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Mixed EFAs™ A carefully designed blend of and that includes , sesame seed oil, apricot kernel oil and hazelnut oil

Functions of Unsaturated Fatty Acids Dietary double bonds in the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) N-6 family, Dietary PUFA supply essential fatty acids, (EFAs). EFAs is designed as a dietary fall into two broad categories, N-6 and N-3. The ratio of essential fatty acid. Linoleic N-6/N-3 is an important consideration in establishing acid is converted to gamma N-3 requirements. Animal products differ with respect to linoleic acid (GLA, C18:3n-6) prevalence of N-6 and N-3 PUFA. Marine animals, marine via delta 6 desaturase. GLA algae and certain seed oils are enriched in N-3, while meat is elongated to dihomo GLA and cooking oils, such as and oil, contain (C20:3n-6), then a fourth primarily N-6 PUFA. In contrast, the typical Western double bond is created by diet supplies 10-fold or more N-6 PUFA than N-3, and delta 5 desatura s e, yielding the single most common PUFA in such a diet is linoleic the eicosanoid precursor, acid with 18 carbons and 2 double bonds (designated arachidonic acid, C20:4n-6. (1) as C18:2n-6). It is metabolized to longer chain PUFA N-3 PUFA by the body. It is estimated that 20 g linoleic acid/day These fatty acids possess would supply 1 g or more/day of gamma linoleic acid a double bond at the 3rd and higher metabolites via metabolism. Arachidonic acid carbon atom of the fatty acid (C20:4n-6) is the most abundant metabolite of linoleic chain. The simplest member acid in most foods; especially meats, eggs and seafood. of this family, alpha linoleic American diets supply between 50-600 mg arachidonic acid (ALA), C18:2n-3, is considered a second essential fatty acid daily, depending on the amount of meat and acid, due to the body’s inability to create unsaturated products consumed. fatty acids at the 3 position of the fatty acid chain. Delta Human plasma reflects dietary intake and typically 6-and delta-5 desaturases and elongases convert ALA contains the following average concentrations: to eicosapentaneoic acid (C20:5n-2, EPA) and this is the linoleic acid 1500 mg/L; gamma linoleic acid 25 mg/L; preferred substrate for these enzymes. dihomogamma linoleic acid 100 mg/L and arachidonic Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) fo r Membrane (2) acid 400 mg/l. These four N-6 PUFA are capable of Synthesis. reversing most physiologic effects of EFA deficiency in Polyunsaturates play several important roles. As animals. Linoleic acid can restore water- barrier properties components of membrane phospholipids, they are of the skin, while most of the other functions are best required for all cell membranes-including those of served by metabolites of linoleic acid. However, certain mitochondria, nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum and plasma abnormal functions of the CNS, retina and platelets are membranes. PUFA increase the fluidity of membranes, (2) corrected only by administering N-3 PUFA. where they help regulate membrane-associated N-6 PUFA phenomena, such as mediated transport, hormone Linoleic acid is a major constituent of Mixed EFAs. As the binding and intercellular communication. The lipid bilayer simplest member of this family, linoleic acid, possesses model of membranes describes the arrangement of two double bonds because the body cannot create phospholipids with the hydrophilic fatty acid “tails”

(800) 437-1298 Viotron International 8122 E Fulton Street • Ada, MI 49301 [email protected] • www.viotron.com

