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Hazelnut: a Valuable Resource
International Journal of Food Engineering Vol. 6, No. 2, December 2020 Hazelnut: A Valuable Resource Raquel P. F. Guiné and Paula M. Reis Correia CI&DETS/ESAV, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Department of Food Industry, Viseu, Portugal Email: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Hazel (Corylus avellana L.) nutshell is one of the remaining 90% is used for industrial purposes as shelled most consumed and most appreciated nut fruit all over the nuts [7], [8]. world. It is believed to have constituted a basic food in early Similarly, to other nuts, hazelnuts are included in the prehistory, in temperate zones of the globe, such as for dietary guidelines of several countries, due to their high example Europe. Presently the hazelnut production is nutritional content and bioavailability of those nutrients. mainly concentrated on the Black Sea coast of Turkey, but other countries are also important producers, like for Furthermore, the bioactive molecules present in hazelnuts example Portugal, situated on the western Europe, in the have been reported as having several benefits for the Iberian Peninsula. The objective of this work is to make a human health [9]–[11]. review about the worldwide importance of hazelnut, their usages, including gastronomic and industrial applications, II. CONSUMPTION & MAIN USAGES as well as some ways that allow adding value to this fruit, making it an even more valuable resource. The advantages From the Neolithic era, in the regions of Europe and include higher income for produces, lower environmental the Caucasus, hazelnut has been used for human impacts and valorisation of residues improving consumption. -
Nutrient Comparison Chart
NUTRIENT COMPARISON CHART for tree nuts You may know how to measure the perfect one-ounce portion of almonds, but did you know those 23 almonds come packed with nutrients? When compared ounce for ounce, almonds are the tree nut highest in fiber, calcium, vitamin E, riboflavin and niacin, and they are among the lowest in calories. Almonds provide a powerful nutrient package along with tasty crunch to keep you going strong, making them a satisfying snack you can feel good about. The following chart shows how almonds measure up against other tree nuts. BRAZIL MACADAMIA Based on a ALMOND CASHEW HAZELNUT PECAN PISTACHIO WALNUT one-ounce portion1 NUT NUT CALORIES 1602 190 160 180 200 200 160 190 PROTEIN (g) 6 4 4 4 2 3 6 4 TOTAL FAT (g) 14 19 13 17 22 20 13 19 SATURATED FAT (g) 1 4.5 3 1.5 3.5 2 1.5 1.5 POLYUNSATURATED FAT (g) 3.5 7 2 2 0.5 6 4 13 MONOUNSATURATED FAT (g) 9 7 8 13 17 12 7 2.5 CARBOHYDRATES (g) 6 3 9 5 4 4 8 4 DIETARY FIBER (g) 4 2 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 2 POTASSIUM (mg) 208 187 160 193 103 116 285 125 MAGNESIUM (mg) 77 107 74 46 33 34 31 45 ZINC (mg) 0.9 1.2 1.6 0.7 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.9 VITAMIN B6 (mg) 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 FOLATE (mcg) 12 6 20 32 3 6 14 28 RIBOFLAVIN (mg) 0.3 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 0 NIACIN (mg) 1.0 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.3 VITAMIN E (mg) 7.3 1.6 0.3 4.3 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.2 CALCIUM (mg) 76 45 13 32 20 20 30 28 IRON (mg) 1.1 0.7 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.7 1.1 0.8 Source: U.S. -
List of Legumes
Healthy Oils & SmokePoints When it comes to the cooking oil in your cupboard, there is a huge difference in healthfulness depending on how the oil is stored and how it will be used. First let’s get some definitions for commonly used terms on labels and discussions about oils. Term Definition Cold Pressed Extracted without using heat. Extracted using a screw-type machine that presses the oil out. Can be done Expeller Pressed slowly, with very little heat, or can be done quickly with lots of friction and high temperatures. The first cold pressing which contains the best tasting and most healthful oils. Must contain less than 1% acids. By definition, this is cold-pressed and first Extra Virgin pressed, so don’t need to see these terms on the label. Must say 100% extra virgin, or may be a blend. The first cold pressing, but can contain a little more acids than the extra-virgin Virgin (1-3 percent). Seeds that have been genetically manipulated to decrease the amount of High Oleic essential fatty acids so that they have a longer shelf life. Are left in their state after pressing – no filtering. These oils tend to be more Unrefined Oils flavorful and richer in nutrients, however they have a very low smoke point. Oils have their impurities filtered out, to increase stability and allow for higher Refined temperature cooking. The processing can use toxic solvents, caustic soda, bleaches and phosphoric acid. Smoke Point Stage at which a heated oil begins to smoke, just before it bursts into flames. HEALTHY OILS & SMOKE POINTS PAGE | 1 © 2021 Health-Naturally.org Term Definition Oil should smell and taste like the food it came from. -
