Moreover, it is not primarily a military history in the classical sense. Battlefield moves and countermoves are summarized only very briefly. Just two pages and a sketch are spent on the description of the ten-odd days of the Battle for the Golan in 1973. Roughly the same amount of space is dedicated to the see-saw battles in the Sinai, the largest tank battles the world had seen so far. After this cursory review of a battle of that length and magnitude, the first-time reader is left with ideas, questions, and the desire to learn more about this topic. Because this happens more than once in the course of reading the book, the study does an excellent job in accomplishing what any introductory work should achieve. -
Lebanon's Legacy of Political Violence
LEBANON Lebanon’s Legacy of Political Violence A Mapping of Serious Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Lebanon, 1975–2008 September 2013 International Center Lebanon’s Legacy of Political Violence for Transitional Justice Acknowledgments The Lebanon Mapping Team comprised Lynn Maalouf, senior researcher at the Memory Interdisciplinary Research Unit of the Center for the Study of the Modern Arab World (CEMAM); Luc Coté, expert on mapping projects and fact-finding commissions; Théo Boudruche, international human rights and humanitarian law consultant; and researchers Wajih Abi Azar, Hassan Abbas, Samar Abou Zeid, Nassib Khoury, Romy Nasr, and Tarek Zeineddine. The team would like to thank the committee members who reviewed the report on behalf of the university: Christophe Varin, CEMAM director, who led the process of setting up and coordinating the committee’s work; Annie Tabet, professor of sociology; Carla Eddé, head of the history and international relations department; Liliane Kfoury, head of UIR; and Marie-Claude Najm, professor of law and political science. The team extends its special thanks to Dima de Clerck, who generously shared the results of her fieldwork from her PhD thesis, “Mémoires en conflit dans le Liban d’après-guerre: le cas des druzes et des chrétiens du Sud du Mont-Liban.” The team further owes its warm gratitude to the ICTJ Beirut office team, particularly Carmen Abou Hassoun Jaoudé, Head of the Lebanon Program. ICTJ thanks the European Union for their support which made this project possible. International Center for Transitional Justice The International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) works to redress and prevent the most severe violations of human rights by confronting legacies of mass abuse. -
If War Comes Israel Vs
If War Comes Israel vs. Hizballah and Its Allies Jeffrey White Policy Focus #106 | September 2010 If War Comes Israel vs. Hizballah and Its Allies Jeffrey White Policy Focus #106 | September 2010 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2010 by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy Published in 2010 in the United States of America by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050, Washington, DC 20036. Design by Daniel Kohan, Sensical Design and Communication Front cover: An Israeli gunner runs to reload an army artillery piece after it fired toward Lebanon from a position near the Lebanese border in northern Israel, July 2006. (AP Photo/Pier Paolo Cito) Contents About the Author . v Acknowledgments. vii Executive Summary . ix Introduction . 1 1. Rumors of War . 3 2. Israel’s War. 6 3. Hizballah’s War. 21 4. War beyond Israel and Hizballah . 31 5. Uncertainties and Consequences . 41 6. Conclusions. 46 Tables Table 1. Israeli Fighters, Strike Aircraft, and Attack Helicopters . 6 Table 2. Lessons of 2006 for the IDF and Hizballah . 8 Table 3. Israeli Anti-Rocket and Missile Systems. 10 Table 4. Notional Israeli Ground Order of Battle in a Future Lebanon Conflict. 16 Table 5. Reported Hizballah Rockets and Missiles. 19 Table 6. Reported Hizballah SAM Systems. 21 Table 7. -
Download Book
HIZB' ALLAH IN LEBANON Hizb'allah in Lebanon The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis Magnus Ranstmp Department of International Relations University of St Andrews Fife Foreword by Terry Waite, CBE pal grave macmillan © Magnus Ranstorp 1997 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1997 978-0-333-64700-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her rights to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 1997 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-68401-6 ISBN 978-0-230-37750-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230377509 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Transferred to digital printing 2002 Published in the United States of America 1997 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y.