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. LIT-039 Rev. 04/16 © Copyright 2016 pointed inward and the polar “head” groups oriented to Eicosanoids from N-6 PUFA the membrane surfaces, where they interact with water Arachidonic acid is the direct precursor for important molecules. The fluidity of the lipid layer is regulated eicosanoids. A rachidonic acid yields PG2 series of by the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids of the prostaglandins via cyclooxygenase. PG2 prostaglandins phospholipids. Their “cls” configuration of double bonds tend to raise blood pressure, increase platelet a g dictates a kink in the fatty acid chain, which p r events gregation and stimulate macrophages. A second the fatty acid carbon chains from stacking together pathway, initiated by lipoxygenase, oxidizes arachidonic easily. This is the reason non-processed vegetable are acid to straight chain lipid regulators called leukotrienes. liquids (oils) at room temperature. In contrast, saturated The leukotrienes derived from arachidonic acid are fatty acids possess straight chains, which allows them among the most powerful inflammatory agents produced to stack together in ordered arrays and to solidify at by the body. room temperature. Prostaglandins from Dihomo-gamma linoleic Acid Therefore, saturated fatty acids of phospholipids A branch pathway leading from dihomo-gamma linoleic stiffen membranes. acid to the PG1 family of prostaglandins is usually favored Trans fatty acids are produced when PUFA are partially when N-3 PUFA, the other family of essential fatty acids, hydrogenated during processing. In trans fatty acids, are processed. Due to higher affinities of the required the double bond has been “straightened.” Consequently, desaturases for N-3 over N-6 fatty acids, and the sluggish trans fatty acids behave like saturated fatty acids and they nature of these reactions in humans, dihomo-gamma harden, rather than soften, cell membranes. They do not linoleic acid and arachidonic acid are formed very slowly function as precursors of prostaglandins. from linoleic acid.(6) The PG1 prostaglandins counter PUFA and E Requirements inflammation and favor parasympathetic processes, thus Increased consumption of PUFA raises the requirement they balance arachidonic acid derivatives. for , due to an increased risk of lipid peroxidation. Monounsaturated Fatty Acids A ratio of 0.4 mg vitamin E/gram of PUFA has been Fatty acids with a single double bond are classified as suggested.(3) Thus, the availability of PUFA in the body is monounsaturates. They are readily synthesized in the body affected by the need for ample antioxidants, as well as by and are not dietary essentials. The most common example the intake of unsaturated fatty acids. in the body is (C18:1n-9), which is derived from N-6 PUFA and Cardiovascular Disease , while palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7) is derived An increased intake of linoleic acid lowers plasma from . cholesterol, although amounts required to achieve this Functions of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids are relatively high. Conversely, low levels of adipose tissue Diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (primarily oleic linoleic acid increase the risk of coronary heart disease acid) can lower serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and related mortality.(4) In addition, N-6 PUFA affects other levels, especially when substituted for high levels of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as platelet saturated fats.(7) There is an inverse association between aggregation and hypertension.(4) A diet that is high in increased consumption of monounsaturated and N-6 PUFA depresses all lipoprotein fractions, including decreasing risk of stroke.(8) A second advantage is that HDL, which is protective against coronary heart disease.(4) oleic acid does not lower HDL levels. Higher intake of Many studies suggest that PUFA slow down intra-arterial monunsaturates at the expense of , as in blockage. This inhibitory effect may be related to increased the Mediterranean diet, is well tolerated. Populations fluidity of platelet membranes. In addition, PGE, from N-6 consuming such a diet ex perience lower rates of PUFA is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation. coronary artery disease and lower rates of cancer, when (9) N-6 PUFA and the Immune System compared to people eating a typical Western diet. High intake of linoleic acid can suppress the immune Monounsaturated fatty acid intake accounting or 15-16% (1) system of laboratory animals, but oleic acid does not have of total calories has been suggested. Variation of oleic this effect.(5) acid consumption over a range of 10 to 20% of energy intake, adjusted for personal preferences, would yield PUFA for Eicosanoid Synthesis ratios of oleic acid/linoleic acid ranging from 1:1 to 3:1.(1) PUFA are required to synthesize eicosanoids, hormonelike lipids that regulate many processes. These Although monounsaturated fatty acids have been include leukotrienes, prostaglandins and thromboxanes. regarded as neutral fatty acids, in fact they are not. Whether the PUFA belongs to the N-6 or the N-3 class Both olive and lowered high baseline levels (10) of essential fatty acids, determines the final eicosanoid of fibrinogen. may benefit patients with (11) structure (see Note on Fatty Acid Nomenclature and rheumatoid arthritis. Consumption of monounsaturated Biosynthetic Relationships).