Health Benefits of Pistachio Consumption in Pre-Diabetic Subjects
HEALTH BENEFITS OF PISTACHIO CONSUMPTION IN PRE-DIABETIC SUBJECTS Pablo Hernández Alonso ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. -
Health and Nutrition Research
Health and Nutrition Research Pistachios can help individuals maintain good health, support an active lifestyle and reduce the risk of nutrition-related diseases. Research studies suggest that pistachios have numerous health benefits, including being a source of health-boosting antioxidants and other important nutrients, lowering the risk of heart disease, supporting weight management and a healthy diet, creating a lower-than-expected blood-sugar level and helping with insulin sensitivity. Subjects who ate more than three servings of nuts (such as pistachios) per week had a 39% lower mortality risk. The PREDIMED Study. Guasch-Ferré, et al. BMC medicine 2013Jul16; 11:164 AmericanPistachios.org Pistachios and Mortality Many large population studies have found an inverse association between nut intake and total mortality. Recently published in the British Journal of Nutrition, nut intake was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality in a large prospective study of 19,386 participants. As compared with subjects who did not eat nuts, those who consumed nuts more than 8 times per month showed a 47% lower risk of dying from any cause.1 Similar results have been found in studies from populations around the world.2 An analysis of studies for all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, with a total of 354,933 participants, nut consumption was associated with significant protection. One-serving of nuts per day resulted in 27% lower risk from dying from any cause including CVD and cancer.3 In another systematic review and analysis of large, well-designed prospective population studies in Europe and North America showed that nut consumption is inversely associated with all-cause mortality, total CVD mortality, coronary heart disease mortality and sudden cardia death. -
To See a List of Possible Ice Cream Choices
After Dinner Mint Almond Almond Crisp (w peanuts and rice cereal) Almond Delight Almond Linzertorte (w raspberry jam) Almond Poppy Seed Ambrosia (Banana Ice Cream w coconut, orange and almonds) Anise Apple Brown Betty (w ginger snaps) Apple Butter Apple Cheddar Apple Cherry Apple Cinnamon Coffee Cake Apple Pie Apple Raisin Walnut Apple Strawberry Apple Thyme Applesauce Apricot Apricot Almond Apricot Jam Apricot Orange Asia Spice (Green Tea ice cream w szechuan peppercorns) Autumn (Nutmeg ice cream w prunes, dates & figs) Avocado Aztec "Hot" Chocolate (Chocolate w chile powder) Baked Apple Balsamic Caramel (w balsamic vinegar) Banana Banana Candy Bar Banana Carob Chip Banana Chocolate Chip Banana Coconut Banana Cookie Banana Cream Pie Banana Fudge Banana Fudge Chunk Banana Malt Banana Marshmellow Banana Nut Banana Orange Banana Peanut Butter Banana Philadelphia Style ( w/o eggs) Banana Strawberry Banana Tart Banana w Caramelized White Chocolate Freckles Bangkok Peanut Beet w Mascarpone, Orange Zest & Poppy Seeds Basil Page 1 Beet w Mascarpone, Orange Zest & Poppy Seeds Berry Crisp Birthday Cake Biscuit Tortoni Bittersweet Chocolate-Laced Vanilla Black Coffee Black Currant Tea Black Pepper Black Pine (Pine Nut ice cream w black licorice candy) Black Walnut Blackberry Blackberry Jam Blackstrap Praline (w blackstrap molasses) Blueberry Blueberry Jam Blueberry Lemon Sour Cream Brown Bread Brown Butter Almond Brittle Bubble Gum Burnt Almond Burnt Sugar Burnt Sugar Pie Burnt Walnut Butter Cake, Gooey Butter Fruitcake Butter Pecan Butter w Honey -
Raw and Roasted Pistachio Nuts (Pistacia Vera L.) Are ‘Good’ Sources of Protein Based on Their Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score As Determined in Pigs
Research Article Received: 12 September 2019 Revised: 13 April 2020 Accepted article published: 23 April 2020 Published online in Wiley Online Library: 19 May 2020 (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/jsfa.10429 Raw and roasted pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.) are ‘good’ sources of protein based on their digestible indispensable amino acid score as determined in pigs Hannah M Bailey and Hans H Stein* Abstract BACKGROUND: Pistachio nuts may be consumed as raw nuts or as roasted nuts. However, there is limited information about the protein quality of the nuts, and amino acid (AA) digestibility and protein quality have not been reported. Therefore, the objec- tive of this research was to test the hypothesis that raw and roasted pistachio nuts have a digestible indispensable AA score (DIAAS) and a protein digestibility corrected AA score (PDCAAS) greater than 75, thereby qualifying