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. fatty acids was recently found to lower the level of GLA ALA Linoleic Oleic Palmitic Stearic intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in peripheral Acid Acid Acid Acid (up to 20%) mononuclear cells without altering natural Walnut 0 10 60 21 8 2 killer cell activity.(12) ICAM-1 plays a key role in the growth Oil of atherosclerotic plaque. Seasame 0 0 45 40 10 5 Oil

There are other advantages of dietary monounsaturated Apricot 0 0 32 60 6 <1 fatty acids: Higher consumption of monounsaturates Kernal at the expense of carbohydrate may decrease elevated Hazelnut 0 0 12 80 6 3 serum triglycerides and high blood for people Oil with insulin resistance.(13) Monounsaturates are also less susceptible to oxidation than PUFA. Linoleic acid (N‑6) lowers total cholesterol levels more than oleic acid. fed a diet containing 24% was 50% less than However, in experiments with lab animals large amounts that of rats fed a control diet. L evels of LDL cholesterol and (18) of linoleic acid suppress the immune system.(15) Oleic acid liver cholesterol were significantly lower as well. Sesame does not have this affect. Therefore, a balance between oil did not alter the levels of HDL or serum triglycerides; oleic acid and linoleic acid is believed to be beneficial. however the level of liver lipids increased over controls. Sesame and possible sesame seed oil contain Properties of Individual Oils in Mixed EFAs lignan compounds, sesmol, sesaminol, sesaminolinol, The average fatty acid compositions of key oils are pinoresinol, as well as tocopherols. These may contribute summarized in table 1. strong antioxidant activity.(19) Certain cultured cells are and sesame oil contain proportionately more sensitive to sesame oil.(20) Sesame seed oil is reported to linoleic acid, while apricot kernel oil and hazelnut oil contain masked allergens, though allergies to sesame contain predominantly oleic acid. seeds are still rare.(21) Table 1. Comparison of average fatty acid compositions of Apricot Kernel Oil oils as percentages Apricot ke rnels contain 47% oil, which is 94% unsaturated. Walnut Oil Apricot kernel oil is enriched in oleic acid (60%) and Walnut oil is rich in linoleic acid (60%) and is moderately provides less linoleic acid (32%) then walnut or sesame oils. high in oleic acid (21%). It also contains low levels of Although apricot kernels contain about 5% amygdalin, the (22) alpha linolenic acid (ALA). The consumption of nuts is oil is free of this compound. Apricot kernel oil is used in associated with a reduced risk of ischemic heart disease. foods and in cosmetics, such as skin creams. It is widely When healthy men were fed a diet in which 20% of used as in India. Apricot kernel oil is reported to calories came from and which conformed to the contain 840 mg total tocopherols per kg oil, and it is a rich (23) Step 1, Cholesterol Education Program, there was a 12% source of gamma tocopherol (794 mg/kg oil). reduction in total serum cholesterol, representing a 16% Hazelnut Oil reduction in LDL and a 5% reduction in HDL.(14) The ratio of Hazelnut oil contains large amounts of oleic acid (80%) LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol decreased significantly. In and low levels of linoleic acid (12%). In this sense, hazelnut a similar study, supplementing normolipidemic males with oil resembles olive oil. Hazelnut oil contains significant 68 g walnuts/day for 3 weeks lowered serum cholesterol tocopherols, ranging from 335 to 520 mg alpha tocopherol by 5% and LDL cholesterol by 9%.(15) Allergic reactions to per kg of oil.(24) Tocotrienols are absent in this oil. Allergies walnuts have been noted.(16) An early report suggested to hazelnuts have been reported.(25) (17) that walnuts may interfere with thyroxin secretion. Note on Fatty Acid Nomenclature and Biosynthetic Sesame Seed Oil Relationships Sesame seeds yield 53% oil, depending upon the variety. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Fatty acids Sesame seed oil contains a relatively large amount of containing two or more double bounds are classified as linoleic acid (45%) and approximately equal amounts of polyunsaturates. There are two classes depending upon oleic acid (40%). Sesame oil has long been used in Asian the number and position of double bonds. N-6 PUFA cooking, and Ayurvedic traditions recommend the use possesses double bonds beginning with the 6th carbon of topically applied sesame oil as a health-promoting atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid chain. procedure. The absorption of lymphatic cholesterol by rats