them as a good source of protein. RESULTS: The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of all indispensable AAs, except arginine and phenylalanine, was less in roasted pistachio nuts than in raw pistachio nuts (P < 0.05). Raw pistachio nuts had a PDCAAS of 73, and roasted pistachio nuts had a PDCAAS of 81, calculated for children 2–5 years, and the limiting AA in the PDCAAS calculation was threonine. The DIAAS values calculated for children older than 3 years, adolescents, and adults was 86 and 83 for raw and roasted pistachio nuts respectively. The limiting AA in both raw and roasted pistachio nuts that determined the DIAAS for this age group was lysine. CONCLUSION: The results of this research illustrate that raw and roasted pistachio nuts can be considered a good quality pro- tein source with DIAAS greater than 75; however, processing conditions associated with roasting may decrease the digestibility of AAs in pistachio nuts. -
Growing Pistachios in New Mexico
Growing Pistachios in New Mexico IC EX O S M T A W T E E Cooperative Extension Service • Circular 532 N U College of Agriculture and Home Economics N Y I IT VERS Growing Pistachios In New Mexico Esteban Herrera, Extension Horticulturist Public interest in pistachio cultivation has increased peratures above 100°F are described as ideal. Pistachio in New Mexico over the past five years. Pistachio nuts trees thrive on heat; better nut filling and less blanks are produced in the state seem to be of excellent quality, produced in hot-weather climates. However, winters suggesting the crop may have a commercial future in need to be cold enough to complete their dormancy (a southern New Mexico. rest period during winter). Three-leaflet leaves are pro- duced instead of the normal five-leaflet leaves when cold requirements are not met. About 1,000 accumu- HISTORY lated hours of temperatures at 45°F or below are required for pistachio trees to break dormancy, and to start There are about 11 species of pistachio trees (Pistacia normal growth in the spring. Trees should not be planted spp. L). P. vera is the only species grown commercially above 4,500 feet elevation because cool summer tem- because it produces fruit of adequate size to be mar- peratures do not promote good kernel development. keted. Species such as P. atlantica, P. terebinthus and Also, temperatures below 10°F can kill the tree, espe- P. integerrima are used as rootstocks for P. vera. The cially young trees. P. terebinthus is more resistant to pistachio’s origin is still uncertain, but most experts cold than P. -
British Journal of Nutrition (2015), 113, S79–S93 Doi:10.1017/S0007114514003250 Q the Authors 2015
Downloaded from British Journal of Nutrition (2015), 113, S79–S93 doi:10.1017/S0007114514003250 q The Authors 2015 https://www.cambridge.org/core q Nutrition attributes and health effects of pistachio nuts M. Bullo´1,2*, M. Juanola-Falgarona1,2, P. Herna´ndez-Alonso1 and J. Salas-Salvado´1,2* 1 Human Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, . IP address: IISPV (Institut d’Investigacio´ Sanita`ria Pere Virgili), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenc¸ 21, 43201 Reus, Spain 2CIBERobn (Centro de Investigacio´n Biome´dica en Red Fisiopatologı´a de la Obesidad y Nutricio´n), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain 170.106.35.234 (Submitted 19 June 2014 – Final revision received 3 September 2014 – Accepted 4 September 2014) , on Abstract 28 Sep 2021 at 08:13:30 Epidemiological and/or clinical trials have suggested that nut consumption has a beneficial impact on health outcomes such as hypertension, diabetes, CVD, cancer, other inflammatory conditions and total mortality. Nuts are nutrient-dense foods with a healthy fatty acid profile, as well as provide other bioactive compounds with recognised health benefits. Among nuts, pistachios have a lower fat and energy content and the highest levels of K, g-tocopherol, vitamin K, phytosterols, xanthophyll carotenoids, certain minerals (Cu, Fe and Mg), vitamin B6 and thiamin. Pistachios have a high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. The aforementioned characteristics and nutrient mix probably contribute to the growing body of evidence that consumption of pistachios improves health. , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at The present review examines the potential health effects of nutrients and phytochemicals in pistachios, as well as epidemiological and clinical evidence supporting these health benefits. -
Descriptive Analysis of Black Walnut Cultivars and Relationship Between Consumer Acceptance and Descriptive Analysis of Black Walnuts in a Sugar Cookie Base