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. References Mixed EFAs™ is available in 8 ounce bottles (#1402). (1) Grundy SM. What is the desirable ratio of saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the diet? Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66 (suppl) 988S-990S. (2) Nutrition Facts Carter JP. Gamma linoleic acid as a . Food Technology 1988; 42: 72-81. Serving Size: 1 Tbsp (15 ml) (3) Addis PB et al. Atherogenic and anti-atherogenic factors in the human diet. Biochem Soc Servings per Container: 16 Symp 1995; 61 : 259-71. Amount Per Serving (4) Mutanen M, Freese R. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and platelet aggregation. Curr Opin Calories 130 Calories from Fat 130 Lipidol 1996; 7: 14-19. % Daily Value* (5) Weyman C et al. Linoleic acid is an immunosuppressive agent. Lancet 1975; 2: 33-34. Total Fat 14 g 22% (6) Manku MS et al. Changes in human plasma essential fatty acid levels as a result of 1 g 5% administration of linoleic acid and gamma linoleic acid. Eur J Clin Nutr 1988; 42: 55. Cholesterol 0 mg 0% (7) Mata P et al. Effects of long term monounsaturated vs. polyunsaturated diets on Sodium 0 mg 0% lipoproteins in healthy men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 846-850. Total Carbohydrate 0 g 0% (8) Gillman MW et al. Inverse association of dietary fat with development of ischemic stroke 0 g in men. JAMA 1997; 278: 2145-2150. Not a significant source of dietary fiber, , , vitamin (9) Keys A. Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Circulation 1970; 41: 1-1-211. C, and . * Percent Daily Values based on a 2,000 calorie diet. (10) Oosthuizen W et al. Both fish oil and olive oil loweredplasma fibrinogen in women with high baseline fibrinogen. Thromb Haemost 1994; 74: 557-562. Ingredients: Walnut oil, hazelnut oil, sesame oil and apricot kernel oil. (11) Kremer JM et al. Dietary fish oil and olive oil supplementation in patients with Contains ingredients derived from Walnuts and Hazelnuts. rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rhem 1990; 333: 810-820. Packaged with ultra-pure nitrogen. (12) Yaqoob P et al. Effect of olive oil on immune function in middle-aged men. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 129-135. One tablespoon provides (on average): (13) Alpha-Linolenic Acid (omega-3) ...... 350 mg Connor WE, Connor SL. The dietary treatment of hyperlipidemia. Medical Clinics of North Linoleic Acid (omega-6) ...... 5,180 mg America 1982; 66: 485-518. Oleic Acid (omega-9) ...... 7,070 mg (14) Sa bate J et al. Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels andblood pressure in normal men. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 603-607. RECOMMENDATION: One (1) to two (2) tablespoons each day. For maximum nutritional benefits, use within 6 weeks of opening. (15) Abbey M et al. Partial replacement of saturated fatty acids with or walnuts lowers total plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59: 995-999. Refrigerate after opening. (16) This product is gluten and dairy free. Crespo JF et al. Frequency of in a pediatric population from Spain. Pediat Product # 1402 Rev. 10/13 Allergy lmmunol1995; 6: 39-43. (17) Linazasoro JM et al. Goitrogenic effects of walnut and its action on thyroxine secretion. Endocrinology 1970; 86: 696-700. (18) Satchithanandan Setal. Effect of sesame oil on serum liver lipid profiles in the rat. lnt J Vitamin Nutr Res 1996; 66: 386-392. (19) Salerno JW, Smith DE. The use of sesame oil and other vegetable oils in the inhibition of human colon cancer growth in vitro. Anticancer Res 1991; 11: 209-215. (20) Mimura A et al. Antioxidative and anti cancer components produced by cell cultures of sesami!{(Food Phytochemicals for cancer prevention II. Ho, C-T et al, eds. ACS Symposium Series 547 (1994) pp281-294. (21) Kanny G et al. Sesame seed oil contain masked allergens of growing importance. Allergy 1996; 51: 952-957. (22) Hallabo SAS et al. Chemical and physical properties of apricot kernel, apricot kernel oil, and kernel oil. Egyptian J Food Science 1997; 3: 1-6 (23) Fareines Metal. Translation (Study of the glyceride fraction of the kernel oils from some Rosaceae). Revue Francaise de Corp Gras 1986; 33: 115-117. (24) Parcerisa J et al. Fatty acid composition in polar and nonpolar lipid classes of hazelnut oil. J Agric Food Chern 1997; 45: 3887-3890. (25) Teuber SS et al. Allergenicity of gourmet nut oils processed by different methods. J Allergy Clin lmmunol1997; 502-507.

To place your order for Mixed EFAs™ or for additional information please contact us below. (800) 437-1298 Viotron International 8122 E Fulton Street • Ada, MI 49301 [email protected] • www.viotron.com

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. LIT-039 Rev. 04/16 © Copyright 2016