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF BLACK WALNUT CULTIVARS AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE AND DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF BLACK WALNUTS IN A SUGAR COOKIE BASE by ASHLEY E. MILLER B.S.F.C.S., University of Georgia, 2009 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Interdisciplinary Food Science Graduate Program College of Human Ecology KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2012 Approved by: Major Professor Dr. Delores Chambers Copyright ASHLEY E. MILLER 2012 Abstract Researchers evaluated the flavor characteristics of seven black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) cultivars: Brown Nugget, Davidson, Emma K, Football, Sparks 127, Sparrow, and Tomboy using descriptive sensory analysis. Seven trained panelists developed a lexicon for the black walnuts and scored the intensities of the samples for 22 flavor and taste attributes. Results showed that the 7 samples differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) on 13 of the attributes. For the majority of the attributes, only Emma K differed from the rest of the cultivars by being characterized with lower scores for black walnut ID, overall nutty, nutty-grain-like, nutty-buttery, floral/fruity, oily, and overall sweet. It also was higher in acrid, burnt, fruity-dark, musty/earthy, rancid, and bitter attributes. Researchers then incorporated the black walnut cultivars into a simple cookie recipe and evaluated the samples for differences in flavor attributes using the same trained panelists. Nine of the 25 attributes differed significantly across cultivars: black walnut ID, overall nutty, nutty-buttery, brown, toasted, acrid, rancid, overall sweet, and sweet (P ≤ 0.05). Lower mean scores in black walnut ID, overall nutty, and sweet and higher mean scores in rancid and acrid characterized the Emma K cookie. -
2020 Report on the Distribution of AF36 in Pistachio and Almond
1 of 5 Distribution of AF36 in Pistachio and Almond Orchards within the San Joaquin Valley Arizona Cotton Research & Protection Council, Phoenix, Arizona David Edmunds, AF36 Program Specialist The biological control Aspergillus flavus AF36 Prevail has established itself as an effective tool in the management of aflatoxins by using a native strain of the fungus incapable of producing aflatoxins. The beneficial strain, AF36, is coated onto a carrier grain that is sterilized, meaning it will not germinate, and serves as a food source for the fungus. By applying Aspergillus flavus AF36 Prevail to crops at the appropriate time, the fungus grows on the carrier grain in the field, and its spores move to the desired crop by wind and insects before the aflatoxin-producing strains (A. flavus S-morphotype and A. parasiticus) which are present in the environment have an opportunity to infect the crops. Using AF36 actually changes the composition of the fungi in the environment, which shifts the majority of the population from potential aflatoxin producers to the safe non-toxin producing strain of Aspergillus flavus in AF36 Prevail. The pistachio industry broadly adopted this technology across the San Joaquin Valley in California starting in 2012. AF36 in the San Joaquin Valley soil AF36 S-strains A. parasiticus 100% 90% 80% 67% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 25% 20% 14% 8% 10% 5% 1% 0% Almonds Pistachios Soil Figure 1 Soil data from 2018-2020 showing proportions of atoxigenic biological control (AF36) and known toxin-producers (S- strain, AP) separated by crop. Sample size: Almonds (n=237), Pistachios (n=390). -
Hazelnut Butter and Coffee Meringues
Hazelnut Butter and Coffee Meringues When you need a “WOW” total show stopper dessert, this is it. Light and airy Hazlenut Butter and coffee Meringues are as wonderful to eat as they are to look at. For a high-contrast swirl, go easy when folding in the nut butter. A stroke or two with the spatula is enough. Ingredients MAKES ABOUT 24 SERVINGS 1 cup Farm Fresh Nuts Raw Filberts/Hazelnuts ¼ teaspoon kosher salt 4 large egg whites Pinch of cream of tartar ½ cup granulated sugar ¾ cup powdered sugar 2 tablespoons coffee beans, chopped Preparation DO AHEAD: Step 1 Preheat oven to 350°. Toast hazelnuts on a rimmed baking sheet, tossing once, until golden brown, 10–12 minutes. Remove nuts and reduce oven temperature to 200°. Bundle nuts in a kitchen towel and rub vigorously to remove skins. Spread out and let cool. Step 2 Blend hazelnuts and salt in a food processor until a smooth, creamy nut butter forms (it should be pretty fluid; keep processing if still stiff); set aside. Step 3 Using an electric mixer on high speed, beat egg whites and cream of tartar until frothy, about 1 minute. With motor running, gradually add granulated sugar and beat until medium peaks form, about 5 minutes. Gradually add powdered sugar and continue to beat until stiff, glossy peaks form, 8–10 minutes. Step 4 Transfer meringue to a large bowl and gently fold in half of reserved hazelnut butter, leaving plenty of streaks. Add remaining hazelnut butter and fold once just to barely blend. Mixture should be marbled with thick ribbons of nut butter.